Full List of Hot Spots - web.rec.orgweb.rec.org/documents/peip/docs/list_of_hotspots_annex_3.pdf · Kotor Shengjin Veroia Podgorica Skopje Fier B A L K A N M T S. P I N D U S M T

D E V E L O P I N G A P R I O R I T Y E N V I R O N M E N T A L I N V E S T M E N T P R O G R A M M E F O R S O U T H E A S T E R N E U R O P E 93

Annex 3Full List of Hot Spots

Albania 94

Bosnia and Herzegovina 96

Croatia 100

FYR Macedonia 104

Serbia and MontenegroMontenegro 112Serbia 115Kosovo (territory under UN interim administration) 119

Hot spots No. 33, 35 and 43 have not been identified on the maps provided. They are presented only in tabular form.

The designation of geographical entities in this publication and the presentation of material do not imply expression of any opinion on the

part of the REC concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, orof their authorities concerning the delimitation of their frontiers or boundaries.

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94 D E V E L O P I N G A P R I O R I T Y E N V I R O N M E N T A L I N V E S T M E N T P R O G R A M M E F O R S O U T H E A S T E R N E U R O P E

Kosovo

likaa

ALBANIA

BULG

F Y R M A C E D O N I A

Montenegro

G R E E C E

S E R B I A A N DM O N T E N E G R O

Corfu

Tirana

Vlora

Shkodra

Lushnje

Durres

Berat

Niköic

Kozani

Florina Edessa

Peshkopi

Kukes

Korce

Gjirokaster

Elbasan

Vidin Calafat

Pernik

Montana

Kyustendil

Vranje

Urosevac

Titov Veles

Tetovo

Strumica

Stip

Prizren

Pristina

Prilep

Pec

Paracin

Ohrid

Novi Pazar

Kumanovo

Kraljevo

Gnjilane

Bitola

LarsiaIoannina

Sarande

Tepelene

Gostivar

Kosovska Mitrovica

Pale

Gorazde

Priboj

BijeloPolje

Bar

Foca

Thessalonik

Katerini

Kastoria

Uzice

Dakovica

Berane

Kotor

Shengjin

Veroia

Podgorica

Skopje

Fier

BALKANMTS.

PI

ND

US

MT

S.

NORTHALBANIAN

ALPS

SA

RP L A

NI N A

Lake

Lake

LakeScutari

Ohrid

Prespa

OtrantoStrait of

Morava

Vardar

Piva

Tara

Vjose

c9

8

2

7

1

64

5

3

Albania1. TiranaSharra waste disposal site

Due to the lack of hazardous wastes facilities in thecountry, Sharra’s waste may be assumed to containtoxic pollutants. Toxic smoke and dust is being emittedfrom the dump’s burning rubbish, exposing inhabitantsin the area to serious health risks. Dumpsite effluentsare probably leaching into the groundwater and con-taminating nearby waters.

2. DurresFormer chemical plant in Porto Romano

Several square kilometres of land are severely con-taminated by hazardous chemicals and residues from aformer chemical plant, a waste dump and an aban-doned chemical storage site. Thousands of people whohave recently arrived from other areas of Albania areliving amid and around the toxic contamination. Graverisks are posed to human health, groundwater, andmarine habitat.

3. VloraFormer chlorine alkali and PVC factory

The site is situated 5 kilometres from the city ofVlora. According to a feasibility study from 1992,approximately 5-6 hectares of former factory groundshave contaminated soil, with mercury to a depth of 1.0-1.5 metres below ground level. Families and domesticanimals are living in extremely hazardous, mercury-contaminated conditions. Steps are not being taken toprevent contamination of the environment by the mer-cury sludge being dumped nearby.

4. PatosMarinza oil field

Groundwater is being severely contaminated by oilfrom wells, pumps, pipelines and pre-treatment facili-ties. Sulphurous gas and hydrocarbon emissions are pol-luting the surrounding atmosphere. Families living in theoil fields are being exposed to serious health risks.

5. BallshOil refinery

Large quantities of the refinery’s oil are emitted intothe surrounding environment (around 20,000 tonnes peryear). Wastewater containing oil impurities is being dis-charged into a channel, contaminating the Gjanica River,and probably affecting the local water supply. The refin-ery emits several toxic air pollutants into the atmosphere.

6. FierFormer nitrate fertiliser plant

A total of 850 cubic metres of arsenate and arsenidesolution require proper disposal. Soil and most likelygroundwater are contaminated with high levels ofarsenic. The groundwater feeds the river that supplieslocal drinking-water wells. Untreated wastewater isbeing discharged into the same river.

7. ElbasanFormer metallurgical complex

Dumped waste containing high concentrations ofheavy metals may be contaminating nearby drinkingwater sources. Untreated wastewater from the plant isbeing discharged into the Shkumbini River. The majorsource of concern in Elbasan is the possible soil andgroundwater contamination being caused by the dis-posal of 1.5-2.0 million tonnes of solid waste. The waste— tailing and dust from coke production — containsheavy metals.

8. RubikFormer copper factory

A stockpile of copper-rich residues may be contam-inating local drinking water supplies and posing a riskto human health.

9. LacFormer phosphate fertiliser factory

A stockpile of residues is probably leaching arsenicand copper into the groundwater and contaminatinglocal drinking water sources. About 30,000 tonnes ofiron-rich residues from the production process remaindeposited on the factory grounds. The dumpsite wasbuilt without previous preparation of the soil, a protec-tive liner underneath, or a drainage system to preventleachage.

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A N N E X 3 : F U L L L I S T O F H O T S P O T SB O S N I A A N D H E R Z E G O V I N A


Republika Srpska

Vojvodina

Kos

Federation of Bosniaand Herzegovina

Republika Srpska

C R O A T I A

H U N G A R Y

B O S N I AA N D

H E R Z E G O V I N A

M

Serbia

I T A L Y

Montenegro

E N I A

S E R B IM O N T

Tirana

Vukovar

Varazdin

Subotica

Slavonski Brod

Sisak

ovo Mesto

SlunjSenj

Zadar

OsijekKarlovac

Celje

amnik

Bjelovar

Szekszard

Pecs

gy

Kaposvar

T

Zrenjanin

Kikinda

Szeged

Hodmezova

Barletta

Bari

Shkodra

Durres

Zenica

Valjevo

Tuzla

Brcko

Split

Sibenik

Sabac

Panc

RumaPrijedor

Niksic

Mostar

Dubrovnik

Bijeljina

BihacBanja Luka

Peshkopi

Kukes

Elbasan

Smede

Priz

Pec

Novi Pazar

Kragujev

K M

Pale

Gorazde

Priboj

BijeloPolje

Bar

Novi Sad

Udbina

Knin

Ploce

Doboj

Srebrenica

Kljuc

Foca

Uzice

Neum

Dakov

Berane

Kotor

Shengjin

SomborZagreb

ubljana

Belgrade

Sarajevo

Podgorica

DA

LM

AT

I A

NORTHALBANIAN

ALPS

B A N A

SA

RP L A

P AN

NO

NI A N

B A S I N

La

LakeScutari

Oh

Sava

Sava

Drava

Danube

Tisa

Danub

e

Drina

Piva

Tara

Tisza

A d r i a t i c

S e a

4024

15

30

23

2518

2842

37

31

10

12

2632

1344

41

39

36

11

29

19

20

27

16

17

38

34

2122

14

Bosnia and Hercegovina10. Mostar Aluminium factory

The aluminium factory sited near Mostar (126,000inhabitants) does not currently represent a hot spot.However, under unpredictable conditions or unforeseenaccidents, the existence of risk is evident. The outflow ofhighly alkaline red sludge, consisting of red soil andsodium hydroxide, may produce unpredictable damageand destruction to both the surrounding soil and the sur-face-water and groundwater streams. The two potablewater sources that flow into the Neretva River are locat-ed downstream of the disposal sites. These sources sup-ply the cities of Capljina in Bosnia and Herzegovina andMetkovic in Croatia. An environmental impact assess-ment (of the possibility of leakage through an imperme-able asphalt layer and the impact of leakage on springs)would be helpful in preventing accidents and in organ-ising the proper response should an accident occur.

11. Bileca Sewerage system and wastewater treatment plant

The town of Bileca has a poor sewerage systemserving its 15,000 inhabitants. About 50 percent of thepopulation is served by sewerage network, dischargingits wastewater directly into the accumulation. Theremaining population use septic tanks. Since septictanks are not properly constructed, wastewater fromthem drains into the lake, and therefore all wastewateris discharged directly or indirectly into the lake.

Reconstruction of the wastewater treatment plant of a carpet factory

Before the war, the Bilecanka Carpet Factory in Bilecawas one of the biggest wool consumers in formerYugoslavia. About 150,000 tonnes of wool, most of itAustralian, were processed there annually. The factory hadprimary treatment separating lanolin and paints. The plantwas destroyed during the war. At present, the wastewateris directly discharged without any treatment. Although thefactory is working at a reduced capacity at the moment, itis necessary to reconstruct the treatment plant.

12. Konic MunicipalitySewerage system and wastewater treatment plant

The population of more than 20,000 inhabitants, andindustry — mostly metal finishing — with a populationequivalent of more than 25,000, generates heavily con-centrated pollution. As Konjic Municipality is located in

the upper part of the BiH Mediterranean Region, andwastewater is discharged directly into its main river,Neretva, the absence of wastewater treatment in thislocation severely impacts the whole region, includingthe Adriatic Sea, particularly regarding the contamina-tion of downstream, potable water sources.

Constructing a sanitary landfill siteKonjic Municipality does not have adequate sanitary

disposal of municipal or industrial solid waste. Thereare 5,500 apartments in Konjic and its surrounding set-tlements, while two big industrial complexes —mechanical industry (along the Neretva River) andwood industry (along the Tresanica River) — are sitedin the heart of the town. A solution needs to found tothe problem of unsanitary disposal of municipal solidwaste from the city centre and surrounding settlements— Bijela, Glavicina, Gornje polje, Ovcari, Repovica,Pomol, Tuleg, Drecelj and Dolje Selo — into the citylandfill (Repovacki potok).

13. Sarajevo Air ambient quality

Cars and local sources contribute emissions to theair. Ambient air quality in Sarajevo (527,000 inhabitants)is recognised as a hot spot during the winter. Sarajevohas a unique meteorological situation where tempera-ture inversion exacerbates air quality.

Wastewater treatment plant in SarajevoThe reconstruction and revitalisation of a sewage

treatment plant is under way. The size of the plant isdesigned to have — for the first stage — a populationequivalent of 600,000, with an average flow 2.0 cubicmetres per second. It is located in the Bosna river basin.

14. Tuzla Tuzla power plant

High levels of air emissions are present from the fos-sil fuel used at a power plant and other industry in Tuzla(130,000 inhabitants).

Sewerage system and wastewater treatment plant

The Municipality of Tuzla runs a treatment plant andoffers regional sewerage for the cities of Tuzla andLukavac. The capacity of the treatment plant should beabout 850,000 population equivalent (Bosna river basin).

Waste from chlorine-alkaline complex A chlorine-alkaline complex, located near the city of

Tuzla (Bosna river basin), produces non-biodegradablewastewater of high toxicity.



15. Banja LukaSewerage system and wastewater treatment plant

The Municipality of Banja Luka (population200,000) has a wastewater treatment plant and offersregional sewerage to a population equivalent of 2,400.It is located in the Vrbas river basin.

Ambient air qualityCars and local sources release emissions into the air.

Waste from cellulose and viscose factoryA cellulose and viscose factory, located in Banja

Luka, needs reconstruction and its existing facilitiesneed to be extended. It is located in the Vrbas riverbasin.

