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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

DEVELOPMENT OF INFRARED SPECTROSCOPIC

TECHNIQUES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SOME

QUALITY PARAMETERS OF PALM OIL

FELIX MOH MEE HO

FSMB 1998 5

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DEVELOPMEN O INRARED SPECROSCOPICECHNIQUES OR HE DEERMINAION OF SOME

QUALIY PARAMEERS O PALM OIL

BY

ELIX MO MEE O

hsis Submittd in Fulllmnt of th Rquirmnts for

th Dgr of Mastr of Sin inFaulty of Food Sin and Biothnolo

Univrsiti Putra Malaysia

arh, 998

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Especal dedicated to my beloved fance ...

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ACKNOWEDGEMENS

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Professor Dr Yaakob

Bin Che Man, the Chaian of my Superisor Committee, for his kind assisance

and guidance throughout the course of study till e prepation of is thesis. I

also very gratel to the other members of the Supervisory Committee,

Associate Professor Dr Jinap Selamat and M. Badlishh Sh Bin Bhin for

their support d encouragements I would like to acknowledge e Universiti

Pua Malaysia for providing IRPA and PASCA sisw nding for this

resech.

Gratitude is also expressed to Prof. FR. an de Voo of McGill

niversity, Quebec Cada for his invaluable comments and advice, and M

T.S Tg of PORIM for this technical assistance as well as Chemoph Sdn

Bhd. for he Brn+Luebbe NIR insment. I would like to thnk Dr Mohd Said

Bin Saad of the Depment of Agronomy nd Horiculture for his NIRSystem

NIR specoscopy d technical assistnce.

My sincere appreciation is extended to the laboratory assistants of the

Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology: Mr. Chan Tin Wan Mr Azman Abu

Yin, Mr Abd Halim Rahman and Mr Rosli Aslim To my colleagues nd

iends namely Sih, Irwdi Amin, Tri Hyati, Lai, Madihh and Rosfarizan

for their generous assistance Also to my best iend, Mr Lawrence Sii Tung Ung

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of Minisy of Sciece, Tecnoogy ad Evironment alaysia for hs moral

suppor and adice.

No he eas b he mos imporan I wish o expess my deepes

appreciaio o my pares rohers ad sisers or hei moa sppor ad

desdig hroghou my sudies I shal foree recogze fo hei

ecouageme oo. wod aways remember heir words "we woud be here

fo you Fily, rs i my hoghs I aso owe my special hs o my

eoed ce (a) Yang ag fo her ecorageme, udersadig d

paie Mos o a her cre ad oe

i

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E OF OES

Pge

ACNOWLEDGEENTS . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF TABLES . . . . L I S T O F F I G R ES . . . . . xL I S T O F P L AT ES . . . . . . . . ABSTACT . . . . . . . . . A B S T R A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CAPTER

2

GNA NTODCTON

W O F AE. . . . . . Pdcn and Ccess f Pam O . . . . .

1

44

Ogn nd Agmy . . . . " 4P d u c n . . . . . . . . . . . 5Pyscemca Cacescs. . . . . 5

Sme Seeced Quay Pamees f PamO f Iners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Free fay Acd . . . . . . . . 9Pexde e. . . . . . . . . . . 2C e n d s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Lmns f We Cemc eds . . . . . . 14Inare Specscpy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Prncpes Ined Specrscpy. . . 1 5

ncm .. .. . 7Furer Trnsrm Inerfermey. . 22Genera Cara eds fr InfraedA n a y s s . . . . . . . . . . . 25

upe Lne Regressn (LR)Cbran . . . . . . . . . . 25Pa Les Sques PLS) Caa. 26

d Ied Anyss . . . . . . . 27Basc Descrpn d Inred (IR).... 27Fuer Trnsfm ne FTRTecues n Fd nd O Anayss. . . 28

Ne Ied Anayss . . . . . . . 32Basc Descrpn Nea Inrred (NIR. 32Ne Infrd (NIR) Tecques fFd Ayss . . . 32Ne Infrrd NR) Tecnques n asad Os Ayss. . . . . 34Sggesed Ne Ined (NIR) Appcns Pm O Ayss. . . . 35

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5

DETERMNATON OF FREE FATTY ACDSN PALM OL USNG NEAR NFRAREDTRANSFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY nrductin . . . . . . . . . . . Mteris and Metds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Regents Sme Pertin ... . . . . . . . . . . . . Cemic Anysis .. .... ...... .. . . .nsrumenn. . . . . ... . . Cirtin nd Vidtin Prcedures . . . . . . .

