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THE IMPACT OF TOURISM ON BAN TON TAN COMMUNITY AND PROPOSAL FOR

PRESERVATION OF LOCAL HERITAGE AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT

By Miss Wichulada Laonayor

An Independent Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Master of Arts Program in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism International Program

Graduate School, Silpakorn University Academic Year 2013

Copyright of Graduate School, Silpakorn University

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THE IMPACT OF TOURISM ON BAN TON TAN COMMUNITY AND PROPOSAL FOR

PRESERVATION OF LOCAL HERITAGE AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT

By

Miss Wichulada Laonayor

An Independent Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Master of Arts Program in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism International Program

Graduate School, Silpakorn University Academic Year 2013

Copyright of Graduate School, Silpakorn University



The Graduate School, Silpakorn University has approved and accredited the independent study title of “ The Impact of Tourism on Ban Ton Tan Community and Proposal for Preservation of Local Heritage and Tourism Management ” submitted by Ms.Wichulada Laonayor as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism ............................................................................ (Assistant Professor Panjai Tantatsanawong,Ph.D.) Dean of Graduate School ........../..................../.......... The Independent Study Advisor Assistant Professor Den Wasiksiri The Independent Study Examnination Committee .................................................... Chairman (Assistant Professor Sathit Choosaeng) ............/......................../.............. .................................................... Member (Waranan Sowannee, Ph.D.) ............/......................../.............. .................................................... Member (Assistant Professor Den Wasiksiri) ............/......................../..............



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51056302 : MAJOR : ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND TOURISM

KEY WORD : TOURISM IMPACT/HERITAGE PRESERVATION/CULTURAL TOURISM

WICHULADA LAONAYOR : THE IMPACT OF TOURISM ON BAN TON TAN

COMMUNITY AND PROPOSAL FOR PRESERVATION OF LOCAL HERITAGE AND TOURISM

MANAGEMENT. INDEPENDENT STUDY ADVISOR : ASST.PROF.DEN WASIKSIRI. 112 pp.

The objectives of this study were: (1) to understand the background, identity,

context, as well as the significance and value of the Ban Ton Tan community, (2) to

examine the impacts of tourism on cultural heritage and natural heritage, (3) to

proposed the heritage preservation and tourism management guideline in order to

sustain local heritage together with tourism. The data collections methods were basic

and in-depth interviewing, and site surveying.

It was found that the Ban Ton Tan community rich in cultural and natural

heritage with the local people determined to preserve their heritage. The local heritage

have a significant role in attracting visitors. Tourism brought both positive and

negative impacts on the community. The major positive impacts were improves the

economic, and maintaining local heritage. The major negative impacts was

commercialisation of local culture. However, the Ban Ton Tan community lacks

strategies and plans to manage local heritage and tourism.

The success of sustainable development would require cooperation from local

people, local government, and relevant sector.

Program of Archi tectural Heri tage Management and Tourism Graduate School, Si lpakorn Univers ity

Student's signature ........................................ Academic Year 2013

Independent Study Advisor's signature ........................................



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Acknowledgments This study could not successfully completed without the kindness of several people.

First of all, I would like to express my sincere thanks to my advisor, Assistant Professor Den Wasiksiri,

who has supported me throughout my study with his valuable guidance, and kindness. Moreover I

would like to give gratitude to Assistant Professor Sathit Choosaeng, and Dr. Waranan Sowannee for

valuable comment and recommendations.

I would like to thank all lecturers of the Architectural Heritage Management and

Tourism Program for valuable knowledge. Also thanks to Thienrat Sukasuparerk, and her colleague

for all of their administration support. I acknowledge Mr. Somjit Yakul, and the villagers in Ban Ton

Tan community for their cooperation to complete this study.

Finally, I am very grateful to my family, and Saratwadee Asasupakit for all their

support and love. Thank you all friends for knowledge sharing, and friendship.



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Table of Contents Page Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledments .............................................................................................................................. iv List of Figures .................................................................................................................................. vii Chapter 1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 1 Background of the Study ................................................................................................... 1 Statement and Significance of the Problem ....................................................................... 2 Goal and Objectives ..................................................................................................... 3 Scope of the study ........................................................................................................ 3 Research Methodology ................................................................................................. 4 The process improvement methodology ....................................................................... 5 Process of the Study ..................................................................................................... 6 Analysis of Data ........................................................................................................... 6 2 Background and Site Information ........................................................................................ 7 General information of Saraburi Province ................................................................ 8 Geographical characteristics of Saraburi ................................................................... 8 General information of Ban Ton Tan community ..................................................... 10 History of Ban Ton Tan community ......................................................................... 12 Tai-Yuan .......................................................................................................... 13 Cultural landscape of Ban Ton Tan community ....................................................... 16 Residential area ................................................................................................ 16 Community centre ............................................................................................ 18 Agricultural area............................................................................................... 19 Pasak River ...................................................................................................... 20 3 Heritage and tourism in Ban Ton Tan community ............................................................... 22 The heritage of Ban Ton Tan community ................................................................. 22 Natural heritage ................................................................................................ 22 Built heritage .................................................................................................... 24 Traditions and beliefs ....................................................................................... 33 Performing arts ................................................................................................. 36 Traditional craft ................................................................................................ 38 Statement of cultural heritage significance ............................................................... 40 Growth and development as a tourism place ............................................................. 41 Tourism attraction ..................................................................................................... 42 4 Tourism Issues and Impact in the Ban Ton Tan Community .............................................. 48 Current Management of Ban Ton Tan Community .................................................. 48 Budget resources .............................................................................................. 48 Stakeholders ..................................................................................................... 49 Legislation ........................................................................................................ 50 Public relations and marketing ......................................................................... 50 Tourism facilities and services .................................................................................. 50 Car park services .............................................................................................. 50 Accommodations.............................................................................................. 51 Tour operations ................................................................................................ 52 Shops ................................................................................................................ 53 Souvenirs .......................................................................................................... 54 Public toilets ..................................................................................................... 54 Street furniture ................................................................................................. 55 Interpretation instruments ................................................................................ 57 Stage in the tourism life cycle ................................................................................... 62 Assessing the impacts of tourism .............................................................................. 63 Economic impact .............................................................................................. 63 Social-cultural impact ...................................................................................... 64 Environmental impact ...................................................................................... 65



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Chapter Page 5 Case Studies ......................................................................................................................... 67 Ban Mae Kampong .............................................................................................................. 68 General information on the Ban Mae Kampong community ........................... 68 Location of Ban Mae Kampong Community ................................................... 68 Background ...................................................................................................... 69 Cultural heritage ............................................................................................... 70 Natural heritage ................................................................................................ 73 The significance of the community .................................................................. 74 Tourism impacts and solution .......................................................................... 75 Heritage and tourism management in Ban Mae Kampong ............................... 75 Samchuk old market community............................................................................... 77 General information ......................................................................................... 77 Local heritage ................................................................................................... 78 The significance of the community .................................................................. 80 Preservation and solution ................................................................................. 81 Damnoen Saduak Floating Market ............................................................................ 82 General information ......................................................................................... 82 The significance of the community .................................................................. 84 Tourism impacts and solution .......................................................................... 86 6 Proposal for Heritage and Tourism Management ................................................................ 88 SWOT analysis of the Ban Ton Tan community area ............................................... 88 The need for heritage preservation ............................................................................ 90 The need for tourism management ............................................................................ 92 Tourism activities ............................................................................................. 93 Ban Ton Tan community museum ................................................................... 95 Facilities and service ........................................................................................ 95 The waterfront market ...................................................................................... 96 Souvenirs .......................................................................................................... 97 Homestay ......................................................................................................... 98 Traffic and transportation ................................................................................. 98 Improving environmental conditions ............................................................... 98 Financial support ....................................................................................................... 99 Interpretation in the Ban Ton Tan community .......................................................... 99 Conclusion of proposal for heritage and tourism management ................................. 103 7 Conclusion and suggestions ................................................................................................. 104 The role of tourism in the Ban Ton Tan community ................................................. 105 Proposal for heritage and tourism management ........................................................ 105 Suggestions for future research ................................................................................. 108 References ......... ......................................................................................................................... 109 Appendix ......... ......................................................................................................................... 114 Biography ......... ......................................................................................................................... 115



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List of Figures

Figures Page

1 The location of Ban Ton Tan community ................................................................ 1 2 The area of study ............................................................................................. 3 3 The process improvement methodology ......................................................... 5 4 The geographical location of Saraburi ............................................................ 7 5 Saraburi tourist map ........................................................................................ 9 6 Map of Ton Tan Sub-district ........................................................................... 10 7 Location of the Yonok Kingdom..................................................................... 13 8 Tai-Yuan people .............................................................................................. 14 9 Mural paintings at Wat Samuha Pradittharam .................................................. 15 10 Mural paintings at Wat Chanthaburi ................................................................ 16 11 Residential area ................................................................................................ 17 12 Small street with house fences in the village.................................................... 17 13 Community centre ............................................................................................ 18 14 Wat Ton Tan and village courtyard .................................................................. 18 15 Tambon health promoting hospital and school ................................................ 19 16 Agricultural area............................................................................................... 19 17 Paddy fields ...................................................................................................... 20 18 The Pasak River ............................................................................................... 20 19 Beautiful scenery along the Pasak River ......................................................... 21 20 Scoop water ceremony in Tha Rab................................................................... 23 21 Tha Rab ............................................................................................................ 24 22 A rain tree ......................................................................................................... 24 23 Ubosot at Wat Ton Tan .................................................................................... 25 24 Inside the old ubosot ........................................................................................ 25 25 The antique butsabok ....................................................................................... 25 26 Luang Por Ong Dum ........................................................................................ 25 27 Wat Khao Kaeo Worawihan ............................................................................ 26 28 The stupa of Wat Khao Kaeo Worawiharn ...................................................... 27 29 The ubosot at Wat Khao Kaeo Worawihan ...................................................... 28 30 The old sermon hall in a monastery ................................................................. 28 31 Naga stairs ........................................................................................................ 29 32 Ruan Chiang Saen in mural paintings at Wat Chanthaburi .............................. 30 33 Over 100-year-old Thai traditional house ................................................................ 30 34 Old Thai wooden house ................................................................................... 30 35 Two-storey house ............................................................................................. 30 36 Traditional Tai-Yuan house ............................................................................. 30 37 Old house, lacking of maintenance .................................................................. 31 38 Storage of agriculture tools under the house .................................................... 31 39 San Chao Pu Fa Lap ......................................................................................... 32 40 Spirit houses ..................................................................................................... 32 41 Traditional barns .............................................................................................. 33 42 Big traditional barn .......................................................................................... 33 43 Kin Khao Salak festival.................................................................................... 34 44 Phaya Ka Puak murals inside the old ubosot at Wat Ton Tan.......................... 35 45 Tam Pra Teep tradition in Tai-Yuan Community ............................................ 35 46 Kuen Tao Tang Si tradition .............................................................................. 36 47 Tai-Yuan folk dances ....................................................................................... 37 48 Thai-Yuan folk music ...................................................................................... 38 49 Tai Yuan weaving cloth ................................................................................... 39 50 The Ban Ton Tan waterfront market ................................................................ 44 51 Cultural Center of Tambon Ton Tan ................................................................ 44 52 The Antique Boat Museum .............................................................................. 45 53 Weaving Learning Center of Tambon Ton Tan ............................................... 46 54 Local Tai-Yuan Cultural Center ....................................................................... 47



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Figures Page 55 Antique boats and waterside ............................................................................ 47 56 Car park around Wat Ton Tan .......................................................................... 51 57 Car park near the waterfront market‟s entrance ..................................................... 51 58 Home stay on houseboat .................................................................................. 51 59 Home stay on the bank of the Pasak River ....................................................... 52 60 Tour operation at the Ban Ton Tan waterfront market ..................................... 52 61 General stores opposite Wat Ton Tan .............................................................. 53 62 Market stalls in the Ban Ton Tan waterfront market area ................................ 53 63 Souvenir items .................................................................................................. 54 64 Public toilets at the Ton Tan Cultural Center and the weaving learning center 54 65 Overflowing litter bin ....................................................................................... 55 66 Garbage around the litter bin ............................................................................ 55 67 The bins are not in a suitable place .................................................................. 55 68 Direction signs along the way to Ban Ton Tan community ............................. 56 69 Welcome signs are installed at the entrance to the Ban Ton Tan community .. 56 70 The grass surrounding the direction board is so high beside the road .............. 57 71 A description sign near the entrance of the Ban Ton Tan waterfront market ... 58 72 A description sign at the Antique Boat Museum .............................................. 58 73 Description signs at the Cultural Center of Tam Bon Ton Tan ........................ 59 74 Map of Ton Tan sub-district ............................................................................. 59 75 Description signs at Wat Khao Kaeo Worawihan ............................................ 60 76 Ban Ton Tan community brochure (1) ............................................................. 60 77 Ban Ton Tan community brochure (2) ............................................................. 61 78 Ban Ton Tan community is at the development stage ...................................... 62 79 Ban Ton Tan community in 2006..................................................................... 65 80 Ban Ton Tan Community in 2011 .................................................................... 65 81 Too many signboards in the Ban Ton Tan community .................................... 66 82 The location of Ban Mae Kampong ................................................................. 69 83 The old Ubosot ................................................................................................. 70 84 The small Ubosot ............................................................................................. 70 85 Tea pillow products from villagers .................................................................. 70 86 Vernacular house in Ban Mae Kampong ......................................................... 71 87 Local lifestyle in Ban Mae Kampong............................................................... 71 88 Fermented tea production or Miang ................................................................. 73 89 Mae Kampong waterfall ................................................................................... 73 90 Location of Samchuk old market community .................................................. 77 91 Rows of two-storey wooden shop houses in Samchuk market ......................... 79 92 Museum of Ban Khun Jamnong Jinarak .......................................................... 79 93 Silapa Thammachart photo shop ...................................................................... 80 94 The location of Damnoen Saduak Floating Market.......................................... 82 95 Pak Klong Ladplee floating market in the past ................................................ 84 96 Damnoen Saduak floting market ...................................................................... 84 97 Local products from villagers .......................................................................... 85 98 Traditional houses along the canal ................................................................... 85 99 Traffic pollution in the market ......................................................................... 86 100 Air and noise pollution from motorised long-tail boats ................................... 86 101 Too many souvenir shops along the canal ........................................................ 86 102 Zoning plan for the Ban Ton Tan community .................................................. 91 103 Example of walking route ................................................................................ 93 104 Example of biking route ................................................................................... 94 105 Example of bicycle signs(1) ............................................................................. 94 106 Example of interpretive exhibits ...................................................................... 95 107 Example of a permanent outdoor stage ............................................................ 96 108 Example of a structure ..................................................................................... 96 109 Example of souvenir from woven cloth (1) ...................................................... 97



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Figures Page 110 Example of souvenir from woven cloth (2) ...................................................... 97 111 Example design of litter bins ............................................................................ 98 112 Location for the information center.................................................................. 99 113 Example of description sign ............................................................................. 100 114 Example of direction signs ............................................................................... 100 115 Example of brochure ........................................................................................ 101 116 Example of guidebook ..................................................................................... 102 117 Example of a guide map of Ayutthaya ............................................................. 102 118 Example of postcards ....................................................................................... 103



1

Chapter 1

Introduction

Background of the study

Ban Ton Tan is located in Sao Hai District, Saraburi Province. Most

of the villagers are Tai-Yuan who migrated from the Northern part of Thailand. They

still possess and are proud of their race integrity even until nowadays, even though the

migration had taken place more than 200 years ago.

