8/6/2019 Fukushima 1- Nuclear Accidents, March http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/fukushima-1-nuclear-accidents-march 1/17 Fukushima I nuclear accidents 1 Fukushima I nuclear accidents Fukushima I nuclear accidents Satellite image of the Unit 3 moments after the second explosion on 14 March, 11:04 JST Date 11 March 2011 Time 14:46 JST (UTC+9) Location Ōkuma, Fukushima, Japan Coordinates 37°25′17″N 141°1′57″E Outcome Level 4 (Accident with local consequences) on the International Nuclear Event Scale [1] Reported injuries 15 (injuries), 3 (radiation sickness) [2] [3] The Fukushima I nuclear accidents are a series of ongoing events at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant, following the 11 March 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami. Commencing 13 March, other incidents have developed at the Fukushima Daini plant 11.5 kilometres (7.1 mi) to the south. On 11 March 2011, the Japanese government declared a "nuclear power emergency" due to a loss of coolant and evacuated thousands of residents living close to Fukushima I. About 170,000 – 200,000 people were evacuated after officials voiced the possibility of core damage. [4] [5] Twenty-two residents near the plant showed signs of radioactive contamination exposure, and three workers from the plant reported symptoms of radiation sickness, according to a statement in the New York Times, [6] but only one worker was confirmed by Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) as ill. [7] The release of fission products from the damaged nuclear reactor core, notably radioactive iodine-131, led Japanese officials to distribute iodine to the people living around Daiichi and Daini, because taking a dose of iodine can help protect the thyroid gland. [6] The next day, while evidence of partial meltdown of the fuel rods in Unit 1 was growing, a hydrogen explosion destroyed the upper story of the building housing Reactor Unit 1. The explosion injured four workers, but the container of the reactor remained intact. [8] [9] The explosion is believed to be the result of hydrogen reacting with atmospheric oxygen. Hydrogen is formed when the zircaloy cladding of the fuel rods oxidizes with water under high
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The Fukushima I nuclear accidents are a series of ongoing events at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant,
following the 11 March 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami. Commencing 13 March, other incidents have
developed at the Fukushima Daini plant 11.5 kilometres (7.1 mi) to the south.
On 11 March 2011, the Japanese government declared a "nuclear power emergency" due to a loss of coolant andevacuated thousands of residents living close to Fukushima I. About 170,000 – 200,000 people were evacuated after
officials voiced the possibility of core damage.[4] [5] Twenty-two residents near the plant showed signs of radioactive
contamination exposure, and three workers from the plant reported symptoms of radiation sickness, according to a
statement in the New York Times,[6] but only one worker was confirmed by Tokyo Electric Power Company
(TEPCO) as ill.[7] The release of fission products from the damaged nuclear reactor core, notably radioactive
iodine-131, led Japanese officials to distribute iodine to the people living around Daiichi and Daini, because taking a
dose of iodine can help protect the thyroid gland.[6]
The next day, while evidence of partial meltdown of the fuel rods in Unit 1 was growing, a hydrogen explosion
destroyed the upper story of the building housing Reactor Unit 1. The explosion injured four workers, but the
container of the reactor remained intact.[8] [9] The explosion is believed to be the result of hydrogen reacting with
atmospheric oxygen. Hydrogen is formed when the zircaloy cladding of the fuel rods oxidizes with water under high
temperatures,[10] which was vented along with steam from the containment vessel into the building in order to
reduce pressure within the containment.[11] [12]
On 13 March 2011, a partial meltdown at Unit 3 appeared also possible. As of 13:00, 13 March, JST, both reactors 1
and 3 had been vented and were being filled with water and boric acid to both cool and inhibit further nuclear
reactions.[13] Unit 2 was reported to have lower than normal water level but to be stable, although pressure inside the
containment vessel was high.