Rests nd Discssin . . . . . . . . ... . . . Gene Cncet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ner Ined (NIR Sectrscy . . . . . . .. Mutie ner Regessin MLRCin .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... Vdtin Cin qutins . . .

Summy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DETEMNATON OF FREE FATTY ACDN CRUDE PALM OL AND REFNEDBLEACHED-DEODORZED PALM OLENUSNG FOURER TRANSFORM NFRAREDSPECTROSCOPy nductin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mteris nd Metds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Regens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sme Prerin ... .. . . . . . . .. .

Cemic Anyss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nstument Anysis . . . . . . ..Cirtin nd Vidn Prcedures .

Resuts nd Discussn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preiminy Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gener FR Stisc Sectscy . Prti Lest Sues (PLS Citin . . . . Vidtin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smmry . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DETERMNATON OF PEROXDE VALUE N

THERMALLY OXDZED CRUDE PALM OLBY NEAR NFRARED TANS MTT ANCESPECTROSCOP.nrdcin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mtes nd Metds ... . .. . . . . . . . . .. ...

Sme Prerin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nstumenttin/Sme Hndng . . . . . . . . . . . CirtiVidtin Pcedures . . . . . . .

Resuts nd Discussin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Can MrGener NR Sttistic Secr . . . . . . . . .

i

77888 9 9000

47

9

00222

2263

6

64

8788

7878989909 192929

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7

aal a Sque LS Calbaon.. 00Vaidaon . . . .. ... 0 2

Sua '" lD

QUANTTATVE ANALYSS OF ALMCAROTENE USNG FTR AND NRSPECTROSCOy noduction ...............................aeils and ehods ...............

Sape nd Checas..........'Cou Chroogpic Exaction...UVvsible Specophooe....... oe Tansfo fe (TRnsuen................................Nea nfaed R) nstmen.. ....Dat etens ................

Ru Dcuo .....................Saple haracescs................. UV vble Specophooee.......... Spccpy............ NR Spectoscop...........Vlidaon ...........

Sua.................

SUMMARY, CONCLUSON ANDRECOMMENDATON Sry................

Concuon an Recoendaon .........

1 1 11 11 31 31

111 1

188 2

2713

33

38

BIBLIOGH....... .. .. ... ....... .. 139ANCS ' 1 2BOGCAL SKEC..............................

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Tabe

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1

2

13

4

15

LST OF TLES

Mli: Expr lm Oil d '0 Tne.

Mli: ned Ae nde O lm (ee)...

il nd Cemil peti CO..

pl Ft Aid Cmpitin Mli lm Ol. "

Mn Cmpnent in Crude m Oil (ppm.

ORAM Stndrd Spein Renedm Ol nd Ftin . . .

nred Spet Regin....

Ceiti id ned Abpn SmeCmmn un Gup ........

Bi Cteiing Wvelengt in Ner InedRegin

Smpl ed in Clibn nd lidtin Anzedb Stndrd Ceml Metd.........

Bi Crteiti Wveengt C=O FnnGup nd Tei Reltve e itin NRSpetp rm 1 1 t 25

Ee Dieent Wveengt wt 240 Meuemen Wveeng n Cntting teCibtin n lm Ol Smpe ........

Stndd Devitin ue t Seleed WvlengObtnd fm B Clbin d id SeUng R Ani ........

FA pm d) Addn Smpeeemned b NIR Spetp Cbtn....

Reu Men Duple Ane CO ndRBD lm Olein Obined b AOCS (Reeenend e TR etd........

1

Page

6

7

8

10

1 1

13

6

29

3

4 1

46

48

5

5

7

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6

7

Statitica Comarion o or CO an Ba On Oban by AOCS n nI tho ............

So Coon Ba Characc o Cram Oi in I gion..............

83

99

S Caiaton lt Otai fo irt

9

2

gio....... 4

an V of OCS Chical tho gain a Scocy (N h voing S Caliatio ol ..........

Stacal Comao o V Obtai b OCS

Cmical fc a NI ho......

Comaio of a icat Saml.........

Statitica Comaro o Caotn aa Obai Sctrooomtr (UV viib) wit I a

6

0 9

5

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ST OF FGUS

Figure Pge

2

3

4

6

7

8

9

0

1 2

14

1

16

Stehg Beg Vbo Moe. ..... .... .. 18

Speu a se Reee............. 2

Optl g o ouble Be GtgMoohoo.......................... 2

Op ga o Mheso teeoee....... 24

Og NR seae Spe oP

Ol Spes......................................