Ton Tan means sugar palm tree. The community has abundance of

resources, with the Pasak River passing through the community. It is approximately

113 kilometers in distance from Bangkok (see figure 1). Most of the villagers work in

agricultural field. Their unique traditions are still maintained along with adaptation

overtime. The way of life of the villagers is blended together with the nature.

Figure 1 The location of Ban Ton Tan community

Source: Adapted from Google map, 2013



2

The long line traditions of Tai-Yuan are still passed on to their people,

especially among the elders, in terms of Tai-Yuan language, weaving style, traditional

dress along with their beliefs, their traditions and their festivals, for examples, 'Tam

Pra Teep' festival and 'Kin Khao Salak' festival, which are significantly different from

the culture of the central region of Thailand. There are several tourist attractions

within the community such as the Ban Ton Tan water front market, Wat Khao Kaeo

Worawihan, and the Local Tai-Yuan Cultural Center.

Statement and significance of the problem

In the midstream of economic and technological development

nowadays along with the growth of travel industry in Thailand, particularly cultural

tourism seems to be the most popular among the other types of tourism. Cultural

heritage has been promoted as the selling point in order to attract more tourists and

generate more revenues into Thailand. However, some of the cultural heritage sites

like Ban Ton Tan community have become vulnerable to physical destruction and loss

of value for preservation.

Nevertheless, there is no strategies and plans for heritage and tourism

management. As a result, some local people have to manage and develop them by

themselves, without having true knowledge and understanding of its values. The lack

of knowledge and understanding in heritage and tourism management of the sites

could potentially result in many future problems.

Effective guidelines of heritage preservation and tourism management

would require brainstorming and cooperation from all relevant sectors in order to

formulate the right direction in leading to tourism management in parallel with the

preservation of cultural heritage. Therefore, this research proposal, which is

conducted as part of the research for local heritage preservation and tourism

management, will outline a brief detail of the research, without focusing deeply on

any aspects.



3

Goal and Objective

Goal

The goal of this research is to study impact of tourism in the Ban Ton Tan

community, to provide local heritage preservation proposal, and to provide

tourism management guidelines for the community to sustain their heritage

together with tourism.

Objective

o To understand background, identity, uniqueness, and context of the site

o To study tourism impacts on the Ban Ton Tan community

o To provide proposal for the preservation of local heritage and tourism

management in order to sustain heritage together with tourism

Scope of the study

Area of study: The emphasis will be on groups of traditional Tai-Yuan in the

Ban Ton Tan community (see figure 2) because tourism is related to the

villagers‟ lifestyles and heritage.

Focus of the research: This research will concentrate on the study of the

heritage and the tourism impacts on Ban Ton Tan community, including the

proposal for tourism management and heritage preservation.

Figure 2 The area of study

Source: Adapted from Google Earth, 2013

4

Research Methodology

In data collection, the following sections will be specified;

Documental research: searching from the books, documents, researches and

photographs in relevant to Tai-Yuan ethnic and the Ban Ton Tan community

as well as case study books and documental references in order to obtain

reliable data, evidence, theories and examples, which can be highly beneficial

as research reference afterwards.

Data gathering and field work: exploring the study area in order to have a clear

view of conditions actually occurred in the location, by:

Plot the community‟s important attractions onto the map in order to have a

clear panoramic scope and have better understanding of the community area.

Observe and record the data to be used for explanation of the current

conditions of the community and for data analysis.

Take photographs of the community to have a clear view of actual conditions

and site to help analyzing the problems.

Basic and in-depth interviews: in order to collect relevant research data from

specialists, local people and visitors, the researcher has chosen the flexible

interviewing as Bailey mentioned that;

One major advantage of the interview is its flexibility. Interviewers can

probe for more specific answers and repeat a question when a respondent

indicates that the respondent misunderstands the question. It may be that

different questions are appropriate for different respondents; the interview

situation makes it possible for the interviewer to decide which questions are

appropriate, rather than writing them all in advance as the researcher must do

for the mailed study.1

1 Kenneth D. Bailey, 1994. Methods of Social Research. New York: The Free Press, 174.

5

The process improvement methodology

Figure 3 The process improvement methodology

Gathering of Relevant Information

Local heritage and its preservation

Tourism development and its impacts on the community

Document research, site

visit, and interview

Research and assessment

Proposal for

heritage and tourism

management

Conclusion

General information of the site

History of the site

The heritage at the community

Growth and development as a tourism place

Tourist attraction Tourism management

Assessing landscape Statement of cultural

heritage significance

Stage in the tourism life cycle

Assessing the impacts of tourism

SWOT analysis

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Process of the study

Literature review.

Field work and data collection.

Studying the development of cultural tourism in Thailand and comparison of

similar case studies.

Interview

Data processing and analysis.

Summarizing.

Providing proposal for tourism management and cultural heritage preservation.

Analysis of Data

This study analyzes the fundamental information with the data

collection in order to recheck data reliability. Then, the data will be concluded after

data classification, comparison and interpretation process.

7

Chapter 2

Background and Site Information

Ban Ton Tan community is located in Saraburi province in the upper

central region of Thailand (see figure 3). There are many tourist attractions, including

cultural site (such as Wat Pra Phutthabat and the Local Tai-Yuan Cultural Centre) and

natural site (such as Namtok Chet Sao Noi and Khao Sam Lan Forest). The objective

of this chapter is to gather information relating to general information and existing

physical conditions of Ban Ton Tan community.

Figure 4 The geographical location of Saraburi

Source: Adapted from http://www.panwagroup.net/thai_maps_webs/thai_admin_map.html

http://www.panwagroup.net/thai_maps_webs/thai_admin_map.html

http://www.panwagroup.net/thai_maps_webs/thai_admin_map.html

8

General information of Saraburi Province

Saraburi Province has been an important city since ancient times. It is

assumed to have been established approximately in 1549, during the reign of King

Maha Chakkraphat of the Kingdom of Ayutthaya. It is assumed that the king had

ordered to integrate some parts of Lop Buri and Nakhon Nayok and set up Saraburi

province with an aim to be a centre for mobilizing the citizens during a war period.

Therefore, from the Ayutthaya era, the story of Saraburi is usually related to battles

and wars. The origin of the word 'Saraburi' is assumed to be originated from its

location, which was nearby a swamp called 'Bueng Nong Ngong'. When the town

was established, a combination of 'Sa'-a swamp- and 'Buri'-a town was suggested and

the town was named 'Saraburi' since then.

Geographical characteristics of Saraburi

It is covering the total area of approximately 3,576.486 square

kilometers. The area consists of 13 districts, 111 sub-districts and 973 villages. It is

approximately 107 kilometers from Bangkok. The landscape of Saraburi can be

divided into 2 types, including alluvial plain and mountain.

North: Connected to Mueang-Lopburi, Chaibadan and Phatthananikhom District,

Lopburi Province

East: Pakchong, Sikhiu District Nakhon Ratchasima Province and Banna District,

Nakhon Nayok Province

South: Connected to Nong Suea District, Pathum Thani Province, and Wangnoi and

Uthai District, Ayutthaya Province

West: Connected to Phachi and Tharuea District, Ayutthaya Province, and Mueang

District of Lopburi Province

9

Figure 5 Saraburi tourist map

Source: Adapted from http://www.novabizz.com/Map/img/map-34-saraburi.gif

Population

The total number of population resided in Saraburi province is about

617,851 people, comprising of 306,345 males and 311,506 females. There are

various ethnic groups in Saraburi province, as detailed below:

Yuan: Yuan or Tai-Yuan in Saraburi migrated from Chiang Saen, most of Tai-

Yuan settlements in Saohai district.

Mon: Mon migrated from Mon state or Myanmar area, settlements in Muang

district (Na Chong and Tanod sub-district), Saohai district (Muang Kao and

Sarari Thai sub-district) and Nong Saeng district (Banmai and Nong Tapan

sub-district).

Lao: Lao in Saraburi province migrated from Laos. The Lao groups consists

of three groups, Lao Vieng are dispersed over various parts of Saraburi, Lao

Ngeaw settled in Tan Sien sub-district, Phra Phutthabat district, and Lao

Phuan settled in Nong Don and Don Phut district.

http://www.novabizz.com/Map/img/map-34-saraburi.gif

10

General information of Ban Ton Tan community

Ban Ton Tan community is located in Ton Tan sub-district, Sao Hai

district, Saraburi province. It is situated on the left of the Pasak River. The river has

had a long-lasting relationship with local people, and has provided valuable resources

such as agriculture, transportation and recreation as well as habitats for plants and

animals.

Figure 6 Map of Ton Tan Sub-district

Source: Adapted from Saraburi Office of Public Works and Town and Country Planning

11

Location

It is covering the total area of approximately 6.78 square kilometers.1

North: Located next to Ban Huay Bong, Sao Hai district, Saraburi province

South: Next to Suan Dok Mai, Sao Hai district, Saraburi province

East: Next to Dao Ruang sub-district, Saraburi province

West: Next to Prayatod subdistrict, Sao Hai district, Saraburi province

Population

Ton Tan sub-district consists of 8 villages, consisting of Moo 1-8.

There are 529 households in total, with 2,019 residents, which are divided into 956

males and 1,063 females.2 The way of living of the majority of residents is primarily

based on agriculture.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Ton Tan sub-district can be reached by the State Highway No. 3225 (Saraburi

- Pakbang). There is also water transportation along the Pasak River

Electricity

The Saraburi Provincial Electricity Authority has supplied electricity to all of

the residences in Ton Tan sub-district, including solar energy

Water

Ton Tan sub-district has the village water supply system for supplying the

water to every household

Telecommunication

There are 8 public telephone booths in the community

1 The Tai Yuan Club in Saraburi, (n.d.). Background of Tai-Yuan in Saraburi. Saraburi: The Tai Yuan Club in Saraburi. 2 Tambon Ton Tan health promoting hospital, 2011. General information of Tambon Ton Tan. Accessed November 26. Available from http://www.saohaihealth.com/index.php?mo= 10&art=41984459

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Religion

The majority of residents are Buddhists

Landscape

General area of Ton Tan sub-district is the Pasak River basin. The river is

significantly important to the community as a crucial source of water for agriculture,

households, transportation and recreation.

History of Ban Ton Tan community

Local people in Ban Ton Tan community are mostly descended from

Tai-Yuan ethnic group. Tai-Yuan people of Ban Ton Tan originally lived in Chiang

Saen district, Chiang Rai. Accordingly, Chiang Saen was one of the important

regions of Lanna Kingdom and had prosperity in terms of religion and cultural arts.

As an important frontier, in 1894 King Rama I was afraid that Chiang Saen would be

as a stronghold for Burmese enemies, so the King had ordered to a group of people to

attack Chiang Saen and destroy fortress and city walls. The group of people consisted

of Prince Devaharirak, Praya Yommarat, Chao Anuwong of Vientiane and the viceroy

of Chiang Mai. It could be claimed that Chiang Saen was a strategic location in the

upper northern Thailand, so it was difficult to prevent the region from the enemies.

Therefore, approximately 23,000 local people were separately immigrated into five

cities: Vientiane, Chiang Mai, Lampang, Nan, and the capital city. This period is

called „Keb Pak Sai Sa Keb Kha Sai Muang‟, meaning gather vegetables into a basket

and gather people into the city. "It was the time of tremendous social dislocation and

warfare in the 18th century when the Northern Kingdom rebuilt the city after

liberation from the Burmese domination".3 Some Tai-Yuan people settled around the

Pasak River in Saraburi and some of them settled in Khu Bua sub-district, Ratchaburi.

3 Chusak Wittayapak, 2003. History, Identity, and Resource Struggles of the Ethnic

Enclaves in Modern Thailand. Accessed September 15, 2013. Available from: http://archives.acls. org/programs/crn/network/meetings _nyc_ wittayapak.htm

http://archives.acls.org/programs/crn/network/meetings_nyc_wittayapak.htm



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Tai-Yuan

Tai Yuan people are one of the Tai ethnic groups. 'Yuan' is an ancient

word and assumed that it was changed from 'Yonok'. Yonok was an ancient reign,

situated in northern Thailand which is currently known as Chiang Saen (see figure 6).

The legend of Yonok can be found in historic document; for example, Yonok

Chronicle or the legend of Singhonwat Kuman. The document referred to groups of

people who previously lived in Chaing Saen where Yonok people moved from the

north of Chiang Saen and brought civilization to that area. Moreover, they

established the 'Yonok' community together with the local people.

Figure 7 Location of the Yonok Kingdom

Source: Adapted from http://www.huglanna.com/index.php?topic=53.0

http://www.huglanna.com/index.php?topic=53.0

14

Figure 8 Tai-Yuan people

Source: http://www.sri.cmu.ac.th/~postharvest/3/311.htm

Tai-Yuan community

Houses of the Tai Yuan people are located close to each other and are

separated by a low fence. They usually plant vegetables by the fence or use a bamboo

to make a fence, which is called 'Rua Ta Saeng', and 'Rua Salab'. One of the

important constructions near the house is a barn, which is used to store unhusked rice

for consumption. In the past, it was built attached to the house. Later, it has become

more common to build the barn in separation to the house. The construction of the

barn must be done based on the criteria, which is called 'Yung Khao Yoo Nua Rong

Klua Yoo Tai', meaning that the rice barn is built in the north of the house while salt

barn is built in the southern area of the house.

Characteristics of the Tai Yuan people

They are polite, gentle, peaceful, kind and friendly. They give

precedence to their traditions and festivals.

http://www.sri.cmu.ac.th/~postharvest/3/3_1_1.htm

15

Language

Tai-Yuan people have their own verbal and written languages. Tai-

Yuan language is a branch of the Tai language family.4 It is generally found in the

northern part of Thailand and also among the other groups of Tai-Yuan.