16. BijeljinaSewerage system and wastewater treatment plant

The Municipality of Bijeljina has a regional seweragesystem and wastewater treatment plant for a populationequivalent of about 160,000 (population of municipali-ty is 50,000). It is located in the Sava river basin.

17. BrckoSewerage system and wastewater treatment plant

The Municipality of Brcko has a regional seweragesystem and wastewater treatment plant of about550,000 PE (population of Brcko municipality is50,000). It is located in the Sava river basin.

18. Przici (Vares)Disposal site of waste from leadand zinc production

The Environmental Protection Assessment Report forIndustrial, Medical and Other Hazardous Wastes inBosnia and Herzegovina concludes that the waste fromlead and zinc production is highly toxic. This waste is cre-ated as a side product in the extraction of these metals inVares. Dry methods of waste disposal are employed.

19. SrebrenicaWaste from lead and zinc production

The Environmental Protection Assessment Reportfor Industrial, Medical and Other Hazardous Wastes inBosnia and Herzegovina concludes that the waste fromlead and zinc production is highly toxic. This waste iscreated as a side product in the extraction of lead andzinc in Srebrenica. Wet disposal is used on the waste.

20. ZvornikDisposal of red mud from the TG Birac

The Environmental Protection Assessment Reportfor Industrial, Medical and Other Hazardous Wastes inBosnia and Herzegovina concludes that red mud fromaluminium production in Zvornik is highly toxic. Wasteis disposed of in a landfill inside the plant.

21. Bosansko Petrovo SeloWaste from asbestos production

The Environmental Protection Assessment Report forIndustrial, Medical and Other Hazardous Wastes inBosnia and Herzegovina concludes that the waste fromasbestos production is highly toxic. Waste is generated inthe asbestos factory in Bosansko Petrovo Selo. Dry dis-posal is used, and the waste is disposed of in the closevicinity of the factory itself. During the war the factorywas devastated, and therefore no production is takingplace. This is an extremely dangerous and hazardous dis-posal site that must be re-cultivated as soon as possible.

22. LukavacWaste from coke-chemical industry

The coke-chemical industry, located in Lukavacnear the city of Tuzla, produces wastewater of high tox-icity, and the wastewater treatment plant is in need ofreconstruction. It is located in the Bosna river basin.

23. MaglajWaste from cellulose and viscose factory

Reconstruction of the existing facilities of a celluloseand paper factory located in Maglaj (population equiv-alent of 400,000) is needed. It is located in the Bosnariver basin.

24. PrijedorWaste from cellulose and viscose factory

A cellulose and paper factory is located in Prijedor(population equivalent of about 1,200,000). It is locatedin the Una-Sana river basin.

25. Zenica Waste from mining-metallurgic plant

Waste from the mining-metallurgic plant in Zenicarequires the reconstruction of the existing wastewatertreatment plant. It is located in the Bosna river basin.

Air Air emissions result from fossil fuel use and metal

production.



26. Boracko LakeInfrastructure facilities

Boracko Lake and its environment represent one ofthe most important natural areas in Bosnia andHerzegovina. In addition to the lake, the canyons of theNeretva and Rakitnica rivers, and the Prenj andBorasnica mountains, represent significant natural val-ues, especially for fishermen. Prenj Mountain attractshikers and hunters, while the Borasnica and Kisermountains are valuable areas for winter sports. Until1992, many picnickers and tourists visited this area dur-ing the summer season. As a result of the war, the struc-tures and infrastructure of Boracko Lake and its sur-roundings were destroyed. In order to exploit the lake,particularly for tourism, it is necessary to construct andreconstruct infrastructure facilities.

27. UgjevikPower plant

Heavy emissions from fossil fuels are released intothe air of Ugjevik (population 25,000*).

28. Kakanj-CaticiPower plant

Heavy air emissions in Kakanj-Catici (population55,000*) result from fossil fuel use from the KA powerplant and the cement industry.

29. GackoPower plant

Heavy air emissions in Gacko (population 11,000*)result from fossil fuel use.

30. JajceFerrou-Silicy factory

Emissions from fossil fuels and metal productionfrom the Ferrou-Silicy factory impact the air of Jajce(population 45,000*).

31. Prenj-Cvrsnica-Cabulja National ParkNatural values

The Prenj-Cvrsnica-Cabulja National Park is a centrefor endemic species of Herzegovina that covers an areaof 9,500 square metres.

32. Treskavica-Igman-Bjelasnica National Park Natural values

The relief-geological, endemic characteristics andbiodiversity of the flora and fauna, represent significantnatural values, along with the different types of climate.

33. Una River National ParkNatural values

The particular value of this area is Strbacki-buk, withits waterfalls and cascades arisen by the effects of bio-logical, chemical and physical factors.

34. Bijambare Protected landscape

The Bijambare landscape covers an area of 3.5square kilometres. The Bijambare cave is of particularvalue in this area.

35. SkakavacNatural values

The nature monuments of Skakavac cover an area of14 square kilometres. The Skakavac waterfall is of par-ticular value in this area.

36. Hutovo Blato Nature ParkNatural values

The Hutovo Blato Nature Bark contains an ornitho-logical reservation over an area of 350 hectares.

37. Blidinje Nature parkNatural values

Endemic species of flora and fauna, Blidinjsko Lake,a forest reservation, and a geomorphologic reservationare the particular values of this area.

38. Bardaca Nature park

The Bardaca Nature Park is a valuable ornithologicalreservation.

39. Sutjeska National ParkNatural values

The virgin forest of Perucica gives special value tothe Sutjeska National Park, covering an area of 17,250hectares.

40. Kozara National ParkNatural values

The Kozara National Park, with distinct hydro-oro-graphic characteristics, and rich flora (specific plantgroups, shrubs and bushes), covers an area of 3,375hectares.



41. Jahorina Nature Park Natural values

Forests values, including a rich biodiversity of floraand fauna, cover 20 square kilometres in the JahorinaNature Park.

42. Vranica Nature ParkNatural values

Numerous endemic species live in the VranicaNational Park. Prokosko Lake is of particular value inthis area

43. Miljacka River Canyon Nature ParkValuable species

Numerous endemic species exist in the nature parkof the Miljacka river canyon.

44. Trebevic Nature ParkNatural values

Forests values cover 1,000 hectares of the TrebevicNature Park.

* Pre-war figure.

Croatia45. KoprivnicaWastewater treatment plant

The town of Koprivnica is located in Bjelovar-Bilogora County in northern Croatia. It has about 24,000inhabitants. The existing wastewater treatment plant,which has primary treatment technology, was built in1989 and upgraded in 1998. The capacity of the existingplant has a population equivalent of 100,000. The exist-ing primary treatment plant needs technical upgrading,which includes the construction of a secondary (biolog-ical) treatment unit and a solution for the sludge dispos-al for the municipal and industrial wastewaters ofKoprivnica. Sanitary and water-quality improvements ofthe Mozdanski Jarak stream in the lower Mura-Dravariver basin are needed. The proposed plant would havea population equivalent of 100,000.

46. BjelovarWastewater treatment plant

The town of Bjelovar is located in Bjelovar-BilogoraCounty in northern Croatia. It has about 32,000 inhabi-tants. The existing wastewater treatment plant was setup in 1984 and upgraded in 2001 with secondary treat-ment technology. The capacity of the existing plant hasa population equivalent 100,000. The existing capacity

of the secondary (biological) treatment unit for themunicipal and industrial wastewaters of the town ofBjelovar needs to be expanded. Improvements areneeded to the sanitation and water quality of theBjelovarska River. The capacity of the proposed plantwould have a population equivalent of 200,000.

47. SisakWastewater treatment

The town of Sisak is located in Sisako-MoslavinaCounty in central Croatia. It has about 45,400 inhabitants.A new wastewater treatment plant (population equiva-lent of 60,000) is needed, with primary and secondary(biological) treatment technology units and solution forthe sludge disposal of the municipal and industrial waste-waters of Sisak. Improvements to sanitation and thewater quality of the Sava River are also needed.

Thermal power plant Placed at the southern end of the industrial zone in

Sisak, this thermal power plant has the largest powerinstalled in Croatia (maximal power installed is 420megawatts). Fuel use includes fuel oil (average annualconsumption of 264,000 tonnes), crude oil and naturalgas (126,000,000 cubic metres).

INA oil refineryINA’s Sisak oil refinery (in the vicinity of the town),

produces various kinds of motor fuels and fluid oils.INA is Croatia's largest company for oil and gas explo-ration and the production, refining, transport and distri-bution of gas and oil products.

48. Karlovac and Duga ResaWastewater treatment plant

The town of Karlovac is located in Karlovac Countyin central Croatia. It has about 60,000 inhabitants. Anew wastewater treatment plant is needed with primaryand secondary (biological) treatment technology unitsand solution for the sludge disposal of the municipaland industrial wastewaters of Karlovac. The plantwould have a population equivalent of 75,000 and pro-vide sanitary and recreational benefits, as well as pro-tection for the water quality of the Kupa River.

49. Slavonski BrodWastewater treatment plant

The town of Slavonski Brod is located in Slavonski-Brod County in eastern Croatia. It has about 60,000inhabitants. A new wastewater treatment plant is need-ed with primary and secondary (biological) treatmenttechnology units and solution for the sludge disposal ofthe municipal and industrial wastewaters of Slavonski

A N N E X 3 : F U L L L I S T O F H O T S P O T SB O S N I A A N D H E R Z E G O V I N A • C R O A T I A


A N N E X 3 : F U L L L I S T O F H O T S P O T SC R O A T I A


Republika Srpska


Republika Srpska

C R O A T I A

H U N G A R Y

B O S N I AA N D

H E R Z E G O V I N A

I T A L Y

Montenegro

SLOVENIA

Vukovar

Varazdin

Slavonski Brod

Sisak

Novo Mesto

Slunj

Pazin

Porec

Pula Senj

Rijeka

Zadar

OsijekKarlovac

Celje

Kamnik

Maribor

KlagenfurtVillach

Udine

Trieste

orzila

Kranj

Bjelovar

Szekszard

Pecs

Nagykanizsa

Kaposvar

Barletta D

Tuzla

Brcko

Split

Sibenik

S

Prijedor

Niksic

Mostar

Dubrovnik

Bijeljina

BihacBanja Luka

Pale

Gorazde

Priboj

BiP

Bar

N

Udbina

Knin

Ploce

Doboj

SrebrenicaGlamoc

Kljuc

Foca

Neum

Kotor

SomborZagreb

Ljubljana

Sarajevo

Podgorica

DA

LM

AT

I A

DI

NA

RI

C

AL

PS

P AN

NO

NI A N

B A S I N

Sava

Drava

Danub

e

D

Piva

Tara

A d r i a t i c

S e a

49

63

46545352

48

64

65

60

6766

5955

61

58

57

68

56

62

47

45

50

51

Brod. The plant would provide recreational benefitsand protect the water quality of the Sava River. Thecapacity of the plant would have a population equiva-lent of 80,000.

50. OsijekWastewater treatment plant

The town of Osijek is located in Osijek-BaranjaCounty in eastern Croatia. It has about 130,000 inhabi-tants. A new wastewater treatment plant is needed withsecondary (biological) treatment technology units andsolution for the sludge disposal of the municipal andindustrial wastewaters of the town Osijek and sur-rounding settlements. The plant would improve sanita-tion and protect biodiversity, while improving the waterquality of the Drava River. The capacity of the plantwould have a population equivalent of 800,000.

51. VukovarWastewater treatment plant

The town of Vukovar is located in Vukovar-SrijemCounty in eastern Croatia. It has about 35,000 inhabi-tants. A new wastewater treatment plant is needed withsecondary (biological) treatment technology units andsolution for the sludge disposal of the municipal andindustrial wastewaters of Vukovar and surrounding set-tlements. The plant would provide sanitary benefits andprotect the water quality of the Danube River. Thecapacity of the proposed plant would have a popula-tion equivalent 85,000.