4

Fs ete Spe oPl O..........,

Plot Showg Clbo t o F F Coeto CPO Obe by MR yss .................. 1

Plot Showg Clbo t of F F Coetfo B Pl Ole sg MLR lyss............... 2

Pot Showg Cto t of FF Cotet

o B Pl O Usg MR ys 53

Plo Showg Vo t o FF Coteo CPO 6

Plo Showg Vto t o FF Coteto RB P Oe............................... 7

Pot Showg Vto t o FF Coeto Pl Ol............................. 8

Oel TR Spet of CPO wth feeeCoeto o FF ................... 66

Plo of Peege FF bsobe @1 71 1 !

R .986; S = . ........................... . 67

Mea Spet Obe o the CPO ClboSts............................... 69

Mea Se Ote fo e Pl OleClbto Ss....................... 7

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17 Coretion erum of CPO Cibtion ndrdsObtned sing R eosoy.... ' " 7 1

18 Coreton etrum of RBD Pm Oein Cibtone sg R eooy........................ 2

1 9 Vrne erum Obined fom e CPOCibton tndds........... 74

20 Vrine erm Obined om te RBD Pm OeinCibion tndds sing R etosoy...... 5

2 1 A Cibtion Po Consrued om CPOCibtion tndrds................... 8

22 A Cibtion Pot Constred fom RBD Pm

Oein Cibtion tndrds.....79

23 PR Po fom CPO Cbtion ndds ........ 80

24 PR Po fom RBD Pm Oein Cibiontndrds............................ " 80

25 A Vidtion Pot fo CPO mes .... 82

2 FA Vidtion Po fo RB Pm Oein mes .. 85

2 G oed e PV Geeed Oded CPOrog ime Wie Deeoing e Cibtin Mix 9

28 Pot of ist eond PV Anyed by CemiMetod 95

29 Men erm of 2 mes Obtined om PVCibtion e Usng NR etosoy....... 9

30 A y etm o CPO sing R etosoy.... 98

30 Corretion etm Obtined from PV Cbtionndds Using NR etosoy................ 10

32 PR Po om PV Cibon tndds....... 103

33 Coetion Pot om Cibtion Dt of PV me/kgin CPO by NIR nd Cemi Anyses .. 105

3 Correion Pot fom Vidtion D of PV me/kgin CPO by NR d Cemi Anyses...... 107

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35 The Effet of Dffeent Soent and ow Rate onAdobent Dung the Etaton of a Caotenefo the Deeopent of Cabaton atrx 7

36 ot of t vs. Seond Carotene Vaue Anaed bUV be Speophotoe 19

3 e Caotene Speu Obaned UngFTR Spetoop 120

38 Oead Speta of CO Showng DffeentConentaton of -Caoene Ung TIR 122

39 SS o fo Carotene Cabaon StandadUng TR Spetoop 123

0 Caraon o of TR ededvs

AaSpetophotoet Carotee 124

41 ean Spetu of 30 Sape Obtaned fo-Caotene Cabaton Set Ung NR Spetoop 126

42 Coreaon Speu Obaned oCaotenCabaon Sandard ng R Speroop 28

3 ESS ot fro Caotene Cabaon StandadUng NIR Speoop 29

44 Cabaton o ofR eded v. AaSperophooetr Catene 30

45 Vadaton ot of TR eded v. AtaSpetopotoetr Caroene 131

6 Vadaton ot of NIR eded v. AtuaSpeophooe Caoene 2

47 FTR Spetu of an p Bakgound 5

8 Spetu of an p Ba ow Thoghanon Ce

49 Sper of D- Tooheo fo On LbaShowng the ajo Aborpton Band 56

50 Spetru of nknown Aoat Copound oOn bar Showng he ajo Aoat Band 157

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LST OF PLATES

Plte Pge

1 N d Spccp (Bn+ubA1 5 159

2 utc cup Gd Cup 159

3 u n d Spccp(kin 1725 X)............... 6

Anud l Rcnc Acc (ZnS 5 6

5 Fui nd Spccp(kn El 6 161

6 nd Spccp (NRSt 65 161

7 Wt Jckd Ctgpic C 62

8 R Vcuu pt 162

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Atract o th h rnd to h Snat o nt ura alaya nulnt o h unt o h r o a o Scc

