Tx Rx
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Tx Rx
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• When data is transmitted from source to
destination each layer attaches additionalinformation called as header or trailer.
• Header will be the added before the data and
trailer will be added at the end of the data.
Data Trailer
Header Data
Protocol Data Unit
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• A PDU can contain a header added at the beginning of the data
or a trailer appended at the end of the data.• The header or trailer contains control information like size of
the data, timing, address where to be sent and other details
related to the ‘data’.
•
At the transmitter side headers are added to the data at eachlayer. Whereas at the receiver side the headers are removed
from the data.
• The process of adding headers to the data is called
ENCAPSULATION.
• The process of removing headers from the data is called as
DECAPSULATION.
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FUNCTIONS OF OSI LAYERS
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APPLICATION LAYER
• It is the top layer of the OSI model.
• This layer is closest to the user and
provides different user interfaces.
• It provides various interfaces for sending and receiving data.
• The main functions of application
layer are
File Transfer, Access and ManagementMail services
Database Management
Accessing data from a remote computer
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PRESENTATION LAYER
• Presentation layer deals with data format i.e.,syntax and semantic.
• This layer looks into the way a particular datacan be represented.
• It does the process of compression in order toreduce the size of the data and encryption isdone for maintaining secrecy of the data to be
transmitted.• Different computers use different encoding
techniques.
• Presentation layer at the sender converts theinformation from sender dependent format intoa common format. At the receiving side the
common format is changed into receiver dependent format.
• The main functions of presentation layer are Data Conversion
Data compression/decompression
Data encryption/decryption
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SESSION LAYER
• Session layer enables two systems tohold on-going communication across a
network such that they are able toexchange data for that duration of time.
• It establishes, maintains andsynchronizes the interaction betweentwo communication system.
• It defines how to start, control and endconversations which are also called assessions between two systems.
• Because of the above function sessionlayer is also called as network dialogue
controller.• The main functions of session layer are
Initiate session
Maintain session
Terminate session
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Dialog control:
It determines which system
will communicate, when will
they communicate and for how
long.
1) Simplex: It is a form of
communication where only
one device acts as a sourceand other device acts only as
a destination.
Eg: Keyboard and Monitor
2) Half-Duplex: It is a form of
communication which is
bidirectional but both can’t transmit data at the same
time.
If one acts as a transmitter at
certain period of time then
the other acts as a
transmitter for another
period of time.
Eg: Walkie-Talkie
2
Tx Rx 1 2t1
t2
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3) Full-Duplex: It is a form of communication where both
the devices can send or receive data at the same time.
Eg: Telephone or mobile
1 2
t
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TRANSPORT LAYER • It manages transmission or transport of data between process to process.
• The main functions of the transport layer are
Segmentation and Reassembling
Multiplexing
Error control
Flow control
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1 1
2
3
2
3
•The transport layer is responsible for dividing the entire data
into segments and this process is called segmentation.
•The Transport layer regulates information flow from process to
process ensuring an end to end communication
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NETWORK LAYER • The functions of the network layer are
Routing : It looks into the path through which the data can be sent. It
includes shortest path and also avoids congestion.
Message priority: The network layer should route a data according
to its priority. A data with high priority is delivered first to thedestination.
Logical addressing: Logic address is used by the network layer to
identify a particular network among other networks.
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Personal Computers
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DATA-LINK LAYER
• In this layer frames are formed.
• Frames are group of information containing the actual
data, address, error checking etc…..
• This makes the physical layer ready to accept data for
transmission onto the channel.• The main functions of data link layer are
Framing
Error control
Flow control
Physical addressing
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PHYSICAL LAYER
• It is the bottom layer of OSI model.
• It deals with hardware specifications of connectors,
terminals, type of medium etc….
• It is the layer connected directly to the
communication channel.• It is concerned with transmission of bits in 1’s and 0’s
over the channel.