52. SamoborWastewater treatment plant

The town of Samobor is situated in Zagreb County incentral Croatia. The existing wastewater treatment plantwas set up in 1983 with primary and biological treatmenttechnology. The plant consists of one block, but itsequipment is worn out and in need of repair. The existingwastewater treatment plant should be reconstructed withprimary and secondary (biological) treatment technologyunits. Technical upgrading is also needed by establishingsludge-treatment line units for the municipal and industri-al wastewaters of Samobor and surrounding settlements.The plant (proposed population equivalent of 23,000)would improve sanitation and effluent quality and protectthe waters of the local recipient.

53. ZapresicWastewater treatment plant

The town of Zapresic is situated in Zagreb County incentral Croatia. A wastewater treatment plant is neededwith primary and secondary (biological) treatment tech-

nology units for the municipal and industrial waste-waters of Zapresic and surrounding settlements. Theplant would be built in two stages, with a total capacityof 176,000 population equivalent in the final stage. Theplant would improve sanitation and effluent quality, andprotect the waters of the local recipient.

54. Velika GoricaWastewater treatment plant

The town of Velika Gorica is situated in ZagrebCounty in central Croatia. The existing wastewater treat-ment plant unit was set up in 1973 with primary andbiological treatment technology. The plant consists oftwo blocks, but its equipment is worn out and in needof reconstruction. The reconstruction of Block I is underway with a population equivalent (PE) of 12,000. BlockII (23,000 PE) also requires reconstruction, with primaryand secondary (biological) treatment technology unitsand technical upgrading with sludge treatment lineunits for the municipal and industrial wastewaters ofVelika Gorica and surrounding settlements. The recon-struction would improve sanitation and effluent quality,and protect the waters of the local recipient.

55. Opatija-LovranWastewater treatment plant

The town of Opatija is located near Rijeka, inKvarner Bay, Primorje-Gorski Kotar County. The townand the surrounding settlements of Lovran, MoscenickaDraga and Matulji have about 29,800 inhabitants and17,000 beds of tourist capacity. The sewage of Opatija iscurrently disposed of through a sewerage system andwastewater treatment plant with primary treatmenttechnology. The existing wastewater treatment plantunit was set up in 1989 with primary treatment technol-ogy and partly reconstructed during the 1990s.

The wastewater treatment plant is in need of recon-struction and technical upgrading with new primarytreatment units for the municipal wastewaters ofOpatija. The plant would provide sanitary, recreational,biodiversity and economic benefits. It would also helpto protect the coastal sea. The plant would have a pop-ulation equivalent of 46,000.

56. Northern PulaWastewater treatment plant

The town of Pula and the municipalities Vodnjanand Fazana are located in Istrian County on the Istriapeninsula. Sewage from these municipalities is current-ly disposed of through the Peroj sewerage system and awastewater treatment plant with primary treatmenttechnology with a population equivalent of 13,800. Thewastewater treatment plant requires extension and



technical upgrading, via construction of the secondstage of primary and complete biological and sludgetreatment units for the municipal wastewaters of thesesettlements. The improvements would provide sanitary,recreational, biodiversity and economic benefits. It willalso help protect the coastal sea. The proposed plantwould have a population equivalent of 41,600.

57. RovinjSewerage and wastewater treatment plant

The town of Rovinj is located in Istrian County onthe Istria peninsula. There are about 14,200 inhabitantsand about 45,200 users during the summer. The sewageof this town is currently disposed of through three sew-erage sub-systems. In the northern system, wastewateris disposed of through septic tanks or through directoutlets into the sea. The central and southern seweragesub-systems are connected to a wastewater treatmentplant with primary treatment technology. Extension andtechnical upgrading of the wastewater treatment plantis needed via the construction of the second stage ofprimary and complete biological and sludge treatmentunits for the municipal wastewater of Rovinj. Theimprovements would provide sanitary, recreational,biodiversity and economic benefits, while also helpingto protect the coastal sea. The proposed plant wouldhave a population equivalent of 65,000.

58. Southern PorecSewerage and wastewater treatment plant

The town of Porec is located in Istrian County on theIstria peninsula. There are 6,377 inhabitants and about43,700 users in the summer. The town’s sewage is cur-rently disposed of through a sewerage system connect-ed to a wastewater treatment plant with primary andsecondary treatment technology. The existing waste-water treatment plant in Debeli rt is in good condition.

A new wastewater treatment plant is needed withprimary and secondary treatment technology at thePorec-south location. It is proposed because the exten-sion and technical upgrading of the existing wastewatertreatment plant in Debeli rt is not possible. The plantwould provide sanitary, recreational, biodiversity andeconomic benefits and protect the coastal sea, with apopulation equivalent of 62,000.

59. RijekaThermal power plant

Placed at the coast, 10 kilometres from the centre ofRijeka, TE Rijeka is one of the biggest power generationfacilities in Croatia. Its installed power is 320 megawatts.Its average annual fuel consumption is 160,000 litres offuel oil.

INA oil refineryINA’s Rijeka Oil Refinery, located in the vicinity of

Rijeka, produces various kinds of motor fuels and fluidoils. INA is Croatia's largest company for oil and gasexploration, and the production, refining, transport anddistribution of gas and oil products.

60. Kastel SucuracChemical production

Placed in the vicinity of Kastel Sucurac (near Split),DCRMC Group d.d. (Dalmacijacement) is the biggestcement producer in Croatia — with a capacity of 2 milliontonnes per year — consisting of three production facilities.

61 Plomin Thermal power plant

Placed in the vicinity of the towns of Rabac andLabin (near Rijeka), the Plomin thermal power plantconsists of two blocks (125 and 210 megawatts) con-nected to the same exhaust system. It has an annualconsumption of 700,000-800,000 tonnes of coal.

62. ZagrebJakusevac waste disposal site

Placed in a densely inhabited area of the city ofZagreb, the Jakusevac waste site contains 6 millioncubic metres of disposed municipal waste, as well aspollution by an industrial (potentially hazardous) waste.

63. KutinaPetrokemija and phosphogypsum disposal

Placed in the vicinity of the town of Kutina,Petrokemija is one of the largest chemical companies. Itproduces fertilisers (about 1 million tonnes per year),carbon black and bentonite clay. Fertiliser production isbased on the use of raw phosphates, sulphur and natu-ral gas. The plant also produces ammonia, nitric, sul-phuric and phosphoric acids, urea and nitrogen. Themain environmental problem is the disposal site for thephosphogypsum from phosphoric acid production(about 3.5 million cubic metres).

64. Plitvicka Jezera National ParkSewage treatment

The area of the Plitvicka Jezera National Park islocated in Karlovac County in central Croatia. Theregion includes 18 settlements and hotel complexes.There are about 1,500 inhabitants in the area. The exist-ing sewerage mains need to be reconstructed, and anew wastewater treatment plant should be built withprimary, secondary (biological), nitrogen and phospho-



rus removal treatment technology units and solution forthe sludge disposal for the wastewaters of the area. Theimprovements would provide sanitary, recreational andbiodiversity benefits, and protect the waters within thearea. It would also protect against the karst phenome-non and reduce pollution into the Korana River. Theplant would have a population equivalent of 12,000.

65. SkradinSewerage system and wastewater treatment plant

Skradin is situated in Sibenik-Knin County, in themunicipality of Skradin, along the lower course of theKrka River near Skradinsko Polje. Although Skradin iswithin the area of the Krka National Park, it is not with-in the “basic phenomenon.” Sewage is currently dis-posed of through septic tanks, most of which are leaky,or through direct outlets into the Krka River, which isclassified as “a very sensitive area” by the NationalWater Protection Plan.

Needs for the area include a sewerage system and awastewater treatment plant with third-grade treatmenttechnology for the wastewater of the Skradin settle-ment. Construction of this system would solve the prob-lem of wastewater disposal in Skradin, and provide san-itary, recreational and biodiversity benefits, while pro-tecting the waters of the Krka River. The proposed plantwould have a population equivalent of 4,500.

66. Mali Ston, Peljesac Sewage treatment

The Mali Ston settlement is located in MalostonskiBay, on the island of Peljesac, in Dubrovnik-NeretvaCounty. According to the National Water Protection Plan,Malostonski Bay is classified as “a very sensitive area,”where shells are cultivated. Sewage from the settlementsis currently disposed of through septic tanks or throughdirect outlets into the sea. The construction of three sew-erage sub-systems is needed, which should be connect-ed to the existing regional sewerage system, the Neum-Mljet canal, and, through a mechanical treatment plantand submarine outlet. The construction would providesanitary, economic, recreational and biodiversity bene-fits. It would also protect the waters in the highly sensi-tive area of Malostonski Zaljev Bay.

67. Mljet National ParkSewerage system and wastewater treatment plant

The area of Mljet National Park is located on theisland Mljet, in Dubrovnik-Neretva County. Accordingto the National Water Protection Plan, the Mljet NationalPark is a "very sensitive area." All waters inside the park

belong to category I. In the area of the park, no wastewater disposal sys-

tem has been constructed. All municipal wastewaterflows by infiltration into the soil or is discharged intothe sea.

A sewerage system and a wastewater treatmentplant with primary treatment technology units for thewastewater of the island should be built. Constructionof this system would solve the problem of wastewaterdisposal inside the Mljet National Park, providing sani-tary, recreational and biodiversity benefits, and helpingto protect the waters within the national park’s area.The plant would have a population equivalent of 1,500.

68. Brijuni National ParkSewerage system and wastewater treatment plant

The Brijuni archipelago consists of 14 islands and tworeefs, located northwest of Pula, about 3 kilometres fromIstrian land. Veli Brijun is the biggest and most importantisland, and most monuments and modern buildings aresituated there. Brijuni National Park has a priority rankingas a particularly protected area for the development oftourism in the archipelago, in accordance with Law onTourism. There is no sewage system on Veli Brijun. Non-treated liquid waste is discharged from certain buildingsinto the sea, released into the coastal sea through a shortdischarge-pipeline with no previous treatment.

A sewerage system and a wastewater treatment plantwith third grade treatment technology units for the waste-water of the island should be built, which would providesanitary, recreational and biodiversity benefits and pre-serve the natural environment and building monuments.The plant would have a population equivalent of 2,500.

FYR Macedonia69. JegunovceFerroalloy production

Established in 1952, the HEK Jugochrom plant atJegunovce currently produces over 60,000 tonnes offerroalloys (e.g. ferrochrome and ferrosilicon) per yearusing raw materials such as coal, quartz, ferrous iron,and chromium ore. The company employs some 2,000workers. The facility is a significant air polluter. TheNational Environmental Action Plan reports that, in thevicinity of the HEK Jugochrom plant, standards for totaldust, black smoke and particle-borne chromium havebeen exceeded in recent years. The plant has threelarge electric furnaces and six smaller ones. An air qual-ity monitoring station is situated near the plant. Dustconcentrations in the flue gases were reported to aver-age 3-6 grams per cubic metre. With gas flows averag-

A N N E X 3 : F U L L L I S T O F H O T S P O T SC R O A T I A • F Y R M A C E D O N I A


A N N E X 3 : F U L L L I S T O F H O T S P O T SF Y R M A C E D O N I A


Kosovo

likaa

A L B A N I A

BULG


Serbia

Montenegro

G R E E C E


Corfu

Tirana

Vlora

Shkodra

Lushnje

Durres

Berat

Niköic

Kozani

Florina Edessa

Peshkopi

Kukes

Korce

Gjirokaster

Elbasan

Vidin Calafat

Pernik

Montana

Kyustendil

Vranje

Uroöevac

Titov Veles

Strumica

Stip

Prizren

Priötina

Prilep

Pec

Paracin

Ohrid

Novi Pazar

Kumanovo

Kragujevac

Gnjilane

Bor

Bitola

LarsiaIoannina

Sarande

Tepelene

Gostivar

Kosovska Mitrovica

Pale

Gorazde

Priboj

BijeloPolje

Bar

Foca

Thessalonik

Katerini

Kastoria

Nis

Uzice

Dakovica

Berane

Kotor

Shengjin

Veroia

Podgorica

Skopje

Fier

BALKANMTS.