DEVELOPMENT OF NFAED SPECTOSCOPIC TECHNESFO THE DETEMNAON OF SOME ALITY PAAMETES

OF PALM OL

B Y

FELX MOH MEE HO

arch 998

Chaa oor Yaao n C an h

aculty oo Scnc d otcooy

Sal pat o ood uaty cru pal o C) ad

acton uch a aty ac A) oxdat au otu and put

iodn au an antoxant cpoton ry cuca n pa o nuy

For td purp aaya, h a o h quay pa h t

accolh y al th rnr

Aocaton o aaya (A) tand pccaton

Conntonaly th aalytca tchnqu ud to aayz th qulty

pat n pal ol a y wt chca hod a on th Acan l

Cht Socy (ACS prcu hch nol traton Noaly t

chca tchnqu rqur aount o chca and ran hch ay

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be niedly o evronme ad hazardous o heah. Moreover mos analyses

ae me cosmg d aboos esecay fo age ue of sames. o

overcome he roblem umerous sudies o ismeal echiques have bee

cried ou over e yes. From is sado ea fred NIR secroscoy

ad Fourier rasfom ed (FTIR) secroscoy re cosidered he

srmeal aroaches of choice.

ree aameers were seeced i he sdy. For e deemiaio o

FFA, NR ransecance and FTR ransmace echniues were vesigaedRange o FFA coceraio were eed by hydoyzig oil wh 05% (w/w

iase i a cubaor a 60C (200 m) I NIR aoach, samle reaio

was efoed Duc cu d omzed caao modes wee cosced

wih mie ea regressio (MLR aalyss based o C=O oveoe egios

The bes waveleg combiaios were fod o be 882200 ad 2040 m for

CPO ad reed bleaced deodorized (RBD oils. For FTIR echique aal

leas sures PLS aalysis ws used o reace he revious simle liear

egesso mode deveoed fo edcg FF A Boh R echues sowed

excele resuls i redicg e FFA vales of he unow sales

The deemaio of eroxde value (PV w based o R

rasmiace secroscoy. Calibraio sadards (2 o PV were reaed by

oxidized CPO a 90C The bes R rego o redicig uow ws om

350 o 480 n wih refereced o sigleoi baselie a 54 he

sandd eor of erfomance SEP was simila o e calibraio o wih 0.%

PV

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T nal apct tu wa th dtmnaton o -caotn n CPO

ung nt tchnq Both FT and N pcocopy w compad wth

th Uvbl pctophotomtc nc mtho PLS cabaton mol o

pctng -caotn wa vlop o t FTI pctal gon om 96 to

926 m'] du to rns -CH=C conjugat omaton mo. h tuy

howd that NI pca d not coat wl wt th componnt o ntt

Howv, hght colaton wa oun n t vbl pcta gon om 546 to

8 9 . Stattcal ult ow that both FTI n N pctocopy can

aua pdt {-aon to % o; th a wa 4% hg a omad

to t nc mto

ut om uy ndcat tat both N and F ctocopy

w ul tchnu fo maung palm ol qualty mt. Comad to

t convntonal wt cmca mto NI an FI pctocopy a capabl

o mang hundd o ampl n a ay nd yt mt t tang pccaon.

In aton by applyng tcnqu t amount o haaou olvnt can

b ucd amatcally a wl a th cot o labo

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bk esi g dikemkn kepada Sena Uiveii Pa Mayia ebgamemen kepeuan nuk jah Saana Sains

ENGEMBANGAN TEKNK SEKTROSKO NFRAMERAH UNTUKENENTUAN BEBERAA ARAMEER KUAL BAG

MNYAK SAWT

H

FELX MOH MEE O

Mac 998

engerus : Pfes Yakb Bn Che Man

Fakli Sans Makaan d Bechnolg

Bebeapa pee kual yang bak nuk minyak saw menh (CP

dan pecahanpecaaya sepei asid lemak beba , nilai pengoksidan

lembapan dn bendasing nlai din dan kndungn aniksda ada penn

daa ndusy mnyak keapa sawi Bagi uuan perdagangn di Malayia

pawaan unk kuai paraee-paee esebu mei dicapai le semu

pengangpenglag sejaja denga spesikai piawaian Pesaan Pengilng-

penging Kelapa Sawi Malaysia PM)