Costume

In the past, Tai-Yuan inhabitants weaved their own clothes. Men wore

loincloth or 'Jong Kra Ben' and fisherman pants. Women informally wore breast

cloths or were topless, with lined-pattern sarong. However, they formally wore cotton

blouses with tube-shaped sleeves. Women popularly put up their hair and decorated

with hairpin while men had circular head with parted hair. Mural paintings at Wat

Samuha Pradittharam and Wat Chanthaburi in Saohai district, painted in the reign of

King Rama III showed how Tai-Yuan people traditionally dressed (see figure 9-10).

Nowadays, in Saraburi, the traditional costume of Tai Yuan can be occasionally seen

in important ceremonies and also at the Ban Ton Tan waterfront market.

Figure 9 Mural paintings at Wat Samuha Pradittharam

Source: Photo taken by Wichulada, 2011

4 Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, 2005. Encyclopedia of Ethnic Group in Thailand: Thai Yuan. Bangkok: Mahidol University, 11.

16

Figure 10 Mural paintings at Wat Chanthaburi


Cultural landscape of Ban Ton Tan community

Cultural landscape of Ban Ton Tan can be classified to 4 categories:

Residential area

Community centre

Agriculture area

The Pasak River

Residential area

The city planning of the Ban Ton Tan community is free in shape and

located orderly along the Pasak River. Characteristics of the houses are highly

associated with geographical characteristics and lifestyles. The settlement of their

houses is usually in a form of grouping, with a temple and village courtyard (Kuang)

as the center in similar to the city planning of northern Thailand Community.

Thoroughfares within the community are narrow and meanders as the settlement of

the houses occurred prior to the construction of roads in the community. The majority

of the houses have a clear boundary division, by making low fences. This illustrates

the kinship relation and mutual trust of the people within the community.

17

Figure 11 Residential area


Figure 12 Small street with house fences in the village


18

Community centre

This area is the central of the local community where local people meet

and participate in community activities and traditions, including Wat Ton Tan, village

courtyard (Kuang), school, Tambon health promoting hospital, cultural centre, boat

museum, and marketplace (see figure 13-15).

Figure 13 Community centre


Figure 14 Wat Ton Tan and village courtyard

Source: photo taken by Wichulada, 2013

19

Figure 15 Tambon health promoting hospital and school


Agricultural area

The north of community is surrounded by rich fields (see figure 16).

Each paddy field usually has a thatched hut for shelter from the heat, and buffaloes or

cows grazing in common fields.

Figure 16 Agricultural area


20

Figure 17 Paddy fields


Pasak River

The Pasak River is an important river in Thailand, starting in Loei

province and flowing through approximately 700 kilometers. It flows into

Phetchabun, Lopburi, Saraburi and joins the Chao Phraya River in Ayutthaya

province. It is primarily vital to the way of lives of the local people in Ban Ton Tan

community. It is used for multiple purposes such as agriculture, household

consumption and transportation. Furthermore, it is also associated with local culture

and tradition of the villagers such as Thot Kathin River Procession and long boat

racing.

Figure 18 The Pasak River


21

Figure 19 Beautiful scenery along the Pasak River


22

Chapter 3

Heritage and tourism in Ban Ton Tan community

The aim of this chapter is to create understanding of the value of

heritage and tourism that makes Ban Ton Tan community a unique destination.

The heritage of Ban Ton Tan community

Heritage resources in Ban Ton Tan community can be divided into five

categories:

Natural heritage

Built heritage

Traditions and beliefs

Performing Arts

Traditional crafts

Natural heritage

Pasak River

The Pasak River which flows through the community has good water quality

and creates a beautiful natural scenery and unique cultural landscape. The

Pasak River is significantly vital to the daily lives of local people, particularly

in terms of agriculture, transportation and recreation. Additionally, the culture

and history of community were originated along with the river.

Tha Rab

Previously, it used to be the sand beach of one kilometer in length. It is

located in the areas of 6 villages. When King Rama IV had procession via the

waterway and passed by this area where the water depth was rather shallow,

the courtiers had conscripted for the villagers to push the royal barge; the King

23

was very satisfied. Therefore, the King stopped by at the Tha Rab Beach and

took a bath in that area as the water within this area is cleaner and fresher than

any other locations. Since then, the King ordered to bring the water from this

place to make the holy water used for a royal ceremony, which was passed on

from the Brahman ceremony, by using the water from the five important

rivers, which was called 'Bencha Suthi Kongka', including the following

rivers:

o Klong Bung Phra Ajarn, Nakorn Nayok

o Pasak River, Ban Tarab, Saraburi

o Chao Praya River, Tumbon Bang Kaeo, Ang Thong

o Wat Dawadung, Samut Songkhram

o Phetchaburi River, Wat Tha Chai (Wat Tha Chai Siri), Phetchaburi

Figure 20 Scoop water ceremony in Tha Rab

Source: http://www.tontan-prayatod.go.th/th/index.php?option=com

content&task=view&id=196&Itemid=238

Figure 21 Tha Rab

Source: Photo taken by Wichulada, 2013)

http://www.tontan-prayatod.go.th/th/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=196&Itemid=238


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Rain tree

This tree is the landmark of the Ban Ton Tan community, located in the heart

of a community where the local people can meet and participate in local

activities. It is also market place and recreation.

Figure 22 A rain tree


Built heritage

Wat Ton Tan

It was established on April 8, 1667. Muen Sawanglar and Tan Kong

Ko led local people to build the temple. There are two ubosot (ordination hall) with

the central Thai style. There are Buddha Images in Attitude of Subduing Mara inside

the old ubosot, and a Buddha image called 'Luang Por Ong Dam' outside. On the

inner wall of the old ubosot are beautiful mural paintings of Lord Buddha's life,

stories, and legends. Moreover, the antique Butsabok (movable throne), traditional

palm leaf manuscript written by Tai-Yuan alphabets was stored in the old ubosot.

25

Figure 23 Ubosot at Wat Ton Tan


Figure 24 Inside the old ubosot


Figure 25 The antique Butsabok Figure 26 Luang Por Ong Dum

Source: photo taken by Wichulada, 2013 Source: photo taken by Wichulada, 2011

26

Wat Khao Kaeo Worawihan

Wat Khao Kaeo Worawihan is located on the hill with peaceful and

beautiful scenery. It was established in 1628 in the reign of Somdet Phra Boromma

Trailokanat Songtham (Somdet Phra Chao Songtham, Ayutthaya Kingkom). In 1860,

His Majesty King Phra Bat Somdet Phra Poramenthramaha Mongkut Phra Chom

Klao Chao Yu Hua (Rama IV, Rattanakosin Kingdom) visited Wat Phra Buddhabat

and Wat Phra Buddha Chai in order to worship the Lord Buddha‟s right footprint and

the Lord Buddha‟s shadow imprinted. The king was impressed by the temple and had

ordered to renovate this temple. He also built new monk‟s houses in the north and

renewed the stupa. After that, he promoted it as a royal temple called „Wat Khiri

Rattanaram‟. In 1913, the princely monk, Somdej Phra Maha Somanachao Krom

Phra Poramanuchit Chinoros visited there and found that the name of „Wat Khiri

Rattanaram‟ is in Magadha language; therefore, he had renamed the temple in Thai

language as „Wat Khao Kaeo Worawihan‟ since then.

Figure 27 Wat Khao Kaeo Worawihan


The followings are the architectural heritage of Wat Khao Kaeo;

Stupa: There is no evidence indicating when the stupa of Wat Khao Kaeo was

established. It is a five-spire stupa; the largest stupa stands in the middle

while the four smaller towers stand at the corners. There was a squared-based

stupa, with twelve indented corners, triple base, bua tho or lotus moulding(a

part of Thai stupa), the bell-shaped body, bua klum or layers of receding lotus

mouldings, plee yod or tapering final, and top most orb (see figure 28). The

stupa contains relics of Lord Buddha.

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Figure 28 The stupa of Wat Khao Kaeo Worawiharn


Ubosot: The King Rama IV purposed to restore the ubosot with plaster work:

double roofs; laying a refractory brick outside and marble floor inside the

ubosot; and wooden roof decorated with gable apex. The ubosot area was 14

meters in length and 23 meters in width, and surrounded with the low wall.

28

Figure 29 The ubosot at Wat Khao Kaeo Worawihan


Sermon hall in a monastery: There are two buildings of sermon hall in a

monastery at Wat Khao Kaeo. The old one was constructed by plaster work

roof with wooden structure and earthenware roof tile with 8.50 meters in

length and 12.70 meters in width. The new one constructed from reinforced

concrete with roof tile. This building was completed in 1965.

Figure 30 The old sermon hall in a monastery


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Temple stairs: The 'Naga' stairs were built in 1928 in the south of the temple.

The stairs were constructed by reinforced concrete and the Naga hand rails

were decorated with differently colorful tiles.

Figure 31 Naga stairs


Vernacular houses

Vernacular houses in Ban Ton Tan community reflect a mixture

between Tai-Yuan and the central Thai style. Those houses are ideally adapted to its

environment. Woods are mostly used for the constructions of vernacular houses in

Ban Ton Tan community. The house stands on pillars above the ground, with empty

spaces under the house to generate airflow and to protect from flooding in the rainy

season. Furthermore, the space may be used for storing agricultural tools, weaving or

multipurpose activities. In front of the house, there is a widely opened area called

'Kuang' for drying agricultural products, performing various activities, using as a

walkway to neighboring houses or a main street. The evidence from murals at Wat

Chanthaburi provides information about the early dwellings in Saohai area, called

Ruan Galae or Ruan Chiang Saen (see figure 32). Although, the old Ruan Galae

cannot be found in Ban Ton Tan community nowadays, there are still several old

houses in Ban Ton Tan community (see figures 33-38).

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Figure 33 Ruan Chiang Saen in mural paintings at Wat Chanthaburi


Figure 33 Over 100-year-old Figure 34 Old Thai wooden house

Thai traditional house

Figure 35 Two-storey house Figure 36 Traditional Tai-Yuan house

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Figure 37 Old house, lacking of maintenance

Figure 38 Storage of agriculture tools under the house

Source: All photos in figure 33-38 were taken by Wichulada, 2013

Spirit houses

The spirit houses can be seen in several houses in the Ban Ton Tan

community. Many spirit houses are situated in front of the house of the local people.

They believe that spirits will protect their home from danger and evil, and also bring

them good luck and happiness. The style of spirit house is depended on the house

owner‟s budget. Some are very simple with wooden structure support on one pillar,

while others are built with concrete. Moreover, there is the village spirit house called

San Chao Pu Fa Lab, which is the central Thai style.

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Figure 39 San Chao Pu Fa Lap


Figure 40 Spirit houses


Traditional Barns

Since most of the villagers work in agricultural field, barns can be

commonly found in a community for storing unhusked rice for consumption. The

barn is a small single building, which is separated from a house. The structure is built

outside in order to reduce the accumulation of rice in the barn corners, which can

potentially cause fungi and spoiled rice. In addition, it is convenient for maintenance

and repairing. There is only one entrance; the building is built above the ground to

prevent from soil humidity as well as to ventilate humidity and heat from the barn.

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Figure 41 Traditional barns


Figure 42 Big traditional barn


Traditions and beliefs

There are major traditions of Tai-Yuan in Ban Ton Tan community as follows:

Kin Khao Salak

Kin Khao Salak is a tradition of offering things to monks by drawing lots.

Firstly, local people insert consumer goods into a bamboo basket attached with

some money. Then, they write the names of their passed-away relatives and

their own names on the sugar palm leaves or papers before lets the monks

draw lots. Local people have to find out and take their baskets to the monks

which matches their baskets. It is believed that the contribution of people may

consign merit to the soul of theirs dead families. Kin Khao Salak of Ban Ton

Tan is held in January and famous in terms of tray decoration and procession.

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Figure 43 Kin Khao Salak festival

Source: http://www.bloggang.com/mainblog.php?id=kookkies&month=23-04-

2012&group=5&gblog=9

Tan Kan Kao tradition

It is a tradition of making merit that people offer food or appliances to the monks

in order to consign merit to their dead families or friends. The tradition

encourages people to show their respect to dead people. It is usually arranged on

Buddhist holy days. In Tan Kan Kao tradition, the monks will pray for the dead

people.

Poi Kao Sang tradition

It is a tradition of making merit to deceased person. Local people insert offering

things into a bamboo basket. The offering set is included of various things such

as dried chilly, salt, matches, candle, toothbrush, pillow, new clothes and many

more. The tradition is usually held outside the temple. Five, seven, or nine

monks are invited to perform the ceremony in the home of the deceased person.

Tam Prateep tradition

Another major festival in Tai-Yuan community is Tam Prateep. It is an ancient

tradition coincides with the date of Loy Krathong. Accordingly, people spin

thread in the shape of crow‟s footprint and put it in the oil bowl called 'Prateep'.

In the evening, they bring their Prateep to the temple and listen to sermon from

monk about the legend of Phaya Ka Puak (white crow king) in Tai-Yuan

language. Then they light up their Prateep to pay respect to the five Buddhas

from the legend.

http://www.bloggang.com/mainblog.php?id=kookkies&month=23-04-2012&group=5&gblog=9

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Figure 44 Phaya Ka Puak murals inside the old ubosot at Wat Ton Tan


Figure 45 Tam Pra Teep tradition in Tai-Yuan Community

Source: http://www.bloggang.com/viewblog.php?id=tawanclub&date=05-11

2009&group=11&gblog=1

Kuen Tao Tang Si

It refers to respect of Thao Chatu Lokkaban or four gods in the heaven. It is

believed that people who pay respect to the gods will protected them. This

tradition is usually held on auspicious days. Accordingly, people should

firstly look for an appropriate place for the custom. Then they stick five poles

- the highest one as the center and surrounded with the rest of them - and

prepare 6 containers called 'Satuang' with banana sheaths in a square shape;

each of which contains such as food, cigarette, betel, joss sticks, and candles.

Then, Satuang is placed on top of each pole for worshipping Indra (the highest

one) and the four gods. In addition, it is put on the ground to worship the

Holy Mother Earth. The ceremony carrier will pray for the gods to protect.

http://www.bloggang.com/viewblog.php?id=tawanclub&date=05-11-2009&group=11&gblog=1

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Figure 46 Kuen Tao Tang Si tradition

Source: http://www.bloggang.com/viewblog.php?id=noonrinz&date=23-02-

2010&group=2&gblog=10, and drawing by Wichulada, 2011

Bai Si Su Kwan

Bai Si Su Kwan is a local rite held on the occasion of a welcoming ceremony

or auspicious ceremony. The main purpose is the calling of the 'Kwan' or

soul. The local people believe that Kwan can bring happiness and well-being

to people.