PI

ND

US

MT

S

NORTHALBANIAN

ALPS

SA

RP L A

NI N A

Lake

Lake

LakeScutari

Ohrid

Prespa

OtrantoStrait of

Morava

Vardar

rina

Piva

Tara

Vjose

71

87 88

7590

77

76

95

89

70

7480

72

91

103

78

93

92

84

85

73

79

86

8169

82

83

94

ing 312,000 cubic metres per hour from three of the fourfurnaces, annual dust emissions can be assumed toaverage 9,000 to 17,000 tonnes.

The plant uses an on-site landfill to dispose ofchromium slag and other waste.

The NEAP states that the landfill contains 466,000tonnes of ferrochromium slag and 385,000 tonnes ofchromate sediment (ions of Cr6+). According to studiescarried out with support from the EU’s PhareProgramme, pollution from the landfill is contaminatingthe Vardar River and posing a potential risk to RasceSpring, the main source of water supply for metropoli-tan Skopje.

70. VelesLead and zinc smelter

Established in 1973, MHK Zletovo is a lead and zincsmelter employing 1,100 workers. Each year it uses leadand zinc concentrates to produce 30,000 tonnes of lead,60,000 tonnes of zinc and 250 tonnes of cadmium, aswell as smaller quantities of silver, gold and copperdross, and bismuth alloy. The process produces 100,000tonnes per year of sulphuric acid as a by-product.

The smelter emits large quantities of sulphur dioxideinto the atmosphere, as well as dust bearing lead, zincand cadmium. The air outside the factory smells heavi-ly of sulphur dioxide. In addition, raw materials, includ-ing coke for the smelter’s furnaces, are stored in anopen field. Transportation of these materials and windspread dust around virtually the whole of the plant’s15,000 square metres. According to data provided bynational and local experts, the smelter emitted approxi-mately 11,000 tonnes of sulphur dioxide (SO2), 2,000tonnes of lead and 50 tonnes of cadmium in 1995. A1999 study by the Veles Institute for Health Protection,however, found that total emissions were far larger thanthose originally estimated for 1995.

MHK Zletovo and the Republic HydrometeorologicalInstitute monitor air quality in the city of Veles. The fac-tory is situated in a valley close to residential areas of thecity, and wind directions tend to carry factory emissionstoward Veles. The two existing monitoring stations,however, are poorly positioned and do not providetimely data that could be used to manage episodic risksto public health. With inadequate data, appropriateenforcement actions and public health protection meas-ures are most often not available to local authorities.According to recent studies, emissions are having a sig-nificant impact on the health of the population.

Wastewater containing sulphuric acid and otherpollutants is a source of serious concern. MHK has atreatment plant that was designed to treat 135 m3 ofeffluent per hour. The plant, however, generates 1,500m3/hour of wastewater. Analytical data from regularly

monitored streams indicate that the effluent consistent-ly exceeds maximum concentration levels for lead, zincand cadmium.

The wastewater is discharged into the Vardar River.

Fertiliser factory, MHK Zletovo landfillA fertiliser plant uses the sulphuric acid from the

MHK Zletovo smelter and phosphate to produce phos-phoric acid and, in turn, mono-ammonium phosphateand nitrogen-potassium-phosphorus fertiliser. For eachtonne of phosphate produced, 5.5 tonnes of gypsumwaste is generated. A mixture of 20 percent gypsum and80 percent acidic process water (pH 2 – 3) is pumped toa special landfill that currently holds 5 million tonnes ofgypsum waste. This waste was formerly deposited inthe bottom of the valley, and sludge used to float direct-ly into the Vardar River. It is now being deposited in theupper part of the valley, thereby reducing the direct riskto the Vardar. However, wastewater from the sludgedewatering process continues to drain into the river,and sludge can still be flushed into the river in floodconditions. According to the NEAP the quantity of thewaste is 3,700,000 tonnes.

Municipal wastewaterIn Veles (population of 46,798) 89 percent of the

population is connected to the sewer system.

Air ambient quality in VelesBetween 1990 and 1993, the observed levels of SO2

exceeded the maximum allowable concentrationbetween 32 and 39 times per year, depending on thelocation of the measurement site. More recent data indi-cates that the maximum allowable concentration forSO2 was exceeded on 60 days in 2000, 43 days in 2001and nine days for the month of January alone in 2002.

71. Skopje Chemical industry

The Organic Chemical Industry of Skopje (OHISA.D.) was founded in 1964. It manufactures a variety ofchemical products, including plastics, detergents, poly-acrylic fibres, plant protection agents, cosmetics, basicchemicals (e.g., chlorine, hydrochloric acid), pharma-ceuticals, and process equipment.

The OHIS A.D. complex also generates air pollution,principally from an oil-fuelled power plant. Data sup-plied by management suggests that the plant emitsapproximately 2,240 tonnes of sulphur dioxide (SO2),315 tonnes of nitrogen oxides and 15 tonnes of dust peryear. The SO2 concentration in the flue gas, at 2,220 mil-ligrams per cubic metre, exceeds the applicable 1,700mg/m3 emission standard. An acrylic fibre plant withinthe complex is an additional source of concern regard-ing emissions.



Wastewater flows partly through closed concretecanals, but these are cracked and leaking waste to thesoil and groundwater. The newest part of the plant isconnected to a wastewater facility for treatment prior todischarge into the Vardar River. The treatment plant,however, is not functioning at present. Other parts ofthe plant, such as the now-closed chlorine-alkali-elec-trolysis process, have never been connected to thetreatment plant. This factory reportedly used 2 tonnes ofmercury per year, causing mercury-laden wastewater todrain into the Vardar River.

Management stated that 8 tonnes of mercuryremains stored at the plant. Mercury was analysed inone water sample, giving a concentration of about 65mg/l, some 10 times over the limit value for drinkingwater but below limit values for natural waters. Thelead concentration (500 mg/kg) in one soil sample wasabove the threshold value for normal soil in many coun-tries but not over the threshold values generally appliedfor soil at industrial sites.

The absence of a proper industrial and hazardouswaste treatment facility in FYR Macedonia has led OHISA.D. to store its waste on site. The stores are old and inbad condition, due mainly to poor construction andinadequate maintenance. Management was unable tospecify the types and quantities of these wastes, but theoverall volume is reported to be in excess of 160,000 m3

per year. The lack of proper collection, treatment andsafe disposal of these wastes is undoubtedly causingsignificant pollution of the environment.

Makstil SkopjeMakstil Skopje is private company that operates an

iron plant and a rolling mill. The iron plant generateswaste gases, including SO2, carbon monoxide, carbondioxide, nitrogen oxides, and dust. It operated a dustclean-up system until 1990. The rolling mill generates200,000 cubic meters per hour of SO2 (0.036 percent), aswell as CO2, with no dust clean-up system. According tothe National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP), thequantity of iron slag from electric furnaces is 2,000,000tonnes, and the quantity of the silica and manganeseslag from converters is 74,000 tonnes (including ions ofmanganese).

Oil refineryThe Okta crude oil refinery in Skopje was established

in 1982. Designed as a hydro-skimming refinery for refin-ing crude oil, oil derivatives, and the transport of crudeoil and oil derives, its annual crude oil capacity is 2.5 mil-lion tonnes. The Okta refinery has the only processingcapacity of crude oil and is the only producer of oil deriv-atives in FYR Macedonia. The capacity was designed sothat it could also serve export markets. The crude oil issupplied via the seaport terminal in Thessalonica by rail-road tankers. The finished products are transported by

vehicles. In 1994 the business activity was expanded withwholesale and retail trade, the opening of its own storesand petrol stations, and other activities.

According to the NEAP, the quantity of the waste-water is 1,000,000 m3 including oily substances, sus-pended mineral salts, and other materials. According tothe NEAP, the quantity of the hydrocarbon waste is10,000 tonnes.

Drisla communal landfillThe Drisla landfill was established in the mid-1990s

for the disposal of municipal waste from Skopje.Located in a depression created by gravel extraction,the facility covers approximately 75 hectares. Itsplanned capacity is approximately 26 million cubicmetres, only 4 percent of which has been used so far.The landfill area consists of permeable sand and graveldeposits. No special construction measures, however,were taken to prevent possible percolation of leachateinto the upper and lower aquifers. The upper aquiferdrains to the river system and, downstream of the land-fill, supplies water for drinking and irrigation.

Urban wastewaterIn Skopje (population of 431,150) 56 percent of the


Air qualityThe problem with air quality in Skopje is due to both

mobile and stationary pollution sources (central heatingpower plants, cement factories, chemical complexesand refineries). The topography plays an important rolein pollution levels as the city is surrounded by hills andhas favourable conditions for temperature inversions,particularly during the winter.

The fuel burned in various emission source facilities inSkopje is mostly heavy oil, which contains about 2 percentsulphur. For individual household heating, firewood andelectric heaters are mainly used. Coal is used for less than10 percent of these purposes, and natural gas is not used.

The operating ratio of emission source facilities inthe plants is lower than 40 percent. These facilities are amajor source of air pollution. Levels are reported to behigh at least for SO2 and black smoke, which frequent-ly exceed the maximum daily concentration. From 1991to 1994, the SO2 maximum daily concentration of 150micrograms per cubic metre was exceeded up to 35times a year, while for black smoke, concentrationsabove 50 µg/m3 were recorded up to 123 times a year.

72. BitolaThermal power plant and mine

REK Bitola operates a 25-year-old thermal powerplant and an adjacent lignite mine. The power plantgenerates 75 percent of FYR Macedonia’s annual elec-



tricity requirements and employs approximately 700workers. The mine employs 1,400 workers and suppliesthe power plant with 6.5 million tonnes of fuel per year.The lignite is relatively low in sulphur (approximately0.5 percent) and produces 13-17 percent ash.

The power plant’s electrical precipitators (or dust fil-ters) are old and do not work well. Similarly, its emis-sion monitoring system only functions properly abouthalf of the time. According to management, however,the plant’s three units emitted 46,000 tonnes of sulphurdioxide (SO2) and 2,400 tonnes of fly ash to the atmos-phere in 1999. Average SO2 emissions of 1,600-2,000milligrams per cubic metre are four to five times greaterthan the permissible limit of 400 mg/m3. The average“best case” dust emissions of 100 mg/m3 are double thepermissible limit. The plant’s smokestacks are 256metres high, which should limit the plant’s contributionto air pollution in its immediate vicinity.

The power plant produces 150 tonnes of fly ashdaily. The fly ash contains silicate and heavy metals,including uranium compounds. The ash and slag travelsby conveyor belt to a large dump (97,630 m2, receiving1.5 million tonnes of waste per year) close to the plant.Estimates of fugitive dust emissions from the dump andthe mine are unavailable.

According to NEAP, the quantity of the mining tail-ings is 265,000,000 m3 and the quantity of ash and slagis 11,000,000 tonnes, including ions of heavy metals.