[13]
The Japan Atomic Energy Agency announced that it was rating the situation atUnits 1 and 3 as Level 4 (accident with local consequences) on the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES). [14]
170,000 – 200,000 people were evacuated after officials voiced the possibility of a meltdown.[4] [15]
On 14 March, the reactor building for Unit 3 exploded as well,[16] injuring eleven people. It appears there was no
release of radioactive material and TEPCO has said it was contained within the reactor bunker. [17] TEPCO shares
dropped 24% in this first day of trading after the tsunami. [18] The president of the French nuclear safety authority,
Autorité de sûreté nucléaire (ASN), said that the accident should be rated as a 5 or even a 6 on INES. [19]
On 15 March, it was apparent problems with the vents on Unit 2 meant pressure in its containment vessel had
impeded water flow into it to the extent that Unit 2 was in the most severe condition of the three reactors, and an
explosion occurred at 06:14 Japan time.[20] The explosion in Unit 2 happened in the "pressure suppression room",
causing some damage to the reactor’s containment system.[20] [21] A fire broke out at Unit 4 and radiation levels at
the plant rose significantly.[22] The Nikkei 225 stock index plunged more than 1200 points, or 13% in the first few
hours of trading, as the government warned of elevated radiation risks.[23]
Overall assessment of risks by scientists
David A. Lochbaum of the Union of Concerned Scientists pointed to the fact that pools holding spent fuel rods in the
top level of the reactor buildings could release even bigger quantities of hazardous substances than a meltdown and
blow them high up into the atmosphere, if those rods should not be managed to be kept cooled at their position close
to the affected reactors so that the old rods would ignite. [24] [25]
Masashi Goto, a former Toshiba reactor researcher and designer, warned that mixed oxide (MOX) fuel used inreactor 3 of the Fukushima I (Daiichi) plant contained plutonium —a dangerous threat already in tiny doses —and
was, therefore, much more toxic than the fuel used in the other reactors. [26]
Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant
Cutaway drawing of a typical BWR Mark I
Containment, as used in units 1 to 5
The Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant is located in the town of Okuma
in the Futaba District of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. It consists of six
light water, boiling water reactors (BWR) with a combined power of
4.7 GW, making Fukushima I one of the 25 largest nuclear power
stations in the world. Fukushima I was the first nuclear plant to beconstructed and run entirely by the Tokyo Electric Power Company
(TEPCO).
The reactors for units 1, 2, and 6 were supplied by General Electric,
those for units 3 and 5 by Toshiba, and unit 4 by Hitachi. All
construction was done by Kajima.[27] Unit 1 is a 439 MWe type
(BWR3) reactor constructed in July 1967. It commenced commercial
electrical production on March 26, 1971, and was scheduled for
shutdown in March, 2011.[28] It was designed for a peak ground
acceleration of 0.18 g (1.74 m/s2) and a response spectrum based on
the 1952 Kern County earthquake.[29] Units 2 and 3 are both 784 MW type BWR-4 reactors, Unit 2 commenced
operating in July 1974 and Unit 3 in March 1976. All units were inspected after the 1978 Miyagi earthquake when
the ground acceleration was 0.125 g (1.22 m/s2) for 30 seconds, but no damage to the critical parts of the reactor was
discovered.[29]
Units 1 – 5 have a Mark 1 type (light bulb torus) containment structure, unit 6 has Mark 2 type (over/under)
containment structure.
[29]
From September 2010, unit 3 has been fueled by mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel.
[30]
Earthquake and tsunami
Diagrammatic representation of the
cooling systems of a BWR
An earthquake categorised as 9.0MW
on the moment magnitude scale occurred
on 11 March 2011, at 14:46 Japan Standard Time (JST) off the northeast coast of
Japan. On that day, reactor units 1, 2, and 3 were operating, but units 4, 5, and 6
had already been shut down for periodic inspection.[31] When the earthquake was
detected, units 1, 2 and 3 underwent an automatic shutdown (called scram).[32]
After the reactors shut down, electricity generation stopped. Normally the plant
could use the external electrical supply to power cooling and control systems, butthe earthquake had caused major damage to the power grid. Emergency diesel
generators started correctly but stopped abruptly at 15:41, ending all AC power
supply to the reactors. The plant was protected by a sea wall, but tsunami water
which followed after the earthquake easily topped this sea wall, flooding the low
lying generator building.[33] [34] Article 10 of the Japanese law on Special
condition requires authorities to be informed of such an incident: TEPCO did so
immediately and also issued a press release declaring a "First Level
Emergency".[32]
Cooling is needed to remove decay heat even when a plant has been shut down.
Nuclear fuel releases a small quantity of heat under all conditions, but the chain reaction when a reactor is operating
creates short lived decay products which take several days to entirely cease releasing heat at above the shutdown
level (typically 5% of operating power, here 20MW.). Boiling water reactors have steam-turbine driven emergency
core cooling systems that can be directly operated by steam produced after a reactor shutdown and can inject water
directly into the reactor. Using these pumps, boiling water reactors can provide water without electrically driven
pumps but only while the reactor is at pressure. This results in less dependence on emergency generators but only
operates so long as the reactor is safely producing steam, and some power is still needed to operate the valves and
monitoring systems. Achieving cold shutdown still requires motor-driven pumps to remove decay heat.