Beliefs

Tai-Yuan people in the Ban Ton Tan community still believe in spirits. The spirit

house of Pu Fa Lab is a center for the local people. They have a ceremony to offer a

spirit house on the 6th day of the waning moon, in the 6th lunar month. On that day,

there is a mental medium to communicate with spirits. Local people honor spirits

through offerings such as Khanom Bua Loi, Khanom Tom and streaky pork slice or

'Moo Tab' to five spirits: Pu Fa Lab, Pu Kong Jak, Pu Ratchawong, Chao Mae Somsri,

and Chao Mae Thong Khum. It is the way to extend social relationship.

Performing Arts

The performing arts of the Ban Ton Tan community include Tai-Yuan folk dances

and folk music.

Tai-Yuan folk dances

Tai-Yuan folk dances have their own distinctive style including Fon Cherng, Fon

Pan Fai, Fon Ngan, Fon Tien, and Victory Drum Dance or Klong Sabud Chai etc.

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They also adapted the new version of Tai-Yuan folk dances called Fon Rom Fah

Tai-Yuan, which is unique to the community. Tai-Yuan folk dances in Ban Ton

Tan community are performed every Sunday at the Ban Ton Tan water front

market and also presented to the visitors on other occasions.

Figure 47 Tai-Yuan folk dances


Tai-Yuan folk music

The local music instrument of Tai-Yuan including Salor, Saw, and Sueng.

Most Tai-Yuan songs are slow rhythmic song, indicating characteristics of the

Tai-Yuan people as friendly, polite, helpful and kind. They usually perform

Tai-Yuan song during religious festivals such as Kin Khao Salak and also

other important occasions.

In addition, Tai-Yuan folk dance and folk music are taught at the Local Tai-

Yuan Cultural Center by trained masters and dancers are from the village youth.

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Figure 48 Thai-Yuan folk music

Source: http://www.hi5.com/photo_view.html?photoId=212872355&uid=

5911591532&albumId=295281766#state=40_0

Traditional crafts

Weaving

Woven fabrics demonstrate important cultural identity of the Tai Yuan

people in Ban Ton Tan. The Tai Yuan society specifies fabric weaving to be the role

of women, with the value that women who can weave fabrics are the persons who

have suitable qualification to get married and have a family. In addition, women who

can weave fabrics with beautiful patterns are considered as highly valuable and

desirable among men. Therefore, the woven fabrics are more meaningful than just

using for wearing purpose as they also tell the story and the feeling of the person who

weave them as well as express social conditions during that period.

In the past, the Tai Yuan women plant cotton trees and weave fabrics

in their spare time after finishing their main occupation in order to use for daily lives

or offer to the monks and use in a ceremony. They do not weave fabrics for selling;

therefore, woven fabrics in the past were rather the arts occurred from an ambition,

intention and aesthetic emotions. However, at present, woven fabrics are done as an

occupation. As a result, there are various aspects of the development in terms of

pattern, fiber and punctiliousness.

http://www.hi5.com/photo_view.html?photoId=212872355&uid=5911591532&albumId=295281766#state=40_0



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Woven fabrics of Ban Ton Tan community have specific

characteristics in terms of colors and patterns, for examples, Pa Yok Mook, Pa Lai

Dork Pikul (bullet wood pattern), Pa Si Ta Kor and loincloth.

Figure 49 Tai Yuan weaving cloth


Tai-Yuan folk paper cuttings

Paper cutting is a folk art that has lasted for a long time. Local people in the Ban Ton

Tan community usually cut paper as 'Tung', and paper lanterns in northern Thai style.

Tung or Northern Thai style flag is made with great technique which was to be used

as sacrifices and offerings to Buddha, or decoration for religious festivals.

Cuisine

Tai-Yuan cuisine in Ban Ton Tan community is unique and similar to Lanna cuisine.

There are varieties of recipes; these recipes make use of local ingredients available in

the community such as Phak Wan, banana flowers and bamboo shoots. The flavor

generally inclines toward spicy and a little salty. The most popular Tai-Yuan dishes

include Kaeng khae, Kaeng Hang Le and Namphrik Ong. Moreover, there are deserts

and snack such as Khao Khaeb, Khanom Tan and Khao Piang.

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Statement of cultural heritage significance

To preserve natural heritage and cultural heritage in the Ban Ton Tan

community, there should be significant evaluation on those particular areas. The

results of evaluation can be used to support heritage management. In this study, the

researcher evaluates the value of cultural significance of the Ban Ton Tan based on

the philosophy of Burra Charter.

Architectural and aesthetic value

According to the architectural value and the aesthetic value, the Ban

Ton Tan community takes great care of their traditional life style. The community is

different from other communities in central Thailand in terms of culture. As a result,

it is well known among tourists and interested people. Moreover, their houses are

designed to respond to their lifestyles and topography. One of the northern styles is

'Fha-Lai'; the sliding walls or partitions which can slide in order to open and close.6

Currently, there are more modern houses rather than traditional houses. However, the

traditional houses can be seen in the community. Most houses are built and have

space underneath the houses. This space is used in a case of flooding, weaving and

storing agricultural tools. In addition, the houses have high roofs for better air flow.

The great temple such as Wat Khao Kaeo Worawihan is beautifully and uniquely

architectural value of a design. The old ubosot of Wat Ton Tan has beautiful mural

paintings of the Lord Buddha‟s life. Furthermore, the Pasak River has beautiful

scenery; it is a good place for visitors to see local lifestyle.

Historical value

The Ban Ton Tan community is an old community in Saraburi. The most

villagers are Tai-Yuan who immigrated from Chiang Saen more than 200 years ago. Tai-

Yuan in the community still preserve their culture and local wisdom well. Even though

some of their lifestyles have changed, important local wisdoms and traditions are still

available. Moreover, the significance of related background such as immigration,

language, food, folk, beliefs, and traditions encourage new generations to realize the

value of those elements. Also, it is beneficial to sustainable conservation. 6 Sirinpat Kuttikul, 2012. Eco-housing case study: a low rise apartment for new habitation in Chiang Mai. Sweden: Chalmers Architectural school.

41

Scientific Value

Traditional woven fabrics are the most important and well known

handy-craft item from the Ban Ton Tan community. The Tai-Yuan woven fabrics has

a unique pattern. The process of weaving is a scientific value within the community.

The unique local heritage provide inspiration for study of architecture, traditions, or

Tai-Yuan food.

Social Value

External society has an influence on the community; however, the Tai-

Yuan people in Ban Ton Tan strongly maintain the unity. They settle down and live

together peacefully. They currently speak Tai-Yuan language as well as continue the

legend, belief, and rite. Furthermore, they maintain the social structure and culture.

Most of the Thai-Yuan people are Buddhists and believe in spirit. Those beliefs are

resulted from the supernatural power. It is believed that there is a holy thing watching

over their behaviors and punishing them. However, this belief is transformed as norm,

prohibition, rite, and ceremony. The belief is used as a social structure for people to

live together happily.

Growth and development as a tourism place

From interviewing with Mr. Somjit Yakul, a former sub-district

headman and one of the Ban Ton Tan community leaders, Ban Ton Tan community

became well-known among tourists around 1982, from the establishment of local

weaving group and it was of interest in studying the way of life of the local people by

having tourists staying with a local family. Later in 1986, there was an unofficial

organization of homestay. The first group of visitors was cadets, followed by nursing

students, and air force men. Afterward, there were tourists who visited for learning

about culture, lifestyle and fabric weaving continuously. Until 1987, the community

was awarded as Excellent Cultural Village. Later in 1993, there was the official

establishment of homestay in the community by a group of local people. In the same

year, Mr. Songchai Wannakul had founded Tai-Yuan Saraburi Association and Thai

Yuan Local Cultural Centre in order to conserve and inherit culture and traditions of

Tai-Yuan in Saraburi province. This encourages people in the community to have

42

awareness of conservation and restoration of the long-lost traditional culture. It also

encourages tourists to become interested in travelling to the community for learning

about and visiting the local community.

In addition, there is 'The Ban Ton Tan waterfront market' which

interests a large number of visitors. The marketplace also promotes the reputation of

Ban Ton Tan as can be seen from increasing number of the tourists who visit the

community. The Ban Ton Tan waterfront market is firstly appeared in July 6, 2008

with the cooperation of Ban Ton Tan residents and the government. The marketplace

is located in Wat Ton Tan area along Pasak River. There are variety of local food and

products. Different kinds of foods are served with the impressive scenery of Pasak

River. Moreover, there are cultural performances prepared by the local youth of the

community. According to the stated famous activities and cultural heritage, Ban Ton

Tan community was awarded in Thailand Tourism Awards for two consecutive years.

The community received the Award of Outstanding Performance in cultural tourism

category in 2008 and the Best Conservation of Cultural Heritage in 2009. Moreover,

it is promoted as an OTOP Tourism village.

Tourism attraction

Other than heritage places previously mentioned, Ban Ton Tan community has more

tourist attractions as follows:

The Ban Ton Tan waterfront market

It is a small market located in Moo 3 in the area of Wat Ton Tan,

nearby the river banks. There are approximately 150 shops. The structure of

shops is made of wood covered by thatches. The shops are located along the

banks of the Pasak River, and are divided into different zones based on

product type, for examples, food and drinks zone, and local product and

souvenir zone. Most of the vendors are the people in the community. There is

the rule in obliging the vendors to wear Tai-Yuan traditional costume and

selling local products, for examples, local woven fabrics, souvenirs and local

foods such as Khao Piang, Nampu, Khai Pam, and Khao Soi. There is a large

raft for the tourists to relax and have foods. On the raft, there are Khantoke

43

(pedestal trays) for containing foods. Atmosphere within the market includes

traditional Lanna music and storytelling about the background of Thai Yuan

people in Ban Ton Tan by Mr. Somjit Yakul as a village philosopher of Tai-

Yuan culture. There is also a group of youths organizing cultural

performances in order to conserve and inherit cultural arts such as traditional

dance, traditional music performance and self-defense performance rotating in

each week during 11.00-12.00 at the activity field of the market. In addition

to those activities, the tourists can sit on the boat to see the natural scenery of

Pasak River.

The Ban Ton Tan water front market or Tha Nam Ban Ton Tan Market

is a newly established market for promoting the community‟s economy,

tourism and Tai-Yuan cultural conservation. Ton Tan community received the

budget in 2007 for the amount of 150,000 baht from the Yu Dee Mee Suk

Project (Happy Living Project) organized by the government, which is the

project aiming to stimulate and promote the economy, by emphasizing roles

and participation between the community and local administration

organization. Therefore, the villagers cooperatively founded the Tah Nam

Ban Ton Tan Market and it was first opened on July 19, 2008. During the first

period, there were 40 shops, which were opened only on Sunday of the first

week of every month. Later, when there are more tourists, it is opened every

Sunday from 8.00 A.M.-4.00P.M.. In February 2010, there was the

foundation of the market in a similar pattern in the area closed to the old

market. It was a long market located along the Pasak River. The new market

is operated by the private sector where internal and external people to the

community can hire the selling area. Products in this area includes Tai-Yuan

products and non Tai-Yuan products.

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Figure 50 The Ban Ton Tan waterfront market


Cultural Center of Tambon Ton Tan

It is the Thai traditional style with high space under the house and situated in

the same area as Tah Nam Ban Ton Tan Market. It was established in 1986 to

display ancient objects of the community, which are donated by the local

people within the community. However, due to the lack of knowledgeable

person in terms of museum and the lack of caring, it was closed in 1987. Later,

Cultural Center of Tambon Ton Tan is used as the place for organizing

cultural activities in the community.

Figure 51 Cultural Center of Tambon Ton Tan


45

The Antique Boat Museum

It is located in the same area as Tah Nam Ban Ton Tan Market and was

established in 2008. It is a high-rooftop building, concrete floor, tiled roof,

with no wall. In the building, it is used as the area for storing an ancient and

valuable long boat of the community named 'Naraiprasit', which is a beautiful

ancient boat, with 1.20 meter in width and 2 meters and 2 cubits in length.

The boat can contain 46 persons. Previously, it was named Praya Montien

Tong, which was the boat used in royal procession under the supervision of

the Royal Thai Navy Dockyard. The boat was purchased by Mr. Song

Wannakul and Mr. Khum Yakul for 80 baht and it was kept as Wat Ton Tan‟s

boat and used in ceremonies, Royal Kathin ceremony and Salak Pat ceremony.

In 1947, the villagers of Ban Ton Tan changed the name of the boat to

'Naraiprasit' to use in the long boat competition in the annual ceremony of

Saihai district.

Figure 52 The Antique Boat Museum


Weaving Centre of Tambon Ton Tan

Thai Yuan women are specialized in weaving. In the past, most women

weaved their own clothes. The art of weaving was inherited from their

ancestors in the forms of handloom or folk loom. The design of the woven

clothes is unique and colorful. In 1980, Thailand‟s Community Development

Department (CDD) established Ton Tan Weaving Housewives Group which

made the occurrence of the Weaving Learning Center near Wat Ton Tan for

jobless women. As a result, they can spend their free time and make more

46

money for their families. Moreover, the center is seen as a learning center for

other community members as well.

Figure 53 Weaving Learning Center of Tambon Ton Tan


Local Tai-Yuan Cultural Center

Local Tai Yuan Cultural Center is located on Saraburi-Pakbang route. It was

established by Mr. Songchai Wanakul in order to use as the study place for

local cultural exchange of the Tai Yuan people, conserve and restore the Tai-

Yuan culture as well as promote a good relationship of the Tai-Yuan people.

The cultural center was the Thai wooden houses of Mr. Songchai and opened

unofficially to visitors since 1987. In the area, there were previously 4 houses

in which Mr. Songchai bought from the previous owner and they were then

torn down and restructured by maintaining the previous condition as much as

possible. In the cultural center, there is the large Thai house for exhibiting the

weaving tools, basketworks, drums and clothes of the Tai Yuan people,

pictures of the Tai Yuan people in the past, weapons and ancient furniture.

There are also 3 small houses for exhibiting tools and equipment used in daily

lives of the local people in the past such as fishing tool, stove, water jar and

cart. In addition, there are also many houseboats and ancient boats in the area

of waterside nowadays. In addition to having the cultural center as a place for

cultural exchange and learning and cultural conservation of Tai Yuan, which is

opened to visitors and interested persons for free, there is also an activity field

for organizing various activities such as Khan Tok, Tai-Yuan cultural

47

performance as well as Tai-Yuan dance teaching. It is also the homestay for

the persons who are interested in experiencing the Tai Yuan lifestyles.

