Functions of the Kidney • Regulation of extracellular fluids • Concentrations of waste, salts, regulating pH, etc. • Formation of urine • Regulation of plasma volume (blood pressure) Urine Characteristics • The more solutes = darker urine • Measured in specific gravity • Measuring solutes: • PURE water: 1.000 • Dilute urine: 1.001 • Concentrated urine: 1.035 Urine Characteristics • Urine may become dilute due to: • Excess drinking, diuretics, renal failure • Urine may become concentrated due to: • Inadequate fluid intake, fever, pyelonephritis
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Functions of the Kidney Urine Characteristics...Urine Characteristics • The more solutes = darker urine • Measured in specific gravity • Measuring solutes: • ... Meet the
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Functions of the Kidney
• Regulation of extracellular fluids
• Concentrations of waste, salts, regulating pH, etc.
• Formation of urine
• Regulation of plasma volume (blood pressure)
Urine Characteristics
• The more solutes = darker urine
• Measured in specific gravity
• Measuring solutes:
• PURE water: 1.000
• Dilute urine: 1.001
• Concentrated urine: 1.035
Urine Characteristics
• Urine may become dilute due to:
• Excess drinking, diuretics, renal failure
• Urine may become concentrated due to:
• Inadequate fluid intake, fever, pyelonephritis
Abnormal solutes signal problems:
• Glucose • due to excess sugar intake
or diabetes • Proteins
• due to physical exertion, pregnancy, glomerulonephritis, hypertension
• Pus • urinary tract infection
• rbc's • bleeding in the urinary tract
• Bile pigments • liver disease (hepatitis)
Urinary System Anatomy
• Location, Size
• Hilum
• Renal capsule
• Adipose capsule
The Kidney Kidney in cross section
Kidney Blood Supply
• Renal artery ! many vessels branching and becoming smaller in diameter ! Afferent arterioles
• Efferent arterioles ! many vessels joining and becoming larger in diameter ! renal vein.
Ureters
Tubes which run from the hilum of the kidney to the posterior aspect of the bladder.
Is it just gravity that moves urine to the bladder?
Urinary Bladder
• Bladder consists of 3 layers of smooth muscle
• Mucosa is transitional epithelium.
• Empty bladder: 5 - 7.5 cm long
• Moderately full: 12.5 cm long and holds 500 ml
• Urinary bladder plasticity
Urethra
• Carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
• Internal urethral sphincter: at bladder / urethra junction.
• External urethral sphincter: as urethra passes through pelvic floor
• Is this voluntary or involuntary?
urethral challenges...
Seriously...
• How much excretion?
• Obligatory water loss = 400 ml / day
• Maximum? What do you think?
• How is this regulated?
Urinary System II Renal Physiology
Meet the Nephron!
Nephron Anatomy• Functional unit of the
kidney
• Made of tubular elements and vascular elements interwoven together
• Fluid in the tubular elements is called FILTRATE, while fluid in the vascular elements is called BLOOD