Function of Groups Affiliation (e.g., sororities, fraternities, clubs) Survival Vital for task completion (organizations, work groups, charities) Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has. Margaret Mead
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Function of Groups Affiliation (e.g., sororities, fraternities, clubs) Survival Vital for task completion (organizations, work groups, charities) Never.
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Price goes up higher if female CEO is head of female-dominated business, otherwise small decrease in stock price (Cooke & Glass, 2011)
Survey of over 60,000 direct reports
No gender preference for one’s own boss
“Ideal” boss:
54% -- No Preference
13% -- Female Preference
33% -- Male Preference
Gender and Leadership: Recent Findings
• Small but significant preference for opposite-sex bosses• Increased preference for stereotypical female leader characteristics (sensitive, supportive) vs. direct, forceful. Study by Elesser & Lever (2011)
Zajonic’s Theory of Social Facilitation
Well-learned(dominant)response
Poorly learnedor novel(non-dominant)response
Social Facilitation
Performance enhanced
Social Interference
Performance hindered
Arousal causedby presence of others
Charting the Course of Groupthink
Irving Janis depicted groupthink as a kind of social disease, complete with antecedents and symptoms, that increased the chance of making a bad decision. (Based on Janis, 1982.)
Antecedents
• High cohesiveness• Isolation• Directive leader • Homogeneous membersStressful situations
Symptoms
• Overestimation of the group (invulnerability) • Close-mindedness• Rationalization • Increased pressures toward uniformity• “Mindguards” and pressure on dissenters• Self-censorship• Illusion of unanimity
Consequences
Incomplete survey of
alternatives
Poor information
search
Failure to examine risks of preferred
choice
High probability
of a bad decision
Other Group Decision-Making Phenomena
Collective Entrapment --- The more effort used to make a decision, the greater likelihood of sticking to that decision (even if it’s been shown to be incorrect)
Common Knowledge Effect --- Information held by most group members exerts a stronger impact on final decisions
~ Social Identity Theory ~[In-Group Bias]
They tendency to link one’s self-concept and self esteem with the status and/or behavior of groups
Also, people tend to reward members of ingroups and disfavor those in outgroups (e.g., Minimal Group Paradigm) ---
Basking in Reflected Glory ---
Favorite Football Team wins --- “We;” More likely to wear team t-shirt
Favorite Football Team loses --- “They”
• Liking, spend time with leader
• Challenging, visible jobs
• Better memory for good behavior
• Treated warmly
• Performance evaluations
• Allocation of rewards
• Less desirable jobs
• Less time spent with supervisor
• Treated formally
• Lower performance evaluations
• Less rewards
In and Out-Groups Bias
In-group characteristics
Out-group characteristics
Are Groups Good or Bad?
Gustav Le Bon (1895) stated that leaders can manipulate citizens by simplifying ideas, substituting affirmation and exaggeration for proof, and by repeating points over and again. (From: Forsyth, 2010) --- Concept of “deindividuation”