Figure 54 Local Tai-Yuan Cultural Center

Source: http://www.thaidphoto.com/forums/showthread.php?t=216272

Figure 55 Antique boats and waterside


http://www.thaidphoto.com/forums/showthread.php?t=216272

48

Chapter 4

Tourism Issues and Impact in the Ban Ton Tan Community

The Ban Ton Tan community has a distinctive cultural and natural

heritage, a local lifestyle, scenic surroundings, and traditional and local wisdom and

architecture all combine to give the community its identity and tourism appeal. This

chapter concerns the current management of the Ban Ton Tan community and the

identification of the positive and negative impacts that have resulted from tourism.

Current Management of Ban Ton Tan Community

The Tontan-Prayatod sub-district municipality provides a vision and

obligation regarding its heritage and tourism management, concentrating on restoring,

conserving, and promoting its cultural heritage, including festivals and wisdom,

together with developing tourism resources, tourism activities, and the environment.

They set up meetings with community leader 2-4 times per year or when the

community has important issues. In addition, they have set up the campaign 'Speak

Tai-Yuan Now', aiming to preserve the traditional language skills. Moreover, they use

a combination of Saraburi annual festivals to promote the performing arts, such as

folk dance, to encourage tourism in the Ban Ton Tan community.

Budget resources

Budgets are an essential part of community development, support for

conserving the local heritage, and maintaining the infrastructure and sanitation. The

major budget resources are from the following:

Saraburi Province

Office of Cultural Conservation, Saraburi

Tourism Authority of Thailand, Lopburi Office

Saraburi Provincial Office of Tourism and Sport

49

Saraburi Community Development Provincial Office

Tontan-Prayatod sub-district municipality

Stakeholder cooperation

The stakeholders in tourism in the Ban Ton Tan community can be divided into three

main groups: the government, non-government groups, and the private sector. The

responsibilities of stakeholders are present below.

Government Sectors

Saraburi Provincial

This office support and provide advice to Ton Tan-Prayatod Sub-district

Municipality.

Office of Cultural Conservation, Saraburi

This office is responsible for promote local art and culture.

Saraburi Community Development Provincial Office

This office is responsible for community development.

Tourism Authority of Thailand, Lopburi Office

This office directly responsible for marketing and public relations by

provide information on their website and organize a tourism activities to

promote the Ban Ton Tan community.

Saraburi Provincial office of Tourism and Sports

This office is responsible for promote and support the development of

tourism.

Ton Tan-Prayatod Sub-district Municipality

This municipality directly responsible for manage and develop Ban Ton

Tan community.

Private Sectors

Ton Tan Temple

Local people

Television stations

Non-Government Sectors

Ban Ton Tan Home Stay Group

50

Ban Ton Tan Local Weaving Group

Thai-Yuan Cultural Group

Conflict can arise between the local stakeholder of Ban Ton Tan

community from different interests and policies.

Legislation

There is no formal legislation concerning heritage preservation and tourism

management in the Ban Ton Tan community local people want to preserve their

heritage by themselves.

Public relations and marketing

The Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) works on promoting

cultural tourism in the Ban Ton Tan community by providing tourism information on

the Internet, and publishing tourist guidebooks and magazines. TAT also has

launched the 'Visit nine temples' to pay respect to the nine sacred temples in Lopburi

and Saraburi, which include Wat Khao Kaew Worawihan.

The Public Relations Office in Saraburi also provides tourism

information about the community on their radio station, and on television channels

and websites. In addition, the Ton Tan-Prayatod Sub-district Municipality has

published tourist brochures and has provided tour packages in and around the Ban Tin

Tan community and has provided information about the community on their website.

Moreover, photos and journey reviews about the community on social

media or websites from the private sector and visitors‟ experience may help to

increase visitors to the community.

Tourism facilities and services

Car park services

Free car parks are provided approximately with 120 parking spaces

around the Wat Ton Tan and Wat Ton Tan School. There are also two private car

parks near the Ban Ton Tan Waterfront Market providing approximately 70 spaces.

51

However, there are problems with the traffic management, especially on Sunday when

visitors visit the Ban Ton Tan waterfront market.

Figure 56 Car park around Wat Ton Tan Figure 57 Car park near the waterfront

market‟s entrance

Source: All photos in figure 56-57 were taken by Wichulada, 2011

Accommodations

Seventeen home stay members in the Ban Ton Tan home stay group

and approximately twenty home stays are provided for the tourists that want to

experience the authentic and local Tai-Yuan community.

Figure 58 Home stay on houseboat

Source: http://www.oknation.net/blog/jomo/gallery

http://www.oknation.net/blog/jomo/gallery

52

Figure 59 Home stay on the bank of the Pasak River


Tour operations

Boat trips are provided near the Ban Ton Tan waterfront market, taking

visitors to Tha Rab so that they can pay respect to the golden Buddha image at

Wat Payao and experience the traditional lifestyle along the Pasak River at the

rate of 50 baht for adults and 20 baht for children. A boat service is operated

four times on Sunday: 10.00 A.M., 11.30 A.M., 1.15 P.M., and 3.00 P.M..

Moreover, there is a car, like a tram service, from Ton Tan Cultural Center

that visits Wat Khao Kaew Worawihan, Wat Prayatod and Wat Prayao. The

price for one person is 30 baht.

Figure 60 Tour operation at the Ban Ton Tan waterfront market


53

Shops

According to the author‟s observation, there are several shops and

restaurants in the Ban Ton Tan community. There are 6 restaurants, 7 general stores

and 5 souvenir shops in the community marketplace. Moreover, there are

approximately 150 shops at the Ban Ton Tan waterfront market on Sunday, including

food stalls such as Phad Mee Yuan stall, Khao Soi stall, local sweet stalls, etc.

Moreover, there are local product stalls where villagers sell their products such as

vegetables and fruits. The results from the interview with visitors show that most of

them are satisfied with the food quality, its taste, the variety of food, the friendly

vendors, the value for the money, and the relaxing atmosphere.

Figure 61 General stores opposite Wat Ton Tan


Figure 62 Market stalls in the Ban Ton Tan waterfront market area


54

Souvenirs

Tai Yuan Woven cloth is a popular souvenir item. The cloth has a

unique design and comes in several varieties, such as shirts, dresses, shawls, purses,

etc. Moreover, there are souvenir items made by the villagers in the community such

as cornhusk dolls, basketwork, and other souvenir items from other nearby

communities and northern Thailand.

Figure 63 Souvenir items


Public toilets

There are five separate public toilet facilities at the Ton Tan Cultural

Center. Moreover, there are five unisex toilets at Wat Ton Tan and four unisex toilets

at the weaving learning center available for the visitors free of charge, and two unisex

toilets in the private waterfront market that require payment. There is limited

availability of toilets for the number of visitors on Sunday and also there are no

handicap-accessible toilet facilities.

Figure 64 Public toilets at the Ton Tan Cultural Center and the weaving learning center


55

Street furniture

o Litter bins

The Ton Tan-Prayatod Subdistrict Administrative Organization

provides litter bins for the Ban Ton Tan community. However, there are not

enough litter bins. From observation, some of the litter bins are full or

overflowing, especially on Sunday, and the waste segregation system is not

used by the community.

Figure 65 Overflowing litter bin Figure 66 Garbage around the litter bin

Source: All photos in Figure 64-65 were taken by Wichulada, 2013

Figure 67 The bins are not in a suitable place


56

o Direction signs

There are adequate direction signs along the way, directing visitors to

the Ban Ton Tan community. From the Bangkok-Ban Ton Tan route, the first

direction sign is located on Phahonyothin Road before the crossroad to the

Saraburi bypasses and then there are more direction signs when visitor nearly

arrive at the Ban Ton Tan community.

Figure 68 Direction signs along the way to Ban Ton Tan community

Source: photo by Wichulada, 2013

Figure 69 Welcome signs are installed at the entrance to the Ban Ton Tan community


57

Figure 70 The grass surrounding the direction board is so high beside the road


Interpretation instruments

o Description signs

There are description signs provided in the Ban Ton Tan community as

follows:

The majority of the description signs near the entrance of the Ban Ton

Tan waterfront market provide brief information about the background

and context of the Ban Ton Tan community in the Thai and English

languages. There are also included maps of tourist attractions in

Saraburi province and an explanation of the do's and don'ts according

to Thai culture.

58

Figure 71 A description sign near the entrance of the Ban Ton Tan waterfront market


A description sign at the Antique Boat Museum is a canvas sign

providing information only about the history of Narai Prasit longboats

presented in the Thai language. The museum does not interpret the

significance or value of other display objects in the museum.

Figure 72 A description sign at the Antique Boat Museum


The description signs at the Cultural Center of Tam Bon Ton Tan are

provided by the local government. There are three description signs

and they are only presented in the Thai language, two of which provide

similar information about the Thai-Yuan in Ban Ton Tan community

and another one is a tourist map showing the major tourist attractions

59

in Saraburi province with a 'Quick Response (QR) Code' that can be

scanned with a mobile phone for more information.

Figure 73 Description signs at the Cultural Center of Tam Bon Ton Tan


A description sign at the Ban Ton Tan woven cloth site provides a map

of Ton Tan sub-district in the Thai language.

Figure 74 Map of Ton Tan sub-district


The description signs at Wat Khao Kaeo Worawihan are provided by

the local government. There are three description signs presented in

the Thai language, two of which provide similar information about the

history of the temple and another one provides a tourist map of

Saraburi province with a QR Code.

60

Figure 75 Description signs at Wat Khao Kaeo Worawihan


o Brochure

The Ban Ton Tan community brochure is published by the Ton Tan-

Prayatod Sub-district Municipality and is available free of charge, with brief

information about the community background, social culture, and tourist

attractions in the community presented only in the Thai language. There are

included contact information.

Figure 76 Ban Ton Tan community brochure (1)

61

Figure 77 Ban Ton Tan community brochure (2)

o Visitor's profile

There are no statistics on the visitors to the Ban Ton Tan community.

According to the author‟s observations and interviews, the majority of visitors

are Thai and only a few foreigners. Most of them are one-day trip visitors

from Bangkok and provinces near Saraburi, and they visit the Ban Ton Tan

community by private car followed by tour buses and the train. They mostly

come with their family or educational tour groups. They usually come on

Sunday, with approximately 10,000 visitors a week.1 Their age is between 3 -

60 years. The activities that most visitors are interested in are eating,

shopping, and sightseeing.

1 Somjit Yakul, personal communication, July 8, 2012.

62

Stage in the tourism life cycle

It can be said that the Ban Ton Tan community was first known as a

tourist attraction in 2008. There was a small number of visitors to the community

compared to Ampawa or the Damnoen Saduak floating market. However, the

numbers seem to have increased with the increase in tourist facilities and promotional

efforts each year. It can be claimed that Ban Ton Tan is at the development stage of

Butler‟s tourism life cycle model (see figure 78); "the model suggests that

destinations develop and change over time, and also tourism impacts are likely to

change over time as a destination area develops."2

Figure 78 Ban Ton Tan community is at the development stage

Source: Adapted from Butler, 1980

2 Butler R., 1980. The concept of a tourism area cycle of evolution: implications for

management of resources. Canadian Geographer.

63

Assessing the impacts of tourism

Both the tangible and intangible heritage in the Ban Ton Tan

community are the major tourism products in the community, and at the same time

tourism has the power to encourage support for the preservation of the local heritage.

Moreover, tourism brings economic benefits, resulting from visitors spending money

in the community. Regarding social benefits, tourism can bring identity and pride to

the communities. However, tourism exerts a cost for the local community because of

the need for infrastructure and facilities to support visitors.

"The impact of tourism tends to be multi-faceted, often having a

combination of economic, social-cultural and environmental dimensions. It is also

conventional to present tourism impacts as either positive or negative."3

Economic impact

In terms of economic impact, the Ministry of Tourism and Sports

reports Saraburi's tourism revenue in 2012 at 5,261.1 million baht,

representing an increase of 44.84% from 3632.08 million baht in 2011.4 For

the Ban Ton Tan community, tourism has significantly added to its economic

growth, and the income of the population in the community has also increased

and there are more job opportunities provided to the local people. The shops

and food stalls in the Ban Ton Tan waterfront market have grown from

approximately 40 stalls in 2008 to approximately 150 stalls in 2013, and the

local people earn approximately 200,000 to 300,000 baht per week.5

Moreover, some of the local people that have emigrated and work in

the larger cities come back to settle and work in their hometown. "The growth

in tourism-based industries, including the sale of handicrafts and other local

products to visitors, has presented local residents with new options and an

3 Peter Mason, 2003. Tourism Impacts: Planning and Management. Oxford: Elsevier

Butterworth-Heinemann. 4 Ministry of Tourism and Sports, 2011. Domestic Travel Summary of the situation in

Year 2012. Bangkok: Ministry of Tourism and Sports. 5 Somjit Yakul, personal communication, July 15, 2012.

64

alternative source of income."6 Duangjan Songchom, a villager in the Ban Ton

Tan community, said that:

Normally, I work as a weaver. In 2008, the Ban Ton Tan

waterfront market was established in the community. I can sell

sweet and salty mackerel stew, curry and soup in the

marketplace and earn approximately 6,000 baht each Sunday.7

Social-cultural impact

Tourism encourages the return and preservation of the local heritage in

Ban Ton Tan community. Every Sunday local people hold a traditional show,

dress up in traditional Tai-Yuan, and speak the Tai-Yuan language in the Ban

Ton Tan waterfront market to present their identity and tradition to visitors.

Moreover, the local people bring back their traditional performing art by

inviting traditional dance teachers and traditional music teachers from Chiang

Mai to teach them. Tourism also has raised the living standards of local

people. The tourism facilities and infrastructure development also have

benefited the local people in terms of good-quality roads, public spaces, and

public toilets. The local people are more knowledgeable because of the

workshops and opinion-sharing with visitors and other communities. Thus

they can use their knowledge to develop their communities.

Although the fact that tourism can bring about many benefits regarding

the local heritage and the community is an important issue, tourism

development is also causing the community to lose its cultural identity. While

visitors have a demand for cultural tourism, local people are providing cultural

practices as entertainment or as a commercialized enterprise rather than for

spiritual reasons. Hence the community may lose its original meaning and

heritage value.

6 UNESCO, 2004. IMPACT: The Effects of Tourism on Culture and the Environment in

Asia and the Pacific: Tourism and Heritage Site Management in Luang Prabang, Lao PDR. Bangkok: UNESCO.

7 Duangjan Songchom, personal communication, May 29, 2012.

65

Environmental impact

"The quality of the environment, both natural and man-made, is essential to

tourism."8 The local people in the Ban Ton Tan community are aware of the value of

the environment because the scenic environment can attract visitors. The local

government also provides a budget to improve the landscape and environment.

However, trees have been cut down to create the Ban Ton Tan waterfront market and

tourist facilities (see figures 79-80).