Sea lazimnya eknikeknk anais yang dgunak unuk

mengnaii paee-pee bagi saw adaa secaa mia bas

bedakn psedu CS yng melibaka iai Kebiasaaya eknik kmi

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rsbut ukan sjuah bsar bahan-bahan kiia yag dtaraya

ungkin tidak sra dngan aa skiar dan rbahaya kpada kshaan

Bahkan kbanyakan anaisis kiia trsbut rukn asa yang aa sta

rit amanya bagi juah samp yang bnyak Untuk ngatas asaah

ini bbrapa kajan tknik instnts tah dijaanka sak bbrapa tahun

dahuu Dari sg ini, spktoskopi inarah dkat NR) dan transoras

ouir spktoskopi infarah TIR njadi pihan untuk pndkatan

instruntasi

Daam kajia ini, ga parat th dipiih Bagi pnnuan A nik

transktan NR dan IR tah dkai Juat kpkaan A disdiakan dngan

nghidroisis inyak dngan 0.5% w/w) ipas di daa inkubator pada suhu

60C 00 rp) Bagi pndkatan NR pndiaan sp diakkan di dam

cawan Duch dan od kaibrasi pngoptiman dibnuk dngan naisis

up in rgrs MR) brdakan pada darah oon =O

Kobinasi panang gobag yang tbaik diprohi pada 188, 00 dan

040 n unuk CP da inyak tin tuntur dan yahbau RBD) Untuk

tknik TR anaysis pia as squars PS tah dgunakn untuk

nggantikan od rgrsi inar yang sbum ini dbangunkan bagi

ngaggar A dua-dua tknik IR trsbut nunjukkan kputusan tbaikdaa ngnggar nia A bagi samp yang idak diktahui

Pnntan nai proksda P adaah brdasarkan kpada spktoskop

transktan NIR Piawaian kaibrasi ( hingga P) dibuatkan dngan

nydakn CP broksida pada 90C Darah NIR bak bagi nganggakan

samp yang bum diktahu adaah pada 350 hingga 1480 dng juk

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kepaa 'sngepont seine paa . Stna ero of peoance

(SEP) yang ipeoehi adalah bersamaan enan kaibrasi alam inkungan

O%PV

Aspek teakhir yang teah ikaji aaah penentuan -kaotin sawit Kedua

ua spektroskopi T dan dibandinkan dengan kaedah UV-visibe

spektrophotomeri daam penentuan -karotin i dalam CP menggunakan

moel penekatan trasmisi Mode kaibrasi PLS ntuk menggr krotin

teh ibngnan paa daerah speka FIR paa 97096 cm

yang isebabkan

oeh CH=CH mod konuat pembentukan semla alam kajan ini, ia

menjuan bahawa spektra tiak erkoreasi enan komponen

komponen n ka Baamaap koeas ddapa pang ng pad

daera spekral tampak ari 56-89 Keputusan anaisis statistk

menjukkan bahawa TI an NI teah apat mengangar -karotin ena

tepat ke tahap 5% kesilapan iaitu % ebih tini berbaning engan kaeah

ukan

Keputusan arpada kajian ini menjukkan bahawa kedua-a cara

spektroskopi N an TI meupakan teknik yag ebih bekesa diunkan

ntuk mengkur pramete kaiti minyak keapa sawit berbnin enan

kaedh kmia bash yang azim Spektroskopi NI da T berkeupayaan

mengkur beratus sampel sehari an masih mamp memenuhi spesikasi

perdagangan Disamping meaui pengunaan teknik ini jumlah pengunaan

pearut yng merbhaya dapat dikurangka secara ramatik dan juga kos tenaa

keja

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CTR 1

INTRODUCTION

e crude pam ol (CPO) s exacted om the eshy poron

(mesoc) of the uts of the ol palm. In Malaysa, commerca o palm

cutvated today, Elaeis gineensis Jacq, s the hgh yedng hyrd of Dura x

Psfera known as Tenera (Pants, 1987). Palm o s a very versatle o w a

rge of dstnct properes whch enale t to meet most of the technoogcal

requrements for fouaton of fat ased products Aout 90% of the pam o

centy goes nto food appcaton d e remanng 10% nto non-food

products Ap om ts drect use n cookng d yng, palm o s also used n

mgarnes, vaspat, confectoneres, led mk d my more products aer

actonaton, hydrogenaton or nterestercaton processes

In order to produce quaty nshed products of palm o, the conol

of raw matera, exacton processes d renng processes e essenta The

quaty s ndcated y means of severa qualty paeters namey odne vaue

(IV), peroxde value (PV), ee fatty acd (FFA) content, mosture, mpurtes nd

etc For tradng puoses n Maaysa, the standard of these qualty pareters

have to e accompshed y all the reners n accordce to the Palm O Reners

Assocaton of Maaysa (PORA) stdd speccatons

1

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2

Conventionally, the analytical techniques used to analyse the quality

parameters are by the wet chemical tiation methods based on the Americ Oil

Chemists' Society (AOCS) procedues (AOCS, 1 989). The estimation of FFA,

for instance, is done by tiation of e palm oil with an alcoholic solution of

potassium or sodium hydroxide The end point is determined when permanent

pink colour is obtained using phenolphthalein as indicator. The determination of

IV in palm oil is time consuming which takes more than an hour per sample

Other procedures use substantial amounts of chemicals and reagents during

analyses. Besides, solvents used in prediction of IV like carbon tetrachloride are

