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Fuel-Borne Catalysts for Diesel Particulate Filter Regeneration
Dr. Thierry SEGUELONGRHODIA Electronics & Catalysis
February 01, 2001
Outline.
• Introduction.• Principle of Operation.• Filtration Efficiency.• Selection in Fuel-borne Catalysts.• Strategy for Regeneration.• Serial and Commercial Applications.• Conclusions.
PSA 607 2.2L with DPF System(Inertia weight 1590 kg)
Data from Diesel Passenger Cars on the NEDC.
Courtesy of FEV Aachen
Outline.
• Introduction.• Principle of Operation.• Filtration Efficiency.• Selection in Fuel-borne Catalysts.• Strategy for Regeneration.• Serial and Commercial Applications.• Conclusions.
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Principle of Operation of Fuel-Borne Catalyst Technology.
l Continuous and fresh catalyst supplying.
l Best 3D-Catalyst dispersion (highest contact point numbers).
l To favour propagation of soot combustion process to the entire soot layer (complete regeneration).
oxide catalystand soot aggregate
Courtesy of Renault S.A.
Regeneration Cycleof Diesel Particulate Filter.
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Outline.
• Introduction.• Principle of Operation.• Filtration Efficiency.• Selection in Fuel-borne Catalysts.• Strategy for Regeneration.• Serial and Commercial Applications.• Conclusions.
Trap efficiency (VERT program).
1,0E+0
1,0E+1
1,0E+2
1,0E+3
1,0E+4
1,0E+5
1,0E+6
1,0E+7
10 100 1000diameter [nm]
conc
entr
atio
n dW
[cm
-3]
without particle trap
air
DPX9 standard. fuel
DPX9
with particulate trap
1,0E+0
1,0E+1
1,0E+2
1,0E+3
1,0E+4
1,0E+5
1,0E+6
1,0E+7
10 100 1000diameter [nm]
conc
entr
atio
n dW
[cm
-3]
without particle trap
air
Fuel + DPX9
standard fuel
Liebherr D 914T engine (6.11 l – 4 cylinders – DI – Turbocharger - EURO 0)CORNING EX80 Cordierite / 25ppm of cerium (EOLYS™).
1400 min-1 / 297 Nm 2000 min-1 / full load
Courtesy of Corning
Efficiency > 99.9%
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Outline.
• Introduction.• Principle of Operation.• Filtration Efficiency.• Selection in Fuel-borne Catalysts.• Strategy for Regeneration.• Serial and Commercial Applications.• Conclusions.
Criteria for Fuel-Borne CatalystsSelection.
l Health and environmental innocuousness (such as EINECS or ELINCS Notifications in European Area),
l and its use in combination with Diesel Particulate Filters (Swiss BUWAL, German UBA, French and Austrian authorities).
l In European Area, only EOLYS™ (Cerium-based) and SATACEN™ (Iron-based) Fuel-Borne Catalysts have been approved by Swiss BUWAL and European Union authorities (included German UBA).
l Compatibility with filter materials and vehicle parts (fuel injection system, engine parts, fuel tank materials, on-board dosing system, oxidation catalyst…).
l Compatibility and solubility in common diesel fuels.l Temperature and time stability.
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Practical Requirements for Serial Applications
l Automatic On-Board Dosing System for Fuel-Borne Catalyst (recently mandatory by Swiss BUWAL authority for Off-Road Applications).
l Diesel Particulate Filter :§ Efficiency§ Durability§ Integration in exhaust pipe line§ Robust (highest soot loading limits).
l On-Board Diagnosis System :§ Detection of DPF cracking,§ Stop the Fuel-Borne Catalyst addition.
• Introduction.• Principle of Operation.• Filtration Efficiency.• Selection in Fuel-borne Catalysts.• Strategy for Regeneration.• Serial and Commercial Applications.• Conclusions.
Impact of Fuel-Borne Catalyst.
Engine operating map where domains are outside continuous regeneration area.
intake air throttling,turbo by-pass,increased EGR rate,pilot injection,post-injectionmulti-injectionetc…
AND/OR
For durable and reliable trap regenerations, strategies in after-treatment technologies need a global system
approach and engine management.
ns
without PI
Optimization of Strategy.Accumulation zone Regeneration zone Safety zone
CriticalSoot Loading
Optimum forStarting regeneration
Fuel penalty evolutionwith regeneration
Overall in Fuel Penalty
Trap loading
Su
pp
lem
ent.
Fu
el c
on
sum
pti
on
(qu
alit
ativ
) su
Fuel penalty caused by back-pressure increase
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Outline.
• Introduction.• Principle of Operation.• Filtration Efficiency.• Selection in Fuel-borne Catalysts.• Strategy for Regeneration.• Serial and Commercial Applications.• Conclusions.
PSA Peugeot-Citroën Group.
l First Serial Application on Peugeot 607 model (HDI 2.2 l).
l Common Rail Injection System.l In 2000 year, around 8’000
vehicles have been sold on French market.
l In 2001, forecast of more than 35’000 Peugeot 607 model in European market.
l Large extension of the technology to other PSA’s HDI vehicles.
• Introduction.• Principle of Operation.• Filtration Efficiency.• Selection in Fuel-borne Catalysts.• Strategy for Regeneration.• Serial and Commercial Applications.• Conclusions.
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Conclusions (I).
l Fuel-Borne Catalyst technology can make soot combustion easier and safely for DPF regeneration, with continuous, fresh and 3D Catalyst supplying in the accumulated soot in the trap.
l Fuel-Borne Catalysts have been developing to fulfil specifications of final requirements, such as health and environmental authorities and complete vehicle integration.
l « DPF + Fuel-Borne Catalyst » technology is efficient in diesel particulate matter emissions reduction (loading and regeneration steps), without secondary emissions.
Conclusions (II).l The use of Fuel-Borne Catalyst in association with
DPF has been recommended by Swiss BUWAL and German UBA authorities.
l Only EOLYS™ (Cerium-based) and SATACEN™(Iron-based) Fuel-Borne Catalysts have been approved in European Area for both On-Road and Off-Road Applications.
l The use of Fuel-Borne Catalyst requires Automatic On-Board Dosing System for FBC addition (recently mandatory by Swiss Buwal) and On-Board Diagnosis System for DPF crack detection and stop of FBC addition.
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Conclusions (III).
l In case of unpredictable driving cycle operation and/or continuous low exhaust gas temperature (a typical feature in serial applications), engine management systems and heat injection must be applied to get reliable and durable regeneration of DPF and must be optimised for diesel fuel consumption saving.
l Developments in diesel fuel injection technologies, internal combustion chamber, diesel fuel quality, new filter design and integrated system approaches… will improve the economical and technical aspects for durable and reliable DPF regeneration.
The author thanks :
l Corning.
l FEV Aachen.
l PSA Peugeot-Citroën.
l Renault S.A.
l TTM Zurich
l Zeuna Stärker
for making available the detailed results, graphs and pictures.