Figure 79 Ban Ton Tan community in 2006 Figure 80 Ban Ton Tan Community in 2011


Furthermore, tourism can cause pollution as follows.

o Traffic and noise pollution have increased along with the number of

visitors. The small community has a lot of cars, and vehicles jam the

narrow streets, and traffic congestion has created noise and air

pollution.

o Solid waste: The Ton Tan-Prayatod municipality is responsible for all

aspects of solid waste management. Nevertheless, there are full or

overflowing bins, especially on Sunday. In addition, some food stalls

at the Ban Ton Tan waterfront market dispose waste water into the

Pasak River.

8 UNEP, 2013. Environmental Impacts. Accessed April 20, 2013. Available from

http://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/Business/SectoralActivities/Tourism/FactsandFiguresaboutTourism/ImpactsofTourism/EnvironmentalImpacts/tabid/78775/Default.aspx



66

o There are too many signboards in the community. Some of them are

made of materials which are not durable, they overlap, are poorly

designed and are placed in a haphazard fashion.

Figure 81 Too many signboards in the Ban Ton Tan community


67

Chapter 5

Case Studies

This chapter proposes the case studies to provide an example of

heritage preservation and sustainable tourism development from other communities.

This research selected three case studies as follows:

Ban Mae Kampong community, Chiang Mai

Sam Chuk old market community, Suphan Buri

Damnoen Saduak Floating Market, Ratchaburi

Ban Mae Kampong commnity has a rich heritage and culture. It is a

good example of heritage preservation and sustainable tourism management that

manage to operate with a minimum negative impact on the community. The villagers

are aware of the pressures which tourism can put on their community, and the

community committee determines rules and regulations for heritage preservation and

tourism development. The community also has won several awards, such as the 2007

Thailand Tourism Award for Community-Based Tourism and the Pacific Asia Travel

Association's (PATA) Gold Award in 2010.

The Samchuk old market community is a good example for the study

of heritage preservation and management plans. It was a trading center in the region,

when rivers and canals were used as a main transportation system until the street

system was introduced around 1967; at that time, the Samchuk market was lifeless.

After that, a committee was set up for developing Samchuk market and to promote the

market as a cultural tourist attraction. Then, Samchuk market coming back to lively

and attracted a lot of visitors.

68

The Damnoen Saduak Floting Market is the most popular floating

market in Thailand and it is very successful in generating income from tourism.

However, tourism has also caused a lot of negative impacts on the Damnoen Saduak

community, especially regarding authenticity. Nowadays, there are limitations on

revitalization of the local heritage because the majority of business holders this area

are outsiders and lack of cooperation with the local people. Moreover, there is no

official plan for sustainable tourism development. Therefore, it is a good case for

studying the impacts of tourism development.

Ban Mae Kampong

General information on the Ban Mae Kampong community

Ban Mae Kampong is a small village located in Moo 3, Huay Kaew

sub-distric, Mae On district, Chiang Mai province. It takes around 1.5 hours (or

approximately 50 kilometers) to get from Chiang Mai to the Ban Mae Kampong

community. It is an old village of more than 100 years; most of the villagers migrated

from Doi Saket district in Chiang Mai. The village is 1,300 meters above sea level

and is surrounded by forests and mountains and has a cool climate all year long. The

majority of residents live by agriculture such as wild-tea farms and coffee plantations.

Most villagers are Buddhists.

Location of Ban Mae Kampong Community

North: Located next to Moo 2, Ban Mae Lai

South: Next to Moo 1, Ban Ruam, On Nua sub-district

East: Next to Muang Pan district, Lam Pang province

West: Next to Tan Thong village

69

Figure 82 The location of Ban Mae Kampong

Source: Adapted from http://www.novabizz.com/Map/2.htm

Background

Most villagers in the Ban Mae Kampong community migrated from

Doi Saket district and settled down in this area for more than 100 years ago. This

village derived its name from the name of a flower in this area, locally called Dok

Kampong. After the development of the settlement, the Khamu hill ethnic group

migrated to the community as laborers on the wild-tea plantations. In 1976, with the

communist threat to Thailand, a large number of university students moved mostly to

the forests and hills. The Ban Mae Kampong community became a 'pink area,' which

was 80% communist. It took over 10 years to stop the communist expansion in

Thailand.

http://www.novabizz.com/Map/2.htm

70

Presently, the community is a famous eco-tourism destination for both

Thai and foreign tourists. There are approximately 24 families that participate in the

home stay service, offering tourists a chance to experience the local lifestyle.

Cultural heritage

o Architectural heritage

Wat Khantha Phreksa or Wat Mae Kampong is the only temple in

the community, established in 1930 in Lanna architectural style.

There are three Ubosot buildings in the area. The old Ubosot is a

simple wooden building in Lanna architectural style, with a portico

with finely-carved gables. The small Ubosot (ordination hall) was

restored a few years ago, and is situated in the middle of water.

This temple plays a significant role in the community as a

community center. In addition, there are some local groups that use

this area to produce herbal products and tea pillows.

Figure 83 The old Ubosot Figure 84 The small Ubosot

Figure 85 Tea pillow products from villagers

Source: http://kamolphapoom.gonorththailand.com/view/340

http://kamolphapoom.gonorththailand.com/view/340

http://kamolphapoom.gonorththailand.com/view/340

71

Vernacular houses in Ban Mae Kampong define their way of life.

Most of them are wooden houses in Simply a simple style with a

large open terrace.

Figure 86 Vernacular house in Ban Mae Kampong

Source: http://www.mcot.net/site/content?id=50bc7a36150ba0ed6a0000d2#.UigmscZkOSp

o Tradition and lifestyle

Figure 87 Local lifestyle in Ban Mae Kampong

Source: http://www.travel.in.th/th/review/trip

http://www.mcot.net/site/content?id=50bc7a36150ba0ed6a0000d2#.UigmscZkOSp

http://www.travel.in.th/th/review/trip/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88

72

Tourists can experience the local lifestyle, including offering food to

monks in the morning, and tea-leaf harvesting and coffee harvesting.

Moreover, there are several traditions as follows:

Bai Sri Su Kwan: Bai Si Su Kwan or the calling of the kwan is a

local tradition held on the occasion of a welcoming ceremony,

recovering from illness, getting married, etc. Kwan means soul,

and the people in northern and northeastern Thailand believe that

Kwan can protect them from evil and bring happiness.

Traditional dance: There are performances of traditional northern

Thai folk music and dance such as Fon Sao Mai (silk weaving

dance), Fon Jong (umbrella dance), and the sword dance. They are

usually performed during religious festivals.

Duan Si Peng is a tradition after harvesting season during full

moon day in January, when villagers offer food and rice from their

rice fields to the monks.

Pee Mai Muang celebrates Songkran festival in authentic Lanna

style.

Yee Peng or Loi Kra Tong festival take place during full moon day

of the 11th Lanna lunar month. Villagers offer new robes to monks

and also make a donation to the temple called Tod Katin. One of

the activities of these days is the Khao Wongkot ceremony.

Sib Song Peng is a tradition of offering things to monks by

drawing lots or Salakaphat merit making during full moon day of

the 10th Lanna lunar month (September). Villagers also carry sand

into the temple grounds on these day as a part of making merit.

o Local wisdom

When villagers cut down trees, they leave a part of the tree to grow

back

Fermented tea production, locally called Miang

73

The process of fermentation consists of:

Steam wild tea leaves

Binding them with bamboo strips

Place the wild tea leaves in a fermentation bucket

It is a snack that villagers chew after eating or when they feel tired.

Moreover, it is used for ingredients in northern Thai cooking.

Tea-leaf harvesting method

Herbal medicine knowledge

Figure 88 Fermented tea production or Miang

Source: http://myfreezer.wordpress.com

Natural heritage

o Mae Kampong Waterfall

It is a small, charming waterfall located east of the Ban Mae

Kampong community. There are seven tiers with an access trail to

the top.

Figure 89 Mae Kampong waterfall

Source: http://2g.pantip.com/cafe/blueplanet/topic/E10852966/E10852966.html

http://myfreezer.wordpress.com/tag/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87/

http://2g.pantip.com/cafe/blueplanet/topic/E10852966/E10852966.html

74

o Doi Mon Larn

It is the highest point of Mae Kampong, approximately 1,600 meters

above sea level. There is an area to set up camp with beautiful

scenery. Tourists can make the trek to Doi Mon Larn.

o Forest Resources

Ban Mae Kampong is surrounded by an abundant forest with a high

diversity of tree species and wild animals. The forest area also

includes wild tea plantations and the community forest.

o Pha Nam Lord

There are limestone cliffs with unique features. The water runs under

a big stone and disappears before coming out again on the opposite

side.

o Stone Garden

The scattered stones in the area look like a garden of stone.

The significance of the community

Ban Mae Kampong community has high aesthetic value. The community

is surrounded by mountains and several streams pass though it so it has attracted a great

number of tourists. The villagers‟ lifestyle is very interesting, with its own tradition and

wisdom, and the villagers participate in local heritage preservation. Moreover, His

Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej, during a visit to the community in 1979, created

hydropower from the many streams in the area. The villagers were full partners in the

project. While the then Department of Energy Development supplied the cost of the

turbine and power cables, all households provided labor and construction materials to

building a dyke. Nowadays, they sell the hydropower to the provincial electricity

authority. Income from the sale of electricity is allocated to community development and

conservation programs, such as occupational training, community loans, waterfall

improvement, reforestation, watershed conservation, and forest fire prevention, as well as

dividend payments to cooperative members.1 There is a strong cooperative and it has

become a model of sustainable management.

1 Thailand International Development Cooperation Agency (TICA), volume 1. Thailand’s Best Practices and Lessons Learned in Development. Bangkok: TICA.

75

Tourism impacts and solution

Tourism in Ban Mae Kampong began in 1999, when the government

promoted and develop the community to become a popular tourist destination. At the

beginning, the community experienced difficulties, as the tourism had created sizeable

impacts on the community with no rules or tourism management plans. The villagers

suffered from these negative impacts, such as problems with solid waste, the loss of

biodiversity, thieves, and outsiders buying land for tourism businesses. Therefore, it

was necessary for the community to find a way to preserve the local heritage and to

manage the tourism. The headman of the community, named Prommin Puangmala,

has been trying to find solutions by attending various training programs, study tours

on ecotourism supported by the government sector and seeking advice from various

resource persons. Then, the villagers began meeting regularly to discuss tourism

management and community preparation in terms of staff, natural resources, and fair

distribution of profits. Local guides were trained to explain Mae Kampong‟s cultural

and environmental practices to guests.2 The government sector also provide funding

and training programs. Furthermore, the Thailand Research Fund (TRF) sponsored a

research program for community leaders to help them identify an appropriate model

for community ecotourism in Ban Mae Kampong. This research has helped villagers

become familiar with the concept of sustainable tourism.

Heritage and tourism management in Ban Mae Kampong

Tourism management in this community is carried out in the form of a

village cooperative. Every household in the community is a member of the

cooperative. There are five groups of committees as follows:

Mae Kampong Hydro Electricity Cooperative Committee

Village Committee

Village Tourism Committee

Savings Group for Production Committee

Village fund committee

2 Ibid

76

The income generated from tourism activities is partly deducted and

goes to the village cooperative, of which all Ban Mae Kampong villagers are

members, holding almost equal shares and receiving dividends annually.3 In terms of

local heritage management, local people are aware of the value of their heritage. Thus,

they have set several rules and regulations for preserving the local heritage. There are

also travelling rules as follows:

Booking must be made in advance at 053-229526.

Fill the application and pay all expenses in advance.

Always travel with local guides for safety and for prevent

environmental impacts using one local for 5 tourists.

Always drop garbage in the garbage bin.

No gun shooting or noise making is allowed.

No fires are allow unless with permission and fires must be

extinguished when done.

Cigarettes must be extinguished at a specified point.

Writing or drawing on trees or any places that may harm nature is

not allowed.

It is not permitted to remove anyting from the forest.

For merchandising, it is necessary to pay a daily fee of 200-300 baht

and clean the rental area.

Fee rate: 5 baht for child, 10 baht for adult / toilet 2 baht per person /

5 baht for parking a motorcycle and 10 baht for parking a car

Manners against local tradition are not allowed.

Before leaving, all belongings will be checked to avoid taking illegal

items from the forest.

All fees have to be paid for sustainable preservation and

development of the community.

No weapons are allowed.

Driving speed is limited to 35km/hour.

Other tourists or wild animals must not be disturbed.

3 Nopparat Satarat, 2010. Sustainable management of community-based tourism Thailand.

Bangkok: NIDA.

77

To travel into the community forest you must have a local guide go

along with you.

Merchandising or dining will be allowed in specific areas only.

All travel businesses are reserved for the village only.

To stay (tent, house rental or home stay) in the village you must have

permission.4

Samchuk old market community

General information

Samchuk old market community is located on the banks of the Ta Jeen

River, Samchuk district, Supanburi province. There are 351 shop houses in the

community, separated by four soi (lanes). Most of the people in the community are

Thai and Chinese.

Figure 90 Location of Samchuk old market community

Source: Adapted from Google earth, 2011

4 Taewsukee4, n.d.. Community-based health tourism: Ban Mae Kampong. Chiangmai.

78

It was an important commercial port on the Ta Jeen River when

waterways were used as the main transportation system in Thailand. During 1937 -

1967, trading in the waterfront area was very active, and then the market area was

expanded. In 1967, the street cut through to the community making the market

lifeless. In 1997, the entire market was almost closed from the effect of the national

economic crisis. In 2000, the Treasury Department had plans to demolish the area in

order to build a modern, commercial building. Some local people were aware of

heritage preservation and delivered a letter requesting advice from Dr. Somkiat

Onwimol, who was a member of the senate at that time. Then, the committee for the

preservation of Samchuk Market was organized, with Dr. Somkiat Onwimol as

President. In 2002, the Chumchonthai Foundation provided a budget and support to

revitalize the community.

Currently, Samchuk market is comprised of old wooden row shop

houses which are well preserved. There are various kinds of food and souvenirs at

the market in a friendly atmosphere, and the community has become a very popular

cultural tourist attraction, it is liveliest on weekends.

Local heritage

o The Chao Por Samchuk Shrine (the shrine of the city god): It is a place

of worship for local people, established in 1827. The shrine is located at

the entrance to Soi 2.

o Wooden shop houses: There are approximately 351 shop houses5 in this

area, including herbal medicine shops, traditional coffee shops,

a blacksmith shop, and restaurants.