After the failure of the diesels, emergency power for control systems was supplied by batteries that would last abouteight hours.[35] Batteries from other nuclear plants were sent to the site and mobile generators arrived within 13
hours,[36] but work to connect portable generating equipment to power water pumps was still continuing as of 15:04
on 12 March.[37] Generators would normally be connected through switching equipment in a basement area of the
buildings, but this basement area had been flooded by the tsunami.[33]
the whole core suffers a meltdown”.[102] Soon after, Edano disclaimed that a meltdown was in progress. He stated
that the radioactive fuel rods had not partially melted and he emphasized that there was no danger for the health of
the population.[126] [127] Cabinet Secretary Edano said around 17 UTC on March 14 that there were signs that the
fuel rods were melting in all three reactors. "Although we cannot directly check it, it's highly likely happening". The
government does not use the term "meltdown", because that term could be misunderstood to mean radioactive
material had breached containment.[128] [129]
Evacuations
After the declaration of a nuclear emergency by the Government at 19:03 on 11 March, the Fukushima prefecture
ordered the evacuation of an estimated 1,864 people within a distance of 2km from the plant. This was extended to
3 kilometres (1.9 mi) and 5,800 people at 21:23 by a directive to the local governor from the Prime Minister,
together with instructions for residents within 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) of the plant to stay indoors.[37] [35] The
evacuation was expanded to a 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) radius at 5:44 on 12 March, and then to 20 kilometres (12 mi)
at 18:25, shortly before ordering use of sea water for emergency cooling. [37] [130]
Evacuations were also ordered around the nearby Fukushima II (Daini) plant. Residents within 3 kilometres (1.9 mi)
were ordered to evacuate at 07:45 on 12 March, again with instructions for those within 10km to stay indoors.Evacuation was extended to 10km by 17:39.[37] A journalistic investigation was stopped 60 kilometres (37 mi) from
the plants by police.[116] Over 50,000 people were evacuated during 12 March.[131] The figure increased to
170,000 – 200,000 people on 13 March, after officials voiced the possibility of a meltdown. [4] [5]
On the morning of 15 March, the evacuation area was again extended, as well as the area in which residents should
stay indoors. Prime Minister Naoto Kan stated, "The last remaining people within a 20km (12 mile) exclusion zone
around the plant had to leave, and that those living between 20km and 30km from the site should remain
indoors."[132] [133]
Reactions of nuclear authoritiesAt 01:17 JST on Sunday 13 March 2011, the Japan Atomic Energy Agency announced that it was rating the
Fukushima accidents at 4 (accident with local consequences) on the 0 – 7 International Nuclear Event Scale (INES),
below the Three Mile Island (TMI) accident in seriousness[14] which was at 5, a rating that would make the severity
of the Fukushima event comparable to Sellafield accidents between 1955 and 1979 that were also at 4.
This has been questioned by the French ASN nuclear safety authority. They say the accident can be classed as a 5 or
6, which would be comparable to or worse than the Three Mile Island accident.[134]
International reaction
As a result of the incident, many energy companies reliant on non-renewable sources and listed on stock exchangeshave seen drops in their stock prices, while, conversely, renewable energy companies have had dramatic increases in
value.[135]
Germany
During the chancellorship of Gerhard Schröder, the social democratic-green government had decreed Germany's
final retreat from using nuclear power by 2022, but the phase-out plan was delayed in late 2010, when during the
chancellorship of Angela Merkel the conservative-libertarian government decreed a 12-year delay of the
schedule.[136] This delay provoked protests, including a human chain of 50,000 from Stuttgart to the nearby nuclear
plant in Neckarwestheim. This protest had long been scheduled for March 12, which now happened to be the day of
the explosion of reactor block 1.[137] Merkel on 14 March 2011 about-faced and declared a 3-months moratorium onthe reactor lifespan extension passed in 2010.[138] It is not yet clear what Merkel's moratorium will mean in practice,
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[26] Tim Hornyak: Plutonium threat at Japan reactor, expert warns (http://news. cnet. com/8301-11386_3-20042852-76. html). CNET.com,
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[29] Brady, A. Gerald (1980). Ellingwood, Bruce. ed. An Investigation of the Miyagi-ken-oki, Japan, earthquake of June 12, 1978 (http://books.
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14/world/asia/japan-fukushima-nuclear-reactor. html) The New York Times 13 March 2011
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[36] Maugh II, Thomas H.; Vartabedian, Ralph (11 March 2011). "Damage at two Japan nuclear plants prompts evacuations" (http://www.
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• Second "Explosion" at Reactor No. 3 (http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=LuQOFasEOhQ) on YouTube
• Anatomy of a meltdown (http://blogs. nature.com/news/thegreatbeyond/2011/03/
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