Heavy metals, including uranium compounds, fromthe fly ash dumpsite are probably contaminating soiland groundwater downstream of the dumpsite. Theupper aquifer is believed to drain to a nearby river.Private wells along the river downstream of the plantprovide local inhabitants with water for drinking andirrigation. The plant does not have a wastewater treat-ment plant. Water required for industrial use is takenfrom an artificial lake and, after use, is passed throughan oil separator and two neutralisation basins.However, due to the oil separator’s limited capacity,free phase oil is discharged to the neutralisation basinsand then into the river via an open canal. The dischargeof untreated wastewater containing oil compounds andheavy metals poses a risk of soil, groundwater anddrinking water contamination in the vicinity. This issueis not currently being investigated or monitored.

Urban wastewaterOf the population of 77,462 about 90 percent are

connected to the sewer system.

Air qualityAir quality in Bitola is mainly affected by emissions

from the REK Bitola power plant and the nearby mine. Insummer, since almost all electric power is supplied byhydropower generation, this plant has a minimal load. Atpresent, desulphurisation and denitration facilities are

not installed in the plant As a result, these emissions fromthe plant affect a wide area. While SO2 is mostly withinacceptable limits, black smoke regularly breached themaximum allowable concentration between 1990 and1994 (between 10 and 25 times per year).

73. OslomejMining tailings

The mining tailings from the Oslomej REK facilitypresent a risk. The quantity of waste includes 40 millioncubic metres of mining tailings and 2,000,000 tonnes ofash and slag. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emis-sion exceed the state’s standards.

74. KavadarciFenimak activities

Fenimak operates a drying facility, an electric heat-ing system, a rotation furnace and a boiler room. Itsprincipal activity is the production of non-ferrous met-als (nickel), ferroalloys (ferronickel), ore, coarse non-ferrous metals (nickel ores and concentrates), and othernon-ferrous metals.

Emissions from the drying facility include 82-5,000cubic metres of nitrogen per hour with SO2 (3-10 mil-ligrams/m3), CO (40-200 g/m3), NOx (0-20 mg/m3), anddust per 50-350 mg/m3). No data exists for waste gasesquantity emissions from electric heating. Emissionsfrom the rotation furnace include 350-500,000 m3/h withSO2 (50-500 mg/m3), CO (10-50 mg/m3), NOx (20-150mg/m3), and dust (30-1,000 mg/m3). Emissions from theboiler room include 1-8,000 nitrogen m3/h with SO2

(2,000-2,900 mg/m3) CO (10-120 mg/m3), NOx (600-1,000 mg/m3).

The projected production capacity of these two fur-naces is 2 x 6,000 tonnes of ferronickel annually. Theinstalled production capacity is 2 x 84 = 168 MVA (i.e.the working capacity of 2 x 55 = 110 megawatts). Theother operation units are projected to follow the pro-duction of these furnaces.

Fenimak operates with reserves of nickel oredeposits in the Rzanovo mine, which are mainly exca-vated through surface mining. Ore used for productioncomes from the mine and is transported by a conveyorbelt system 36-km long. The mine was opened in 1981and it has a capacity of approximately 2,000,000 tonnesper year. From 1984 to 1991 the mine was closedbecause of the suspended production of nickel in thesmelter. Operations resumed in the second half of 1991.Operating at below maximum capacity, 514,752-620,000 tonnes of ore have been produced. The pre-vailing part of the installed equipment is produced byreputable world producers (e.g. Demag, Krupp andothers). Facilities and equipment are in good condition.



Urban Waste WatersOf the population of 32,000 about 95 percent of the

population is connected to sewer system.

75. ProbistipZletovo mine

The Zletovo mine in Probistip predates World War II.Its 1,500 workers currently produce about 1,000 tonnes ofzinc concentrate and 800 tonnes of lead concentrate perday, about half of the mine’s 1987 production levels. Themetals are extracted from mines 2.5 kilometres north ofthe company’s concentration plant. According to man-agement, 30 litres per minute of acidic water used to set-tle dust in the mine flows directly into a small nearby river,along which private drinking wells are located. Thewastewater contains cadmium and other pollutants.There is no wastewater treatment at the plant.Approximately 1 million cubic meters per year of waste-water contaminated with heavy metals and cyanide ispumped from the concentration plant into the Koritnicaand Kiselica rivers without cleaning or neutralisation.According to the company’s observations and analyses,there is little life in the rivers and high levels of heavy met-als have been found in fish and other biological samples.

76. Makedonska KamenicaSasa mine

The initial mining and geological surveys of theOsogovo's ore-bearing massif and the Sasa locality datefrom 1954. The period between 1954 and 1960 was a peri-od of intensive research that produced a positive balanceof ore deposits. The intensive construction of processing,mining, construction premises and all other accompany-ing facilities with large infrastructure took place between1960 and 1965, and in November 1965 the mines wereopened for trial processing with projected capacities of300,000 tonnes of annual production of lead-zinc ore.

The flotation slag presents the risk of contaminatingsoil and groundwater, with ions of lead, cadmium, cop-per, zinc, and organic substances from flotation reagents.It produces 10,500,000 tonnes of flotation slag waste.

The mine’s principal activity is the production ofores and concentrates of lead and zinc in Mine Sasa,processing of zinc in Sasa zinc plant , production ofconstruction and mining machines and instruments inthe Sasa mechanical industry.

77. Kriva PalankaToranica mine

There is a risk of the flotation slag from the Toranicomine contaminating soil and groundwater with ions oflead, cadmium, copper, zinc and organic substancesfrom flotation reagents. Also, 1,500,000 tonnes of flota-tion slag waste are produced.

78. Radovis Bucim mine

Buchim S.C. — Radovis, the only copper mine inFYR Macedonia, has been operating since 1979. In1999, it was 82 percent government-owned and hadapproximately 800 employees. The mine producesabout 4 million tonnes of ore per year and a similarquantity of tailings.

There are two sources of contaminated water dis-charges into the environment: the flotation plant andthe sedimentation lake. Wastewater from the flotationplant, containing large amounts of copper, is releasedinto a stream from which cattle drink. The dischargeoccurs at the rate of 10 litres per second. The bottom ofthe stream is covered with a bluish layer resemblingmalachite copperhydroxycarbonate. There is no waste-water treatment facility at the plant, although there areplans to construct one when resources permit. Wells inthe valley downstream of the tailings dam are regularlymonitored. The copper content of the wastewater isalso regularly monitored. According to the mine man-agement, the concentration of copper in the water isincreasing. Surface water and sediment samples takenclearly document environmental contamination withheavy metals. Analyses showed values for copper con-centrations in the range 50-200 milligrams per litre, asmuch as 50,000 times higher than the surface waterquality standard in Germany. The Dutch target andintervention values for copper in groundwater are 0.015mg/l and 0.075 mg/l, respectively. The samples alsoshowed contamination with organic components in therange 0.5-10 mg/l.

Bucim mine landfill Each year, the mine pumps more than 70,000 tonnes

of solid waste containing heavy metals from the flota-tion process near a large dam in a nearby valley. Dustfrom the 30-hectare hydro-tailings dam blows towardthe nearby village of Polnica. Because many of themineworkers have joint ailments and silicosis due todust inhalation, adverse health effects can also beexpected among local citizens. In efforts to abate thedust, trees have been planted and a polymer has beenapplied to a 4-hectare area.

According to the National Environmental ActionPlan, the quantity of the mining tailings is 80 milliontonnes, including copper ions, and the quantity of thefloatation slag is 52 million tonnes including organicsubstances from flotation reagents.

As for heavy metals, analyses show values for cop-per concentrations in the range 50-200 mg/l, as muchas 50,000 times higher than the surface water qualitystandard.



79. KicevoMetal resurfacing factory

Tane Caleski, a screw, wire and metal resurfacingfactory, was established in 1967. Its capacity is morethan three times greater than its present annual produc-tion level of 1,500 tonnes. The plant currently employsabout 350 workers.

Several hazardous chemicals (mineral acids,cyanides, cutting emulsions, and salts of chromium andzinc) are used for surface treatment. The plant’s waste-water contains sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitro-gen hydroxide, detergents, chromium III, zinc, andother heavy metals. In addition, an estimated 25 percentof the 4.5 tonnes of oil components used monthly inproduction are lost to the environment, probablyincluding groundwater.

Construction of a wastewater treatment plant beganin the 1980s, but was never completed. Wastewater istheoretically pre-treated in a sedimentation and pH-neu-tralisation basin. The sedimentation basin, however, hasnever been emptied and is now completely full.Consequently, all wastewater, which is likely to be con-taminated with heavy metals, especially zinc, is dis-charged into the canal without any pre-treatment or sed-imentation. The canal water drains to the Treska Riverand probably into the upper groundwater aquifer. Theplant has not monitored or investigated the potentialcontamination of soil and groundwater in the vicinity.

Urban wastewatersOf the population of 25,129 about 80 percent of the


80. PrilepSewage connections

Of the population of 68,148 about 75 percent of thepopulation is connected to the sewer system.

81. TetovoSewage connections and pollution

Of the population of 50,344 about 60 percent areconnected to the sewer system. Air pollution in Tetovois related to the HEK Jugohrom metallurgical facilitiesand also to heating with high-sulphur fuel during win-ter. Tetovo also had an excess of black smoke duringthe 1990-1994 period (16 to 78 times per year).

82. StipSewage connections


83. StrumicaSewage connections


84. KumanovoUrban wastewater


Lojane landfillThe Lojane mine, north of Kumanovo, was open

almost continuously between 1923 and 1979. During themine’s first 30 years, chromium was extracted. In 1954, themine began to extract antimony, and in 1965 an antimonysmelter began operation at the site. According to theMEPP, an open dumpsite for flotation waste created by themine holds over 1 million tonnes of tailings containingarsenic, antimony, and other hazardous substances.

85. GostivarSewage connections


86. Shar MountainMassif values

The high mountain massif of Shar Mountain, cover-ing an area of 1,607 square kilometres, is situated innorthwest FYR Macedonia along the border of Serbiaand Montenegro. The mountain lies between two lowpositioned valleys — Polog and Prizren-Metohija. Thereis a high, deviated crest of Shar Mountain, which repre-sents an old, wide erosive area with a height rangingbetween 2,000 to 2,200 meters, out of which multiplepeaks emerge.

Due to the unique heritage and diversity of flora andfauna species, Shar Mountain can be placed among theEuropean centres of ecological and biological diversity.It is assumed that the entire flora of the massif, begin-ning with the warm gorges and thermophile forests inthe foothill, through mountain regions to the highestalpine sections, counts over 1,500 species. One shouldespecially point out the unique relic and endemicspecies of FYR Macedonian and Balkan flora. Themountain and its natural resources were severely affect-ed during the war in FYR Macedonia in 2001.

87. Vardar RiverWastewater

The section of the Vardar River between Skopje andNegotino is categorised as class III and IV according tonational standards. It suffers significant pollution from



wastewater (265,557 cubic metres per day) dischargedinto the river, which contains suspended materials(193,974 kilograms per day), biological oxygen demandfor 5 days (BOD5) of 55,130 kg/day, nitrogen (13.06kg/day), and phosphorus (42,347 kg/day).

According to the Physical Plan of Republic ofMacedonia, water-protection projects are needed torecultivate several landfills (Banjica, Vardariste,Jugohrom, MHK Zletovo, the OHIS industrial landfill,and the Okta refinery landfill), and to build a waste-water treatment plant for all major cities downstream ofthe Vardar River.

88. Pcinja RiverWater quality

The section of the Pcinja River from Kumanovo tothe Vardar River is categorised as class III and IVaccording to national standards.

According to the Physical Plan of Republic ofMacedonia, projects are needed to recultivate the lagoonsof the Kumanovo pig farm and the communal landfill ofKumanovo, to establish protected areas for geothermalunderground water near Kumanovo, and to build a waste-water treatment plant for wastewater from Kumanovo.