5The Committee for the Development of Samchuk Market. Sustainable development in

Samchuk Market. Accessed July 20, 2013. Available from http://www.culture.go.th/subculture5/ attachments/article/24/Samchuk02-1.pdf

http://www.culture.go.th/subculture5/attachments/article/24/Samchuk02-1.pdf



79

Figure 91 Rows of two-storey wooden shop houses in Samchuk market


o Museum of Ban Khun Jamnong Jinarak: This is a three-storey

wooden building located on Soi 2 in Samchuk old market. This

building used to be the private house of Khun Jamnong Jinarak, a the

first tax collector in Samchuk. Inside the building can be found the

collective memory of the residents in the Samchuk old market

community. Beside the house is a courtyard locally called Lan Pho,

and it is a place for community activities such as meetings and

exhibitions.

Figure 92 Museum of Ban Khun Jamnong Jinarak

Source: http://www.muangboranjournal.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=952

http://www.muangboranjournal.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=952

80

o Udomchok Hotel: This is a two-storey wooden hotel which has

currently ceased operation but is open for the public to visit. There is

an old style coffee shop on the first floor.

o Silapa Thammachart photo shop: It has been conservative photo

shop since 1950. The photo shop is located on Soi 3, and the owner

still uses the old technique of a wooden box camera to take photos.

Figure 93 Silapa Thammachart photo shop



Samchuk Market is an old market of more than 100 years, and it used

to be an important market for trading in the past. There are 351 shop houses that have

been preserved as a built heritage, rich in aesthetic value and that provide important

symbolic links with the past. Moreover, the community consists of various types of

traditional and unique lifestyles. It is not only a marketplace but it has become a

lively museum as well. In 2009 it became one of 4 places to win an award: the

UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage Awards for Culture Heritage Conservation.

Nowadays, it is an important model for historic communities in Thailand.

81

Preservation and solution

The heritage preservation in the Samchuk community began with the

Treasury Department, which owned a major part of the properties and land and had

planned to destroy the traditional shop houses to build new commercial buildings.

Some local residents were awareness of heritage preservation and set up a committee

to preserve the heritage and develop the community. They had a lot of problems at

the beginning because the committee had no knowledge or experience about how to

manage and develop the community. In 2002, the Chumchonthai Foundation

promoted the Healthy Cities Program in the community, aiming to develop

communities, such as renovating Ban Khun Jamnong Jinarak to be a local museum,

creating market events, supporting educational tours for the committee to exchange

knowledge with other communities, and creating activities for community relations.

Moreover, a sustainable development committee was set up and met regularly to

discuss community development. After successful revitalization, the community

became a popular tourist attraction and brought both benefits and a lot of problems to

the Samchuk old market community, such as increase in the economic levels, a

feeling of pride in local heritage, noise pollution, traffic pollution, solid waste

problems, crowding and congestion, increased crime, commercialisation of culture,

and not being able to control types of goods and products. Thus, the community

committee provided a development plan to develop the community within a

sustainable development framework as follows:

o Promote tourism activities in the community including bike rallies,

traditional food teaching, traditional conservation, and improving the

quality of local products

o A public relations plan

Arrange a food festival during 29-31 December every year

Create cultural activities at Lan Pho

Guide training for young people for providing information to

visitors

82

o Environmental planning and infrastructure development

Adjust the landscape in the community

Solid waste management

Keep the electric cable neat and clean

o Tourism connection networks

o Build understanding between local people and the government

o Tourism management plan

Provide committee training

Provide entrepreneurship training

Community development evaluation

Damnoen Saduak Floating Market

General information

Figure 94 The location of Damnoen Saduak Floating Market

Source: Adapted from http://www.folktravel.com/archive/ratchaburi.html

http://www.folktravel.com/archive/ratchaburi.html

83

The Damnoen Saduak floting market is located in the Damnoen

Saduak district, Ratchaburi Province. The Damnoen Saduak canal was ordered to be

dug in 1866 by King Rama IV. The canal connects Ta Jeen River and Mae Klong

River. It was finished and opened to the public on May 25th, 1868. The canal

provided water for agriculture to the community. A number of canals were dug to

connect with Damnoen Saduak canal by local people to bring water to their orchards.

Damnoen Saduak community consisted of various ethnic groups: Thai, Chinese, and

Mon. Then, the community became famous and large because of its location, where

the soil was highly suitable for growing plants. In the past, the water transport system

was popular and important for the local people. There were several floating markets

along the Damnoen Saduak canal for local trading, such as Pak Klong Ladplee

floating market, Klong Pho Hak floating market, and Klong Sri Surat floating market.

The Pak Klong Ladplee floating market was the biggest floating market in this area,

and it was also called Lao Tuk Luk floating market.

In 1967, the Damnoen Saduak district of Ratchaburi first became

known when pictures were seen of a market trading on the water. In 1971, tourism

first became an influence on the Pak Klong Ladplee floating market with the support

of the private sector and the Tourism Authority of Thailand, and it attracted a great

number of tourists. More restaurants and souvenir shops were build, and in 1981,

Sukhapiban 1 road cut through the community near Ton Khem canal. It was an

orchard area. Then, the investors bought land in this area and built the market, a pier,

a parking area and other facilities. It attracted numerous tourists, and the boat vendors

were moved to this area. The Pak Klong Ladplee floating market was completely

closed and Klong the Ton Khem floating market became well known as the Damnoen

Saduak floating market since then.

84

Figure 95 Pak Klong Ladplee floating market in the past

Source: http://2g.pantip.com/cafe/blueplanet/topic/E8913686/E8913686.html

Figure 96 Damnoen Saduak floting market

Source: http://www.hamanan.com/tour/ratburi/market.html


The Damnoen Saduak floating market is famous for tourists, and is

rich in historic and aesthetic value. The vendors paddle their boats wearing traditional

clothing with hats made of palm leaves or bamboo-shaped like an inverted basin, thus

comprising a part of the community identity. The majority of residents live by

agriculture, with the cultivation of coconut and fruit. As a result, there are several

orchards and traditional Thai houses along the banks of the canal. In terms of social

value, the floating market is significant for local people for trading and meet each

other.

http://2g.pantip.com/cafe/blueplanet/topic/E8913686/E8913686.html

http://www.hamanan.com/tour/ratburi/market.html

85

Figure 97 Local products from villagers

Source: http://blog.siampedia.org/?p=1329

Figure 98 Traditional houses along the canal

Source: http://www.bloggang.com/data/v/vinitsiri/picture/1262566229.jpg

Tourism impacts and solution

Related businesses in the Damneon Saduak floating market grew up

fast without development plans or any rules. Currently, the majority of local business

holders in the Damnoen Saduak community are outsiders, and most of the local

people are employees rather than local business owners. Unfortunately, some boat

vendors have to pay the business holders in order to sell their products along the

canal. Moreover, there is more serious business competition in terms of price

competition and selling strategies; many tourists are tricked and charged unfair prices

http://blog.siampedia.org/?p=1329

http://www.bloggang.com/data/v/vinitsiri/picture/1262566229.jpg

86

for products and services. In addition, tourism has caused a negative impact on the

community, such as the increase in solid waste, crowding and congestion, erosion of

soil, traffic pollution, noise pollution from long-tail boats, price increases, lack of

authenticity, and commercialisation of culture. In 2011, the Damnoen Saduak

floating market was the one of CNNGo's picks for the world‟s 12 worst tourist trips.

Figure 99 Traffic pollution in the market Figure 100 Air and noise pollution

from motorised long-tail boats

Source: http://www.taklong.com/landscape/show-landscape.php?No=528114

Figure 101 Too many souvenir shops along the canal

Source: http://www.taklong.com/pictpost/show-pictpost.php?No=513997

http://www.taklong.com/landscape/show-landscape.php?No=528114

http://www.taklong.com/pictpost/show-pictpost.php?No=513997

87

Although there are limitations on the revitalization of the local heritage

in the Damnoen Saduak floating market, as mentioned above, the Community

Enterprises of Pak Klong Ladplee have been formed and have begun to revitalize the

Pak Klong Ladplee and the Lao Tuk Luk floating market. The development

committee was set up and meets regularly to discuss community development. Local

people participate in this project and are aware of the significance of local heritage

preservation.

88

Chapter 6

Proposal for Heritage and Tourism Management

The rich cultural heritage of the Ban Ton Tan community includes its

traditions, the local lifestyle, and its local wisdom and architectural heritage, all of

which present the community identity and character of Ban Ton Tan. It is these

features that attract numerous tourists to the community. Tourism can cause both

positive and negative impacts on the community, as mentioned in Chapter 4. This

impact illustrates the need for management strategies and plans to reduce the negative

impacts and to develop tourism in a sustainable form, including caring for the local

heritage. The aim of this chapter is to propose a management guideline for the Ban

Ton Tan community.

SWOT analysis of the Ban Ton Tan community area

It is important to understand the potential of a community before

proposing management guidelines for it. A SWOT analysis is a useful tool for

assessing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT).

Strengths (S)

Valuable and unique local heritage

Beautiful scenery of the Pasak River

Close to capital city

Friendly residents

Vigorous community leader

Cultural tourism resources guaranteed by the Tourism Authority of

Thailand and the Thailand Tourism Awards in 2007 and 2009

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Weaknesses (W)

The local people lack understanding of cultural heritage

preservation and sustainable tourism.

There is no comprehensive plan for preserving the local heritage or

tourism development.

Unpreserved vernacular houses

Lack of tourism facilities such as information centers, tourist routes

and tour guides

No authentic souvenirs

Lack of public relations

Lack of market opportunities

Lack of cultural tourism specialists

Opportunities (O)

Possible communication tourism routes to nearby tourism

resources

Possible water tourism because it is next to the Pasak River

Health tourism such as bicycle tours and Thai massage

Popular trend of nostalgia tourism

Threats (T)

Unstable political and economic conditions, especially unstable oil

prices, are factors that decrease the number of the tourists.

Lack of support from the tourism sector to be the major tourist

attraction in Saraburi

High competition in cultural tourism

90

The need for heritage preservation

There are various aspects of local heritage in the Ban Ton Tan

community, both natural heritage and cultural heritage, that should be preserved.

"Not all heritage resources are appropriate for development as tourism products."1

The need for heritage management in the Ban Ton Tan community consists of the

following;

Zoning

To make it easier to maintain and manage the character of the community, the

Ban Ton Tan community can be divided into four zones:

Zone A: This is the main heritage area, consisting of a temple, marketplace,

boat museum, cultural center, woven cloth center, school, and the health care

center.

Zone B: This is a traditional residential area, consisting of vernacular houses,

shops, barns, and spirit houses. Mostly, people locate their houses next to

each other and they are divided by small fences.

Zone C: This area is a new residential area consisting of modern buildings and

houses, as well as a rice mill and rice-drying area.

Zone D: This is the surrounding area, consisting of rice fields, a village pond,

and canal irrigation. There are also the Ton Tan-Prayatod Municipality Office

and a few houses in this area.

1 UNESCO, 2004. IMPACT: The Effects of Tourism on Culture and the Environment in Asia and the Pacific: Tourism and Heritage Site Management in Luang Prabang, Lao PDR. Bangkok: UNESCO.

91

Zone A: Main heritage area Zone B: Traditional residential area

Zone C: New residential area Zone D: Buffer area

Figure 102 Zoning plan for the Ban Ton Tan community


Identify and classify both tangible and intangible heritage in the community to

recognize its significance and value.

Skill development

o Cary out training program for local authorities and community leaders

in managing surrounding local heritage.

o Information about and the significance of the local heritage should be

contained in the local school‟s curriculum or summer training camps in

order to introduce the youth to value of their heritage and to feel

responsible for preserving it.

o Provide education that explains the varied impacts on the local heritage

and increase heritage awareness by the local people.

92

o Provide technical advice and training for vernacular house owners to

repair and restore their houses.

o Raise awareness of traditional skills based on authenticity.

Launch a campaign to preserve the local heritage.

Provide a guideline for new building and urban development. The guideline

should include:

o Minimum scale for new buildings

o Material, color and decoration for new building

o A setback from the river

o Check significance before cutting down trees

Set up a heritage preservation committee and meet regularly to discuss

heritage preservation.

Establish strategies and plans to preserve the local heritage, focused on

authenticity and sustainable development.

Heritage preservation strategies should be supported by local residents.

The need for tourism management

Managing the future of tourism in the Ban Ton Tan community

requires specific management plan. The local community should create a tourism

committee in order to cooperate on tourism, and they should work with the

preservation committee closely. Moreover, the tourism management plan should

focus on sustainable development together with local heritage preservation rather than

mass tourism. The goals of the management plan are to prevent negative impacts and

effective tourism development. The tourism management plan should be provided as

follows.

93

Tourism activities

Tourism activities in the Ban Ton Tan community include boat

sightseeing, car sightseeing, and Khan Tok dinner.

o Boat and car sightseeing should concern safety, noise, loss of the privacy of

local people, and environmental protection.

o Khan Tok dinner should focus on authenticity.

Moreover, the local community should offer tour routes as follow:

o Walking routes: walking routes should e created for visitors to experience

the community. Visitors can pay for a guided tour at the information center

in order to join this program or walk by themselves (see figure 103).

Figure 103 Example of walking route


o Biking route: the local community should provide a route for biking. A

biking tour is a great way to explore the community, and the local

community should also provide bicycle parking, a bike lane, and bicycle

maps and bicycle signs. A biking tour would allow visitors to enjoy

94

the landscape of the Ban Ton Tan community, with it rice fields, cultural

attractions, and local lifestyle (see figure 104).

Figure 104 Example of biking route


Figure 105 Example of bicycle signs(1)

Source: http://www.m-bike.org/blog/2009/12/26/bicycle-signs-around-the-city-of-detroit/

http://www.m-bike.org/blog/2009/12/26/bicycle-signs-around-the-city-of-detroit/

95

Ban Ton Tan community museum

A Ban Ton Tan community museum should be established to showcase

aspects of the history and culture of the community. The Ton Tan Cultural Center

should be re-used as a Ban Ton Tan community museum. Ton Tan-Prayatod

municipality should cooperate with nearby educational institutions such as Thepsatri

Rajabhat University or related sectors to educate the museum staff, including practical

training and workshops.

Figure 106 Example of interpretive exhibits

Source: http://www.northhighlandsmuseum.ca/exhibits-of-north-highland-

community-museum.html

Facilities and service

o Sitting area: the local community should provide more sitting areas for

visitors.

o Toilets: the local community should provide a sufficient number of

public toilets and staff to clean the toilets every hour on Sunday.

o Wheelchair accessibility: the local community should provide

handicap-accessible ramps and toilet facilities. Moreover, description

signs should not be placed too high.

o Permanent stage: the community should have a permanent outdoor

stage for traditional performances, and the stage design should take

into consideration the character of the community (see figure 107).

http://www.northhighlandsmuseum.ca/exhibits-of-north-highland-community-museum.html

http://www.northhighlandsmuseum.ca/exhibits-of-north-highland-community-museum.html

96

Figure 107 Example of a permanent outdoor stage

Source: photo by Wichulada, 2011

The waterfront market

The Ban Ton Tan waterfront market structure should be strong in order

to reduce repair costs and to increase its tidiness. However, its style, materials and

decoration should be compatible with the community character.