normally not environmental iendly as well as being a health hazard

To overcome these problems, many laboratories are developing

mode instrumentation analtical procedures to replace the conventional

method, consequently, reduces the usage of hazardous chemicals and the labor

costs dramatically. The most common insumental analyses in fats and oils

laboratories are high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas

chromatography (GC). They have been used in separating and quantiing

triglycerides (Plattner et a 1977), fatty acid methyl ester (Yoshida et a., 1992)

and also antioxidants such as tocols and carotenoids (Weber, 1 987).

In hightech laboratories, sophisticated infrared (IR) spectroscopic

tecniques have also been implemented in fats and oils analyses. Fourier

transfom inared (FTIR) spectroscop operates in mid-IR region is an example

It has been used extensivey to deteine the moistue content (Harwig and

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3

Hurburgh, 1 990) and to identi the ta fatty acid composition (Sleeter and

Matlock, 1989) van de Voort and coworkers (1993; 1994a) developed several

calibration methods based on FTIR to measure some of the quality parameter in

edble oils such as IV, FFA d PV. Near inared (NIR) on the other hand has

less been used However, this tecnique also shows potential in fats and oils

alyses. Dong et al (1997) has successlly measured the PV in variety of edible

oil using FTNIR

Based on a number of studies done on IR spectroscopy, it was

postulated that they can be ideal methods in palm oil analyses. The objectives of

this study were to develop IR specoscopic methods to determine some of the

quality parameters in palm oil as follows:

1 . To determine the free fatty acid contents in palm oil using NIR and FTIR

spectroscopy

2 To measure peroxide value in theally oxidized palm oil with NIR

spectroscopy

3 To compare NIR and FTIR spectroscopic methods with UV visible

spectrophotometer in palm cotene analysis

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CHATER 2

REVW F ERARE

roducion nd Chracterstics of m Oi

rgin nd Agronom

Th ommria ol palm Elaeis gunensis a ulvad in

alasia s non as tenra hh s produd ossin al du h

sd psfras variis ornad om Aa ap a. I as rs

nodud ino aasa n 87 as n oana pan Ho the

ommrial planin did no siousl ak pa unil 17 (anzas 87.

il palm os l n ropial ondion. podus hihs ild in

a lima ih ainal o 8 inhs or mo p ar d ih no markd d and

sasons (I 18 Th ma maimum mpar of abo 2C o

2C and mnimm mpau om 22C o 2C is suab or h oh o

oi pam. nd h rih panion ondiions h a of oh is abo I o

p a and hav a lispan o mor hn ars. Hov or

ommia palm h pam is likl o u don and pland a 2 ars.

This is du o h dras in ilds nd h inas o hih hh maks

havsin diu

4

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Production

Befoe 1 975 almost all of Malaysias palm oil expots wee in cude

fom Ae the inoduction of physical ening plants most of the attention has

shied om plantations and mills to the eneies n 1 99 expot of pocessed

palm oil amounted to 6 0 million tonnes (98%) comped to 1 02 tonnes fo CPO

e detail of the expot of palm oil d its poducts is given in Table 1

ithin a elatively sho span of time the planted aeas unde oil palm

inceased emendously (Table 2) n 1960 the total plted aea was 54700

hectaes but by 1970 it had eached 290000 hectes n 199 a total of 2

million hectes had been planted. t is expected that in the yea 2000 about 29

million hectaes of land will be planted with oil palm (POM 1 995a)

Physiochemical Characteristics

The physical and chemical popeies of Malaysi CPO e given in

Table . Like all othe vegetable oils and fats palm oil composed pedominantly

of iglyceides (o tieste) which ae deived om one molecule of glyceol and

thee molecules of fatty acids (Sontag 1979) A mixed tiglyceide is foed

when gylceol eacts with dieent faty acids. The poles of iglyceide

molecul species e chaacteistic of the genetic backgound of the souces of

oils and fats (Litcheld 1 972)