89. Bregalnica RiverWater quality

The section of the Bregalnica River from Stip to theVardar River is categorised as class III and IV accordingto national standards. According to the Physical Plan ofRepublic of Macedonia, water-protection projects areneeded to recultivate the landfill in Stip and the landfillin Kocani, as well as the lagoons of the paper factory inKocani; to monitor heavy metals in the ground aroundSveti Nikole, Orizari and Stip; and to establish protect-ed areas for geothermal zones in Kezovica, Dobrevo,and Istibanja.

90. Zletovska RiverWater quality

The section of the Zletovska River from Probistip tothe Bregalnica River is categorised as class III and IVaccording to national standards. The Kiselicka Riverneeds to be protected from the slag landfill of theZletovo mine.

91. Crna RiverWater quality

Part of the Crna River is categorised as class III accord-ing to national standards. According to the Phisical Plan ofthe Republic of Macedonia, water-protection projects areneeded to recultivate the landfill at REK Bitola and the

communal landfills in Bitola, Prilep and Kavadarci. Awastewater treatment plant is needed for wastewater inPrilep and industrial wastewater from Fenimak.

92. Ohrid LakeWater quality

Ohrid Lake is a transboundary lake in southwestFYR Macedonia, with Albania on its western bank. Itcovers 349 square kilometres, of which 230 km2 (66 per-cent) belongs to FYR Macedonia. UNESCO classified itas a world natural heritage site in 1979. It is a natural,cultural and historical monument and the cradle ofancient civilisations. Because of its oligotrophic state, itis one of the largest biological reserves in Europe, shel-tering unique flora and fauna that are extinct elsewhere.Due to its age, many of Lake Ohrid’s aquatic species areendemic, including 10 of its 17 fish species. The qualityand hydrological conditions of Lake Ohrid are tied tothose of Lake Prespa, as half of Lake Ohrid’s watercomes from Lake Prespa through an undergroundaquifer and natural siphoning mechanism.

Lake Ohrid is an important cultural and tourist assetfor FYR Macedonia, as the country has no maritimeaccess. For some time, the development of human set-tlements and tourist infrastructures has been placing astrain on the lake. At present, more than 100,000 peoplelive and work along its banks and exert environmentalpressure (domestic activities; tourism; textile, metal,electrical industries; agriculture; and fishing). A sewagecollection ring has been built to collect discharge fromElsani to Struga (one-third of the lake shore) and bringthe wastewater to treatment plants in Ohrid and Struga.However, a few villages and industrial facilities havenot been connected to it yet and pollution from agricul-ture is still uncontrolled. An additional pollution surplusis generated by tourism during the high season.Different pieces of legislation specific to the lake aim tocontrol the human activities that could endanger it, suchas fishing, the use of phosphate-containing detergent,and the introduction of exotic fish species. However,there is no harmonisation in the objectives and legisla-tion regarding the lake or its management between thetwo border countries, which seriously impairs its sus-tainable management.

93. Prespa LakeWater quality

Prespa Lake has a total volume of 4.78 billion cubicmetres, with a water surface of 328 square kilometres, atotal length of 43.3 km, a width of 16.4 km, and a maxi-mum depth of 55.55 metres. FYR Macedonia shares thelake with Albania and Greece, so that 197 km2 of its watersurface belongs to FYR Macedonia, 48.4 km2 to Albaniaand 82.3 km2 to Greece. Its catchment area is 1,046.25



km2, of which 571 km2 belong to FYR Macedonia. LakePrespa is on the international list of protected natural her-itage as a Ramsar site. During the past 15 years the lake’swater level has declined significantly.

94. Dojran LakeWater quality

Located in the southeast of the country, Lake Dojranis the third most important but the smallest natural lakein Macedonia. It is shared with Greece. Its total watersurface is 43 square kilometres, of which 25.62 km2

belong to Macedonia and 17.07 km2 to Greece. Duringthe past 15 years its water table has fallen because ofnatural hydrologic phenomena, dry climate cycles andhuman use. Lake Dojran is an isolated ecosystem withunique flora and fauna that are threatened. The lake hasbeen severely affected by the diversion of waters andexcessive abstractions. It has lost about 5 million cubicmetres of water since 1978, and many of its plantspecies are dying out. Urgent action is needed to buildan additional water supply system to preserve the lakewith additional water from the Konska River.

95. KocaniSewage connections

Of the population of 26,364 about 70 percent is con-nected to the sewer system.

Serbia and MontenegroMontenegro

96. PljevljaPollution

The main pressures on Pljevlja come from a lignite-fuelled thermal power plant, a small boiler plant, acoalmine, a cement factory (not in operation) and trans-port. Pollution prevention/control measures are almostnon-existent. There is no treatment of communal waste-water, and almost no treatment of industrial waste-water. The main industries include mining, energy gen-eration, and wood processing. The town of Pljevlja hasclose to 22,000 inhabitants, of which 85 percent is con-nected to the sewage system.

The thermal power plant is the principal source ofindustrial pollution. Its effects, coupled with pollutionfrom other industrial facilities (such as those mentionedabove) pose multiple environmental threats to thePljevlja region.

The mean annual values for sulphur dioxide exceedprescribed standards. Increased concentrations of par-ticulate matter, fluorides and hydrocarbon matter havealso been recorded during recent years. Pljevlja

Municipality has close to 40,000 inhabitants. Due toarea configuration (the town is located in a valley) andlocal air movements, air pollution problems are exacer-bated during the winter season. Even though there is noconclusive data on the link between health and envi-ronmental problems, a higher incidence of some healthproblems in the areas (typically referred to as “pollutionblack spots”) is observed. The frequency of respiratorydiseases in Pljevlja Municipality, for example, is said tobe markedly above the republic average.

97. PodgoricaPollution

The main pressures on the city of Podgorica(134,000 inhabitants, sewage connection rate 92 per-cent) come from an aluminium plant (KAP) and trans-port. It operates without any pollution abatement meas-ures. Podorica is the only urban centre in Montenegrowith a wastewater treatment plant (mechanical treat-ment). The plant has an installed capacity of 55,000population equivalent (PE), but is operated at about75,000 PE, which reduces treatment efficiency. The vol-ume of treated wastewater corresponds to less than halfof what is presently being generated by the city (about11 million cubic metres per year).

The Podgorica landfill (municipal waste) is locatedsome 8 kilometres from the town, and 25,000 peoplelive in its vicinity. Due to improper waste treatment(burning and covering with a layer of soil) and pooroperation, the landfill poses significant threats to air,soil, groundwater and human health.

The aluminium plant is estimated to be generating350,000 to 420,000 tonnes of red mud (residue from cath-ode production) per year. The plant has two basins forthe disposal of red mud, neither of which has properinsulation layers. A key industrial polluter is KAP (alu-minium plant), with impacts on air, soil and groundwater(also posing a threat to the biodiversity of Lake Shkoder).Besides common pollutants (such as carbon and sulphurdioxide), KAP also emits toxic substances such as fluo-rides, fluorocarbons, phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydro-carbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).

Fluorides and hydrocarbons are the two pollutantswhose concentrations have been exceeding maximumallowed concentrations during the past few years.Fluorides exceed the standards by a factor of 1.2-1.5.The population of Podgorica Municipality is 166,000(around 135,000 live in the city itself).

An area where health problems can arguably belinked to groundwater and air pollution is Zeta Plain inPodgorica Municipality, due to the operation of an alu-minium plant. Zeta Plain is a significant agriculturalarea; vegetables and other agricultural produce fromthis area are consumed throughout Montenegro.

A N N E X 3 : F U L L L I S T O F H O T S P O T SF Y R M A C E D O N I A • S E R B I A A N D M O N T E N E G R O M O N T E N E G R O


A N N E X 3 : F U L L L I S T O F H O T S P O T SM O N T E N E G R O


epublika Srpska

Kosovo


Republika Srpska

A L B A N I A

B O S N I AA N D

E R Z E G O V I N A

F Y R M A C

Serbia

Montenegro


Tirana

Brindisi

Shkodra

Lushnje

Durres

Berat

Zenica

Valjevo

Tuzla

Brcko

Sabac

Pancevo

Niksic

Mostar

BijeljinaBanja Luka

Florina

Peshkopi

Kukes

Korce

Elbasan

Urosevac

Titov Veles

Tetovo

Smederevo

Prizren

Pristina

Prile

Pec

Paracin

Ohrid

Novi Pazar

Kragujevac

Gnjilane

Bitola

Gostivar

Kosovska Mitrovica

Pale

Gorazde

Priboj

BijeloPolje

Bar

Ploce

Doboj

Srebrenica

Foca

Kastoria

Uzice

Neum

Dakovica

Kotor

Shengjin

Belgrade

Sarajevo

Podgorica

Skopj

TI A

C

AL

PS

NORTHALBANIAN

ALPS

SA

RP L A

NI N A

Lake

Lake

LakeScutari

Ohrid

Prespa

Sava

Drina

Piva

Tara

A d r i a t i c

S e a

Danube

103

103103

103

103103100

98

102

105

96104

99

99

101

101

101

106

97

Dubrovnik

Fier

98. NiksicIronworks

Transport and the Boris Kidric ironworks are themain sources of air pollution. Besides the typical pollu-tants released from the burning of fossil fuels, BorisKidric also releases heavy metals, polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons and toxic particulate matter.

There is no wastewater treatment for the town of60,000 inhabitants, of which 54 percent are connectedto the sewage system. The main industries include iron-working and brewing. The waste disposal site (for bothmunicipal and industrial wastes) does not meet sanitaryrequirements, and the risks from inadequate waste dis-posal are growing.

Concentrations of fluorides and hydrocarbons oftenexceed the maximum allowed concentrations. The totalnumber of people living in Niksic Municipality is closeto 78,000 (of which 59,000 live in the town itself).

99. Berane and Bijelo PoljeWastewater

Berane and Bijelo Polje are situated on the banks ofthe Lim River. Berane has a population of approximate-ly 14,000 and 42 percent of the population is connectedto the sewage system. Industry includes paper and cel-lulose manufacturing (factory not in operation) andmetal processing. The population of Bijelo Poljeexceeds 20,000 of which 48 percent are connected tothe sewage system. The main industry is textile work-ing. There is no treatment of wastewater in either town.

100. Kotor, Tivat and Herceg Novi – Bay of Boka Wastewater

There is no wastewater treatment in the agglomera-tions situated around the Bay of Boka. The permanentpopulation of the three towns is around 52,000, whilethe population increases two to three times during thetourist season. Connection to the sewage system is 50percent in Kotor and 92 percent in Herceg Novi, butTivat has no sewage system at all. Industrial capacitiesinclude the chemical industry, shipyards and others. Ingeneral, the quality of seawater does not meet the bac-teriological requirements for the prescribed class ofbathing water. Due to its shape and a low rate of waterexchange with the open sea, the Bay of Boka is partic-ularly susceptible to water pollution.

101. Budva, Bar and Ulcinj – southern coastWastewater

There is no wastewater treatment in the towns ofBudva, Bar and Ulcinj. The total permanent population is44,000 and sewage connection rates range from 48 percent

(Ulcinj) to 93 percent (Budva). Tourism, the Port of Barand the food processing industry contribute to water treat-ment problems. In general, the quality of seawater in thevicinity of tourist centres does not meet the bacteriologicalrequirements for the prescribed class of bathing water.

102. MojkovacWaste disposal

The Mojkovac disposal site contains mining tailingsand industrial waste from lead and zinc production, andit occupies and area of 20 hectares. The site is locatedon the bank of Tara River — part of Durmitor NationalPark, and the river is protected by an earth and graveldamn, reinforced by concrete. This site poses a seriousthreat to the population and the environment, especial-ly in the case of an accident or of heavy rainfall.