Figure 108 Example of a structure

Source: http://comsaed.com/th/gallery.php

Moreover, the renovation of the a raft floating should be similar to the

waterfront market style and a shoe shelf should be provided for visitors.

http://comsaed.com/th/gallery.php

97

Souvenirs

There are a lot of souvenirs from other communities sold in the Ban

Ton Tan waterfront market. Ton Tan-Prayatod should cooperate with stakeholders to

provide workshops to develop handicraft products. The souvenirs must be of high

quality and unique. The woven cloth can use to make bags, fabric boxes, placemats,

and dolls (see figure 109-110).

Figure 109 Example of souvenir from woven cloth (1)

Source: http://www.manager.co.th/celebonline/viewnews.aspx?NewsID=9560000031132

Figure 110 Example of souvenir from woven cloth (2)

Source: http://pillowmaker.igetweb.com/index.php?mo=18&display=view_single&pid

=525123

http://www.manager.co.th/celebonline/viewnews.aspx?NewsID=9560000031132

http://pillowmaker.igetweb.com/index.php?mo=18&display=view_single&pid=525123

http://pillowmaker.igetweb.com/index.php?mo=18&display=view_single&pid=525123

98

Homestay

Homestays can provide an opportunity for visitors to experience the

real lifestyle of Tai-Yuan people in the Ban Ton Tan community. They should be

systematic, and a homestay committee should provide rules for the service. In

addition, the homestay sites must be clean, comfortable, safe, and provide visitors

with authentic experience. Activities at a homestay can begin in the morning and

range from offering food to the monks, participation in rice production activities,

cooking Tai-Yuan food, learning how to weave cloth, riding a bicycle around the

community, or relaxing on the river bank.

Traffic and transportation

o The local community should provide volunteers to help with traffic

management on Sundays from 9.00 AM to 3.00 PM.

o Visitor vehicles have to park in designated parking spaces.

o The Ton Tan-Prayatod municipality should provide shuttle bus transfer

to and from the Saraburi bus station and Saraburi railway station.

Improving environmental conditions

o Solid waste: the Ton Tan-prayatod municipality should provide a

sufficient number of litter bins, and make sure that the bins are placed in a

good location. The materials and design of the bins should reinforce the

community character. Moreover, separate bins should be provided.

Figure 111 Example design of litter bins

Source: http://www.oknation.net/blog/print.php?id=683128

http://www.oknation.net/blog/print.php?id=683128

99

o Waste water: A grease trap should be provided in the community, and

the local community should also provide regulations relating to the

protection of the environment.

Financial support

Currently, the Ban Ton Tan community development depends on the

financial support from the government. The local community should combine to form

a community cooperative to develop economic stability for the community.

Interpretation in the Ban Ton Tan community

Information center: an information center should be provided to offer tourist

information, brochures, and suggested tour itineraries for Ban Ton Tan

community visitors. The Ton Tan-Prayatod municipality should cooperate

with local people and stakeholders to create concepts and themes. The

entrance to the Ban Ton Tan waterfront market area is an appropriate place to

build an information center, and the architecture style of this center should be

compatible with the character of the community.

Figure 112 Location for the information center


100

Volunteers and tour guides: tour guide training should be provided to train

local young people. The young tour guides and volunteers should be available

at the information center to greet visitors and give information and community

tours.

Signs: this is a communication tool to provide information to visitors. The

location of the signs should be clearly visible, and the text size should be easy

to read and contain important information in both Thai and English languages.

Additionally, durable materials should be used to make the signs, and the

design needs to consider the character of the community and the illustrations

should be eye catching. It is also important to limit the number of

advertisements and signs in the community.

Figure 113 Example of description sign

Source: http://www.richmondkiwanis.info/2006%20News/Jul2006/KiwanisMural

2006/Sign1.html

Figure 114 Example of direction signs

Source : http://www.diaryclub.com/blog/aobeone/20090407

http://www.richmondkiwanis.info/2006%20News/Jul2006/KiwanisMural2006/Sign1.html

http://www.richmondkiwanis.info/2006%20News/Jul2006/KiwanisMural2006/Sign1.html

http://www.diaryclub.com/blog/aobeone/20090407

101

Website: the Ban Ton Tan community should create its own website in Thai

and English languages to introduce the community and provide information to

visitors. The website should be updated with new information and events

often. Moreover, visitors can scan QR Codes on the signs with their smart

phones and link them to the website.

Audio visuals: audio tours should be provided to offer interesting information

and lively stories about the community or the museum in various languages.

Further, the local community should also provide a short film to introduce the

community or the exhibitions at the museum.

Print material

o Brochure: a brochure is a good tool to promote the community. It

should provide basic information about the history of the community,

tourist attractions, traditions, and a map. The text in the brochure

should be written in short sentences and use vivid language with eye-

catching photos.

Figure 115 Example of brochure

Source: http://bighousedesign.com/portfolio-items/outer-banks-tourism-brochure/

http://bighousedesign.com/portfolio-items/outer-banks-tourism-brochure/

102

o Guidebook: a guide book should provide a general overview of the

community, its local heritage, traditions, local wisdom, events, and

homestays. The guidebook should also include a map, information

about the tourist attractions in and around the community, and cultural

tour routes. It should be available in both the Thai and English

languages with beautiful illustrations.

Figure 116 Example of guidebook

Source: http://www.tatcontactcenter.com/book.php

o Guide map: a guide map should provide information in a clear and

easy-to-understand manner, show points of interest such as temples,

the museum, the information center, the Ton Tan waterfront market,

restaurants, and accommodations.

Figure 117 Example of a guide map of Ayutthaya

Source: http://www.photoontour.com/Images/ gallery2/ayudhaya49_2/map.jpg

http://www.tatcontactcenter.com/book.php

http://www.photoontour.com/Images/gallery2/ayudhaya49_2/map.jpg

103

o Postcards: postcards should be provided at the information center. The

image on the postcard can illustrate the tourism attractions, so it can be

used as an advertisement to encourage visitors to the community.

Figure 118 Example of postcards

Source: http://depositphotos.com/8674483/stock-photo-Thailand-postcard-

montage.html

Conclusion of proposal for heritage and tourism management

The local heritage of the Ban Ton Tan community has the potential to

develop into a tourism product. Tourism has brought both benefits and problems to

the community, so it is important to create management strategies and plans for

heritage and tourism based on sustainable development in order to avoid the negative

impact from tourism on the local heritage. The most important thing to consider is

that the local people should understand the meaning and value of their heritage; then

they can preserve their heritage though tourism.

http://depositphotos.com/8674483/stock-photo-Thailand-postcard-montage.html

http://depositphotos.com/8674483/stock-photo-Thailand-postcard-montage.html

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Chapter 7

Conclusion and suggestions

Most villagers of the Ban Ton Tan community are Tai-Yuan ethnic

migrants from Chiang Saen that immigrated to the region in 1804. They settled along the

banks of the Pasak River. The community was named Ban Ton Tan because it was rich

in sugar palm trees, locally called Ton Tan. The Tai-Yuan people in the Ban Ton Tan

community are friendly, helpful, respectful, and polite. Most of the local people engage

in agriculture. Thus, the community is surrounded by rice fields. The vernacular houses

are constructed of wood and raised on pillars for protection against floods during the

rainy season and for use for storage of agriculture tools or weaving. There are

approximately 5 houses in the community older than 100 years. Their houses are located

close to each other and are separated by a low fence, with a courtyard at the central area

of the community. It is similar to the physical character of the communities in northern

Thailand, where local people can meet and participate in community activities or

traditions in the courtyard. Buddhism is the major religion in the community, and is

related to aspects of the local lifestyle and traditions. However, local people also believe

in spirits, and spirit houses can be found in almost every house in the community.

There are two temples in the community: Wat Ton Tan and Wat Khao

Kaeo Worawiharn, which play a significant role in religious traditions such as the Tam

Pra Teep tradition, the Kin Khao Salak tradition, and the Tan Kan Kao tradition.

Moreover, many historical documents and artifacts are saved in the temples such as

ancient palm leaf books and ancient movable thrones. In terms of local products, the Tai-

Yuan weaving is a local handicraft that has lasted for a long time. The Tai-Yuan cloth is a

popular souvenir in the Ban Ton Tan community with unique patterns and techniques.

The community, with a rich cultural and natural heritage, also possesses aesthetic,

historic, scientific, and social value.

105

The role of tourism in the Ban Ton Tan community

Tourism has had a strong influence on the Ban Ton Tan community

since 1993, when the Ban Ton Tan Home Stay Group and the Local Tai-Yuan

Cultural Centre were established in the community to attract the tourists learn about

their heritage and lifestyle. The local heritage converted into tourist products. The

community began to see a growing number of visitors when the Ban Ton Tan

waterfront market was established in 2008. The waterfront market is only open on

Sunday, and attracts approximately 10,000 visitors a week.

The impact of tourism

The community is well known as a cultural tourism destination;

however, tourism has brought about both positive and negative impacts on the Ban

Ton Tan community. Tourism has significantly added to its economic growth, there

are more job opportunities provided to the local people. The tourism has the power to

encourage support for preservation of the local heritage. The tourism also has raised

the living standard in terms of good-quality roads and public spaces. The local people

are aware of the value of the environment. The local government also provides a

budget to develop the community. However, tourism can cause problems and

pollution to the community such as vehicles jam the narrow streets, overflowing bins,

some food stalls at the Ban Ton Tan water front market dispose waste water into the

Pasak River. Local people are providing cultural practices as entertainment rather

than for spiritual reasons.

Proposal for heritage and tourism management

The Ban Ton Tan community is currently at the development stage

according to Butler's model and trends to increasing numbers of visitors, and a growth

in infrastructure. Therefore, the community should create management strategies to

support tourism growth focus on preserving cultural traditions and local heritage.

106

The need for heritage preservation consists of the following.

Zoning into four zones to make it easier to manage; main heritage zone,

traditional area, traditional residential area, new residential area, and buffer

area.

Identify and classify local heritage.

Training and education opportunities for villagers to improve their knowledge

about heritage preservation, and take pride in their local unique heritage.

Authenticity could be considered as part of the tradition and cultural event.

Provide guideline for new building and urban development.

Setup community preservation committee to work to preserve and promote the

local heritage of the Ban Ton Tan community.

Create a preservation plan to protect, develop, and preserve the local heritage.

The need for tourism management should be provide as follow.

Develop tourist activities in the Ban Ton Tan community such as boat and car

sightseeing' create walking routes, and biking route in the community. All of

activities should concern safety, noise, loss of the privacy of local people, and

environmental protection.

Established a Ban Ton Tan Community Museum to showcase aspects of the

history and culture of the community.

Build/improve facilities and service include sitting area, toilets, wheelchair

accessibility, and permanent outdoor stage.

The structure of Ban Ton Tan waterfront market should be strong and

decoration should be compatible with the community character.

The souvenir development must be unique, high quality, and authentic.

Improving environment conditions including provide a sufficient number of

litter bins and a grease trap.

In terms of interpretation, information center and tour guides should be

provided to offer visitors information. Signs, website, audio visuals and print

material should provided in Thai and English language.

107

The future of heritage and tourism management in the Ban Ton Tan

community requires management strategies and plans for local heritage and tourism in

order to develop the community. Without such strategies and plans, the community

may cause permanent damage to the local heritage as well as lose the value of its

heritage. The process for a management plan development consists of six steps as

seen below.

Identification of the community:

o Context and history of the Ban Ton Tan community, and classification

of local heritage

o The existing tourism management in the community includes a number

of visitors, tourist facilities, and tourist activities.

Assessment

o Assessing the overall significance of the local heritage and its value

o Assessing the impact of tourism impact on the Ban Ton Tan

community

o SWOT analysis

Define goals and objectives of the community to describe what the plan is

striving to achieve.

Design of management strategies and plans: successful management strategies

and plans would require brainstorming, and the local administration having to

work closely with local residents and relevant sectors. The management

strategies and plans have to focus on authenticity and sustainable

development.

Implementation: this is a step to turn the management strategies and plans into

action in order to achieve community development goals and objectives.

Monitoring and evaluation: this is an important step in helping to ensure that

the management plans conform to the goals or to determine if the plans need

to be improved.

108

Suggestions for future research

Suggestions for further study are as follows:

Determine how to manage tourism in the Ban Ton Tan community

sustainably.

Provide guidance in how to preserve the local heritage.

Follow up with tourism management after the Ban Ton Tan community has

established the tourism management strategies and plans.

The architectural heritage in the Ban Ton Tan community should be looked at

in more detail.

In summary, the Ban Ton Tan community has a potential to develop

into a successful model of sustainable development if local people, the local

government, and relevant sectors coordinate closely to preserve and protect the local

heritage, along with tourism development, and are aware of the impacts of tourism.

109

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Appendix

114

The six stages in Butler's model

Butler's model first appeared in 1980, it is a method to study the evolution of

tourism. The model suggests that tourists attraction "develop and change over time

and there are a number of linked stages".*

Stage Characteristic

Exploration - Tourists number are small

- The area is few tourist facilities exist.

Involvement - Limited interaction between local people and the developing

tourism

- Limited public facilities

- Increased advertising

Development - The area becomes recognised as a tourist destination

- Tourists facilities are developed

- Increased promotional efforts

Consolidation - Tourism has become a major part of the local economy

- Tourists number increase slowly

- Some tensions develop between the tourists and the local

People

Stagnation - Peak tourist numbers reached

- Resort no longer fashionable

- Attendant environmental, social, and economic problems

- Natural and cultural attractions will probably have been

superseded by imported „artificial‟ facilities

Post-stagnation - Depending partly on the success of local management decision

- At either extreme are rejuvenation and decline

Source: adapted from Mason,2003

* Peter Mason, 2003. Tourism Impacts: Planning and Management. Oxford: Elsevier

Butterworth-Heinemann.

115

Biography

Name-Surname Wichulada Laonayor

Permanent Address 188/37 Watcharapol Road, Klong Thanon

Sai Mai, Bangkok, Thailand, 10220

Contact Address 188/37 Watcharapol Road, Klong Thanon

Sai Mai, Bangkok, Thailand, 10220

E-mail: [email protected]

Educational Background Bachelor of Arts in History

Mahasarakham University, Thailand

fulltext.pdf - าง - Silpakorn University

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