JAMA Fuel Properties and Vehicle Fuel Properties and Vehicle Emissions Emissions Yasunori Yasunori TAKEI TAKEI Fuel & Lubricant committee Fuel & Lubricant committee Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association AVECC 2004 at Beijing, April 26 AVECC 2004 at Beijing, April 26-28, 2004 28, 2004 JAMA Automobiles and the Environment Automobiles and the Environment Urban Environment Urban Environment Global Environment Global Environment Emissions Emissions Economy Economy Convenience Convenience Energy Energy Security Security Alternative Fuels Alternative Fuels CO CO2 Recycle Recycle VOC,NOx,PM VOC,NOx,PM Safety Safety
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Fuel Properties and Vehicle Emissions - MECA · Fuel Properties and Vehicle Emissions Yasunori TAKEI Fuel & Lubricant committee ... Honda data of CRC Auto/Oil Symposium, Sept. ‘97
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JAMA
Fuel Properties and Vehicle Fuel Properties and Vehicle EmissionsEmissions
Relation between Gasoline Properties Relation between Gasoline Properties and Vehicle Performanceand Vehicle Performance
Properties Vehicle Performance
Sulfur
T50
T90
Aromatics
Olefins
Unwashed Gum
RVP / T10
Octane Number
Alcohol
Di-Olefins
FBP
Detergent
Startability
Driveability
Fuel economy
Evaporative emission
Power/Acceleration
Exhaust emission
Material compatibility
Engine Reliability
deposit
Knocking
Catalyst poisoning
Oxidized fuels
Engine oil degradation
Washed Gum
Metals Spark plug fouling
JAMA
Fuel Requirement from Automobile Fuel Requirement from Automobile
Automobile associations in US, Europe and Japan have developed world wide recommendations for “Quality fuels” called World Wide Fuel Charter (WWFC).JAMA strongly recommends WWFC, at least, comply with regulation.
Category 1:Category 1:Markets with no or first level of emission control
Category 2:Category 2:Markets with stringent requirements for emission control or other market demands.
Category 3:Category 3:Markets with advanced requirements for emission control or other market demands.
Category 4:Category 4:Markets with further advanced requirements for emission control, to enable sophisticated NOx and particulate matter after-treatment technologies.
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JAMA
Vehicle:3WAY Catalyst + Feedback↓ :Decreasing, ↑ :Increasing, ~:No tendency ×:Different tendency at each study
Note: Blank is no data
Summary of Existing Data AnalysisSummary of Existing Data Analysis
JCAP Conference, 30th Sept. 1998
↓:when fuel properties decreasing
× ×
Tailpipe Emissions
Fuel Properties
HC
CO
NO
x
Ben
zene
1,3-
But
adie
n
Form
alfe
hyde
Ace
toar
ehyd
e
RVPNo oxygenates blend ~ ↓ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Oxygenates blend ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Dist. T50 Aromatics 20~35v%Olefins 5~25v%
↓T90 ↓ ~ ~ ↓ ↓ ↓
Compos-itions
AromaticsOther propertiesis constant
↓ ↓ ↓ ~ ↑ ↑
Olefins ↑ ~ ↓ ~ ↓ ~ ~
Benzene ↓ ~ ~
Sulfur ditto ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ~ ~MTBE ditto ↑ ↑ ~ ↑ ~
Detergent ditto ↑ ↑ ×
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
×
↓~ ~ ~ ~↓~
~
JAMA
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
COCO
NOxNOx
HCHC
100
0100
0100
50
0
50%60%
45%5%
59%75%
48%8%
Change test cycle(10 mode→10・15 mode)
8%27%50
50
2.6%
2.6%
1.6%
2005
0.8%
1.3%
1.6%
Trend of Emission Regulation in JapanTrend of Emission Regulation in Japan
Change test cycle(10 mode→10・15 mode)
Change test cycle(10 mode→10・15 mode)
98-99% reduction
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JAMA
Technology Trend for Low EmissionTechnology Trend for Low EmissionKey is to maximize the catalyst performance.
1. Minute air fuel ratio (A/F) control- Intelligent A/F management (high performance ECU etc.)- improving atomization of injected fuel (multi hole injector etc.)- Feedback systems (A/F sensor, 2O2 sensors system etc.)
2. Quick warm-up of catalyst- Small size warm-up catalyst- Insulated exhaust manifold- Sophisticated engine control (Ignition timing, A/F control etc.)
• Improving catalyst performance itself - High cell density catalyst - High loading of precious metals
Effects of IVD on EmissionsEffects of IVD on Emissions
Rating '9 - 10'
050
100
050
100
050
100
149
101
127100
100
100HC
CO
NOx
Rating '6'Removal
ofIVD
Rel
ativ
e Ex
haus
t Em
issi
ons
(dirty) (Clean)
(*IVD=Intake Valve Deposit)
OEM data
JAMA
0.000.020.040.060.080.100.12
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000Miles
NM
OG
-g/
mi
Reference LDV 100K Std
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000Miles
NO
x -g
/mi
0.000.200.400.600.801.001.201.401.60
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000Miles
CO
-g/
mi
Miles
20
21
22
23
24
25
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
mpg
ClearMMT
Alliance of Automobile Manufactures (2002)
Effects of Metal (Effects of Metal (MnMn) on Ex. Emissions) on Ex. Emissions
Alliance of Automobile Manufactures (2002)
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JAMA
(Manganese)Experience in the MarketExperience in the Market
OEM data
JAMA
Red deposit is Oxides of Fe
(Ferrocene)Experience in the MarketExperience in the Market
OEM Data
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JAMA
(Ferrocene)Experience in the MarketExperience in the Market
OEM Data
Entrance
Exit
Melting
Expansion
JAMA
Fuel Issues to be discussed in ChinaFuel Issues to be discussed in ChinaSummary of GasolineSummary of Gasoline
WWFC
Cat.2 Cat.3Market
(’02 Summer) Properties
Aromatics , vol%
Olefins , vol%
MetalsMetals , ppm
9.3 33.6~
18.3 38.0~
0.1 13.913.9~
40.0 max
20.0 max
N.D
SulfurSulfur , ppmw 69 719719~ 200 max 30 max
35.0 max
10.0 max
N.D
T50T50 , deg.C
T90 , deg.C
73.8 115.8115.8~
144.2 167.6~
77 100~
130 175~
RVP , kPa 32.3 67.3~ 55 70~
Oxygen , wt% 0.1 34.0~ 2.7 max
(Mn)
vol% MTBE (15 v% MTBE)
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JAMA
ConclusionsConclusions
1. To achieve stringent emission regulations, minute air fuel ratio management, quick warm-up of catalyst after cold starting, and improvement of the catalyst are key technologies for automobiles.
2. In order that these technologies demonstrate their performance, lowering sulfur, adequate range of T50 and T90, detergent to keep intake systems clean and metal free will be very important.
3. As considering introduction plan of stringent emission regulation and current fuel quality in China, fuel regulation for these properties should be discussed.