103. Coastal regionWaste disposal

There are several waste disposal sites in the narrowcoastal area. None of these meet sanitary requirements.Waste dumps are often burned, and in some cases,wastes are even dumped into the sea. The coastal areais the most densely populated region in Montenegro,and waste generation increases significantly during thetourist season.

104. Cehotina and Vezisnica rivers Water quality

Increased concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorous,phenols and mineral oils threaten the Cehotina andVezisnica rivers, downstream from Pljevlja. The situa-tion is particularly alarming with the Vezisnica River.

105. Lim RiverWater quality

Increased concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorous,phenols and mineral oils threaten the Lim River down-stream from Berane and Bijelo Polje.

106. Moraca RiverPollution

Increased concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorous,phenols and mineral oils have been recorded in theMoraca River area downstream from Podorica.Biological oxygen demand (BOD5) at the outlet ofwastewater treatment plant is in the range of 8-40 mil-ligrams per litre. Groundwater pollution is recorded inthe area south of the Podgorica aluminium plant, whereconcentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, and fluoride exceed-ed the prescribed standards.

A N N E X 3 : F U L L L I S T O F H O T S P O T SM O N T E N E G R O


Serbia

107. ObrenovacAir pollution

The main air pollution sources in Obrenovac arelignite-fuelled thermal power plants Nikola Tesla Aand B, with lignite supplied from Kolubara basin. TheKolubara-Obrenovac corridor consists of lignite-firedpower plants, related ash pits, and lignite mines.Pollution in the 40-kilometre corridor has a majorimpact on air quality and results in a high level of res-piratory problems in the region. Ash and slag deposi-tion, from Thermal Power plant Nikola Tesla A and BObrenovac, cover a 980-hectare area and requireurgent reclamation.

108. LazarevacThermal power plant

The main environmental pressures in Lazarevac (55kilometres south of Belgrade) come from the Kolubarathermal power plant, as well as from open coal pit andnon-cultivated ash deposits. Lignite production wasabout 26 million tonnes during the 1990s. The districtsof Kostolac and Kolubara are the most problematic. Themain pollutants are sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides,dust, carbon monoxide, from the thermal power plant;and flying ash, sulphur dioxide, cobalt, nickel, arsenic,cadmium, lead, copper and zinc from the process ofcoal exploitation.

In the Kolubara basin, four coal mines producewaste that occupies an area of 5,783 hectares, fromwhich only 36 percent of the land was re-cultivated.

109. KostolacThermal power plants

The main air pollution sources for Kostolac are thelignite-fuelled Drmno and Kostolac thermal powerplants, as well as an open coal pit and non-cultivatedash depot. The installation capacity of the two thermalpower plants is about 900 megawatts, with about 20million kilowatt-hours per day. According to measure-ments performed by Electric Power of Serbia (EPS), itsfour thermal power plants generated about 287,000tonnes of sulphur dioxide and 55,380 tonnes of nitro-gen dioxide in 2001. The main land pressures are fromwastes from three mines, which are deposited over atotal surface of 1,719 hectares, from which 34 percent ofthe land was rehabilitated, and 166 hectares of ash andslag deposited from the Kostolac thermal power plant.

110. SmederevoAir pollution

Sartid’s iron and steel production is the main sourcesof air pollution in Smederevo, which has 62,700 inhab-itants. The mean values of maximum allowed concen-trations (MAC) for soot were exceeded. The MAC forsoot was exceeded on 10-50 percent of all days. Thetotal number of people living in Smederevo is 110,000.The number of people whose health is endangered islarger, because a number of people living in neigh-bouring settlements work in Smederevo.

111. BeocinAir pollution

The Beocinska Fabrika Cementa cement factory isthe main source of sulphur-dioxide and nitrogen-oxideemissions. About 16,000 inhabitants live in Beocin,which is near Novi Sad.

112. ParacinAir pollution

The major source of air pollution is the NoviPopovac cement factory near Paracin.

113. SuboticaAir pollution

The Zorka and Azotara chemical factories producenitrogenous compounds and fertilisers, which are themain sources of air pollution in Subotica. About 107,000inhabitants live in Subotica.

114. ZrenjaninWater pollution

There are numerous sources of water pollution inZrenjanin resulting from commercial activities. Termikaproduces thermo-isolating materials, Izolir producesplastic panes and other products, Luxol and Delta Inproduce soaps and detergents, Delhem produces chem-icals and agricultural products, and Jugoremedija pro-duces pharmaceutics. Zrenjanin has 79,500 inhabitants.

115. VrbasWater pollution

Industry impacts the environment in Vrbas. Carnexproduces and processes meat, Vital produces vegetableoil and fats, and Sava Kovacevic produces silk fibresand textiles. These are the main polluters of theDanube-Tisa-Danube channel. The channel’s water istherefore of sub-standard quality. About 26,000 inhabi-tants live in Subotica.

A N N E X 3 : F U L L L I S T O F H O T S P O T SS E R B I A




ika Srpska

Vojvodina

Kosovo

ation of BosniaHerzegovina

Republika Srpska

A T I A

H U N G A R Y

B O S N I AA N D

R Z E G O V I N A

BULG.


Serbia

Montenegro

R O M A N I A


Tirana

Vukovar

Subotica

Slavonski Brod

Osijek

Szekszard

Pecs

kanizsa

Kaposvar

Timisoara

Resita

Petroseni

HunedoaraDeva

Arad

Zrenjanin

Kikinda

Szeged

Hodmezovasarhely

Shkodra

Durres

Valjevo

Brcko

Sabac

Pancevo

Ruma

Niksic

Mostar

Dubrovnik

Bijeljinanja Luka

Peshkopi

Kukes

Elbasan

Vidin Calafat

Pernik

Montana

Kyustendil

SeverinDrobeta-Turnu

Vranje

Urosevac

Titov Veles

Tetovo

Strumica

Stip

Smederevo

Prizren

Pristina

Prilep

Pec

Paracin

Ohrid

Novi Pazar

Kumanovo

Kraljevo

Gnjilane

Bor

Bitola

Gostivar

Kosovska Mitrovica

Pale

Gorazde

Priboj

BijeloPolje

Bar

Novi Sad

loce

Doboj

Srebrenica

Foca

Vrsac

Nis

Uzice

Tirgu-Jiu

Neum

Dakovica

Berane

Kotor

Shengjin

Sombor

Belgrade

Sarajevo

Podgorica

Skopje

AL

PS

TRAN

SYLV

ANIAN ALPS

BALKANMTS.

NORTHALBANIAN

ALPS

B A N A T

SA

RP L A

NI N A

NO

NI A N

B A S I N

Lake

Lake

LakeScutari

Ohrid

Sava

DanubeTisa

Danub

e

Danube

Morava

Vardar

Drina

Piva

Tara

Mures

Tisza

A d r i a t i c

S e a

Danube

113

115 127

127

114

118

112

127

122133

108

117123

135

128111108

134

109

129124

132

132

116

119

121126

130

120

131

125

110107

116. KrusevacIndustrial pollution

Production and processing are the main sources ofpollution in Krusevac (population 57,400). Ciglana pro-duces roofing tiles and bricks, Trayal korporacija pro-duces vehicle tyres, Merima produces soaps and deter-gents, and Zupa produces inorganic chemicals.

117. BelgradePollution

Belgrade is the largest town in Serbia with 1,576,000inhabitants. It also has complex and numerous environ-mental pressures. There are many potential industrialaccidents in or near the town. Other pressures come fromthe high number of heating objects, as well as largeindustrial complex in Belgrade (Prva iskra Baric, TPPObrenovac,). The maximum allowable concentration(MAC) for soot is exceeded at single measuring points on141 days per year in Belgrade, and transport is the mainsource of poor air quality. In the past decade numerousillegal settlements have sprouted up that lack basic livingconditions. For example, 19,000 Roma live in 64 “unhy-gienic” (meaning no piped water in the house or yard)settlements, usually in shacks, in Belgrade. Water supplycoverage in Belgrade is 80 percent, and sewerage cover-age about 65 percent. The mean annual values for sootand particulate matter exceeded the MAC. The number ofdays that soot exceeded the MAC for was 15-40 percent.The air pollution indices for basic pollutants place airquality in the fourth category.

Results of the Specific Pollutants Analysis indicatedthat the MAC was exceeded for ammonia andhydrochloric acid (about 25 percent of total measure-ments), and for carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, andlead (the mean annual value twice exceeded the MAC).

118. Novi SadOil refineries

The main environmental pressures on Novi Sadcome from the production of crude oil in two refineriesof NIS Novi Sad with a capacity of 1 million tonnes andproduction of 6,500,000 tonnes per year. The main partof the refinery’s production is performed in industrialzones near residential areas. Novi Sad is a town of about234,000 inhabitants.

119. NisPollution and water

Nis is the third largest city in Central Serbia with173,400 inhabitants. It is a highly industrialised townwith, for example, production of metal constructionmaterials, machines for metal processing, and other

metal production and processing, an electronic industry,and production of roofing tiles and bricks. Water supplycoverage is 90 percent, and sewerage coverage is 70 per-cent. The mean annual values for particulate matterexceeded the maximum allowable concentration (MAC).The value of high concentration of soot has beenexceeded in past years (in 2000, C98 was 179 µg/m3). Theair pollution indices for basic pollutants indicate the sec-ond and fourth categories of air quality. The analyses ofspecific pollutants showed that cadmium levels consider-ably exceeded the MAC (50 percent of samples), whilehydrogen sulphide and ammonium were slightly over.

120. Majdampek Mining

Degraded land of about 12,060 hectares is a result ofmining activities in the Majdampek mine basin, includ-ing the disposal of flotation waste.

121. BorAir pollution

The mean value for sulphur dioxide exceeded themaximum allowable concentration (MAC). The numberof days that sulphur dioxide exceeded the MAC wasbetween 20-50 percent. The air pollution indices of thebasic pollutants indicate fifth-degree air quality. Arsenicand cadmium in the soot most frequently exceeded theallowed values. The lead and cadmium in the sedimentmaterial occasional exceeded the allowed limits. Thetotal number of people living in town is 56,000. Thenumber of people whose health is endangered is larger,due to the number of people living in neighbouring set-tlements who work at RTB Bor.

Exposure to the negative effects of the year-long activ-ities of the mining and metallurgic complex of RTB Borpresents a high level of health risk for residents of thetown (about 56,000). The number of people whose healthis at risk is larger, however, due to the number of peopleliving in neighbouring settlements who work in RTB.

HealthBad air quality (especially sulphur dioxide, arsenic

and cadmium in soot, as well as lead and cadmium in sed-iment material) causes health problems such as increasedbronchial and laryngeal diseases. Diseases of the diges-tive system and infectious and parasitic diseases, aredirect results of poor-quality drinking water.

122. SabacIndustrial pollution

Sabac is a town of about 63,000 inhabitants. Themain negative effects to the area come from the chem-ical and metallurgy factory of Zorka Sabac.



Zorka/Ferrous-metals produces metal sulphates,Zorka/Poliplast produces primary plastic materials andZorka/Fertiliser produces fertilisers and chemicals foragriculture. The percentage of wastewater treatment isvery low. Toxic pollution has been recorded in sedi-ments downstream from Sabac. The mean annual val-ues for soot and particulate matter exceeded the max-imum allowable concentration. The number of daysthe maximum allowable concentration was exceededfor soot was about 30 percent. The value of the highconcentration of soot was exceeded in past years (in2000 C98 was 334 µg/m3). The air pollution indices ofthe basic pollutants indicate that air quality is in thefourth category.

HealthMany diseases have been recorded that are direct

and indirect consequences of environmental pollutionin Sabac. The increase of respiratory diseases can becaused by the high level of air pollution (soot, particularmatter, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, etc.). Diseasesof the digestive system are a direct result of poor-qualitydrinking water, as are infectious and parasitic diseases.

123. PancevoIndustrial pollution

Pancevo, a town of about 91,000 inhabitants, has amajor industrial complex, including an oil refinery of 3.5-megatonne capacity. HIP Petrohemija produces primaryplastic materials, and HIP Azotara produces nitric acid,sulpho-nitric acids and ammonia in aqueous solution. Italso manufactures pesticides and other agro-chemicalproducts. The industrial complex lies on the southern edgeof town. An artificial canal carries storm water and waste-water runoff from the complex directly into the Danube.

The mean annual values for the particulate matterexceeded the maximum allowable concentration(MAC). The number of days exceeding the MAC for sootwas about 10 percent. The analyses of specific pollu-tants showed that levels of ammonium considerablyexceeded the MAC.

HealthBad air quality causes health problems, such as

increased bronchial and laryngeal diseases, especially inthe industrial region of Pancevo. Some recent epidemio-logical studies have found that poor living conditionsand drinking water quality are negatively affectinghealth. Samples of subterranean water, both from shal-low and deep groundwater, point to extreme values ofchlorinated hydrocarbons. These waters are used forsupplying water to inhabitants and for irrigating agricul-tural areas. The NATO bombing of 1999 resulted in pol-lution to the ambient environment in the area, includingseveral toxic substances such as dichlorethane, mercury

and other heavy metals, PCB oils and petroleum productwastes, and phenols. Levels of these pollutants are fre-quently found to exceed national and EU standards.

124. KragujevacIndustrial pollution

The town of Kragujevac has 146,000 inhabitants andsuffers from pollution from various forms of industry.Zastava runs a car factory, Azma produces asbestos andasbestos-based products, and Filip Kljajic runs a metalprocessing factory. Due to expansion of the settlement,the main factories are within the township. The meanannual values for sulphur dioxide and particulate mat-ter exceeded the MAC. The air pollution indices of basicpollutants indicate air quality of the fifth category.

125. UziceAir pollution

About 83,000 inhabitants live in Uzice. The meanannual values for soot there exceeded the maximumallowable concentration (MAC). The number of daysthat soot levels exceeded the MAC was between 30-60percent. The air pollution indices of basic pollutantsindicated 5th category air quality.

126. The Borska River, near BorWater quality

The Borska River represents an open collector of theindustrial wastewater from the town of Bor, as well asRTB Bor, and therefore it is completely degraded to theout-of-class condition.

127. Banat waterways Water quality

The Banat waterways include the Sari Begej, PlovniBegej, Zlatica, Krivaja, Keres, Bosut, and Studva rivers,as well as the Danube-Tisa-Danube channel network.The quality of these waters at the bordering profile fromRomania, according to many parameters, correspondsmainly to the fouth class, according to the disturbedoxygen, available nutrients, high concentration oforganic and suspended material, ammonium andnitrates, anaerobic changes, sporadic phenol, as well asmicrobiological pollution of these surface waters (faecalpollution, potential presence of pathogen bacteria, pro-tozoa, viruses, and intestinal parasites). The dischargedmicrobiological pollution well surpasses the self-purifi-cation capacity of the recipients (small rivers or chan-nels). The overall water quality of those waterways cor-respond to the fourth class, or are out-of-class.



128. Topciderska River, in BelgradeWater quality

During 2000, as in previous years, the river’s waterwas highly polluted by organic and industrial waste.High concentrations of iron and manganese werefound, and, in some samples, of mineral oil. The waterof the Topciderska River falls in the fourth category.

129. Velika Morava River and its tributariesWater quality

According to research findings, the waters of theVelika Morava River and its tributaries — the Crnica,Lugomir, Belica, Lepenica and Veliki Lug rivers — arepolluted with organic material, particularly during thesummer months, causing its degradation to the fourthclass during periods of extremely low waters. Otherparameters were mostly corresponding to class 2. Due tothe levels of disturbed oxygen, available nutrients, con-tent of organic and suspended material, as well as ammo-nium, nitrates occurrence, anaerobic changes, sporadicphenol, as well as microbiological pollution, these sur-face waters — the waters of the tributaries to VelikaMorava — were most often in the out-of-class category.

130. Veliki Timok RiverWater quality

The waters of the Veliki Timok were analysed inBrusnik. Some improvements were detected in compar-ison to the previous period, but the waters of this rivercorrespond to the 4th class, or are out-of-class condi-tion, due to the presence of metals and suspensions.

131. Djerdap National ParkPollution

The Djerdap National Park represents the greatestnatural and archaeological museum in Europe.Transboundary and local pollution is the strongestthreat to the freshwater ecosystem, and biodiversitychanges due to the various levels of influence by sapro-bic processes and eutrophication. The construction ofhydroelectric plants in Djerdap killed off economicallyimportant anadromous species upstream of the dam.

132. Kopaonik National ParkNatural values

The Kopaonik National Park spreads over the high-est parts of Mt. Kopaonik, the biggest mountain inSerbia. A vast, mountainous and relatively flat region atan altitude of about 1,700 meters forms the basis of thisnational park. Kopaonik is characterised by a largenumber of autochthonous species of flora and fauna.High pressures from tourist and telecommunication

demands present one of the biggest threats to naturalfeatures of this valuable natural area.

133. Obedska Bara wetland Development pressures

Obedska Bara is one of the best known Europeanwetlands. The reduction of the flood zone, the devasta-tion of natural forest and its replacement by poplarplantations exert additional influence on the loss ofimportant wetlands functions.

134. Carska bara-Stari Begej wetland Eutrophication

Intensive eutrophication caused by nutrients from thesurrounding agricultural areas and settlements has speed-ed up the process of natural overgrowth of the wetland.

135. Deliblatska pescara Threatened ecosystem

Deliblatska pescara is the biggest and most impor-tant centre of steppe or Pontic flora and fauna biodiver-sity in this part of Europe. The autochthonous sandy,steppe and forest ecosystems are interchanging in thisinteresting area.

Kosovo (territory under UN interim administration)

136. ObilicThermal power plants

Two power plants in Obiliq (located in the region ofPristina) use lignite in the production of electricalpower. Problems with filtering exist, and one of thethermal plant does not use filters at all. The area affect-ed is the most densely populated in Kosovo (approxi-mately 800,000).

Treatment for industrial water Industrial wastewater and phenol waters from KEK

Obiliq are discharged into the Sitnica River. This iscross-boundary pollution. The last incident was inFebruary 2003.

Flying ashThere is a total of 49,278,822 tonnes of ash stored

openly in Obiliq near the Kosovo A and B thermal powerplants. The ash occupies a total area of 165 hectares. Itcontains heavy metals, and since it is in the open the winddisperses the ash broadly. The most effected area is theregion of Pristina.

A N N E X 3 : F U L L L I S T O F H O T S P O T SS E R B I A • K O S O V O


A N N E X 3 : F U L L L I S T O F H O T S P O T SK O S O V O


Kosovo

blikaka

A L B A N I A

A

I N A

BULG


Serbia

Montenegro


Tirana

Shkodra

Lushnje

Durres

Berat

Valjevo

Tuzla

Brcko

Sabac

Pancevo

Ruma

Niksic

Bijeljina

Florina Edessa

Peshkopi

Kukes

Korce

Elbasan

Vidin Calafa

Pernik

Montan

Kyustend

SeverinDrobeta-Turnu

Vranje

Urosevac

Titov Veles

Tetovo

Strumica

Stip

Smederevo

Prizren

Pristina

Prilep

Pec

Paracin

Ohrid

Novi Pazar

Kumanovo

Kragujevac

Gnjilane

Bor

Bitola

Gostivar

Mitrovica

Pale

Gorazde

Priboj

BijeloPolje

Bar

Srebrenica

Foca

Thessalon

Nis

Uzice

g

Dakovica

Berane

Kotor

Shengjin

Belgrade

Podgorica

Skopje

Fier

TRAN

SYLV

A

BALKANMTS

NORTHALBANIAN

ALPS

SA

RP L A

NI N A

Lake

Lake

LakeScutari

Ohrid

Prespa

Sava

Danube

Morava

Vardar

Drina

Piva

Tara

c

Danube

136

141

140

137

142

139

143

138

137. PristinaWaste water treatment

Pristina is the capital of Kosovo and has the highestpopulation in Kosovo around 545,477. The problem isthat all the untreated waste waters are reaching theSitnica Rver, which streams into the Iber River, and theneventually into the Danube.

138. MitrovicaWastewater treatment

Wastewater from Mitrovica is discharged into theIber River, which then flows into the Danube.According to monitoring, the Iber has level III pollutedwater.

Trepca industrial complexThe industrial complex of Trepca is currently inac-

tive. However, there is historical industrial waste thatshould be treated.

Mitrovica Industrial Park One year ago, 21 rusty drums of dimethyl hydrazine

in Mitrovica Industrial Park were safely transferred into79 new 30-litre metal drums. The new drums are storedin a locked, fire-safe indoor storage facility withinMitrovica Industrial Park

Some radioactive sources are found in the same room,at Prvi Tunel, which are placed in concrete lined barrels.

Seven thousand tonnes of concentrated sulphuricacid remain in storage tanks at Mitrovica. One thousandtonnes have already been shipped out to Serbia by car,and the rest will be shipped out as soon as a replace-ment pump has been installed.

PCBs/PCTsThere are 3,000 litres of transformer oil in Mitrovica.

Leposavic concentrator/region of MitrovicaAbout 20 barrels of sodium cyanide are stored on

location. Even though it is not an immediate concern,the safety (relating to getting access) of the storageroom may be questionable.

Tuneli i Pare Concentrator in MitrovicaThe floatation plant stores 7-12 tonnes of sodium

cyanide. This cyanide was repacked into reliable drumsby the French KFOR troops during a cleanup operationin May. The drums are now in safe storage at the site.

Kisnica Concentrator, Region of Mitrovica There are 560 kilograms of sodium cyanide in safe

storage at the Kisnica Concentrator. The site also holds4 tonnes of sodium hydroxide, and the laboratory holds18,250 kg of non-utilised mercury. Mercury was earlierused at the laboratory for potentiometer titration.

Zvecan region of MitrovicaIn September 2002, approximately 1.5 tonnes of

arsenic trioxide was placed in new barrels by theFrench KFOR. They are now in safe storage on site.

139. KacanikWastewater treatment

The wastewater of Kacanik is discharged into theLepenc River, which then flows into the Vardar River inFYR Macedonia and then into the Aegean Sea.

140. DakovicaWastewater treatment

The agglomeration is without wastewater treatment(no further data provided).

141. PecWastewater treatment


142. GjilanWastewater treatment


BatteryA battery factory is not operational. The following

hazardous waste is stored there:

• hard rubber — 50 cubic metres;

• sludge from drainage ditch — 200 m3;

• porcelain isolators — 4 m3;

• paste waste from the lead recycling — 10 tonnes;and

• slab waste (battery waste) — 30 tonnes.

143. FYR Macedonia-Kosovo borderCement factory

The factory is privatised, and the owners are foreigninternationals. The cement factory is at the borderbetween FYR Macedonia and Kosovo, making the pol-lution a trans-boundary problem.

A N N E X 3 : F U L L L I S T O F H O T S P O T SK O S O V O


Full List of Hot Spots - web.rec.orgweb.rec.org/documents/peip/docs/list_of_hotspots_annex_3.pdf · Kotor Shengjin Veroia Podgorica Skopje Fier B A L K A N M T S. P I N D U S M T

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