1 Fruit Preparation for Consumers Carlos H. Crisosto [email protected]Fruit Preparation for Consumers • Ripening • Preconditioning • Astringency Removal • Degreening • Fresh Cut Ripening • The set of processes that occur from the later stages of growth and development through the early stages of senescence that results in characteristic aesthetic and/or eating quality, as evidenced by changes in biochemical composition, color, texture, or other sensory attributes. Stages of Fruit Development John O’Neill Relative Values Time Red color Yellow color Aroma Flavor Sugars Soluble pectins Polymerized tannins Green color Acidity Starches Flesh firmness Insoluble pectins Unpolymerized tannins
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Fruit Preparation for Consumersfruitandnuteducation.ucdavis.edu/files/184527.pdf · Ripening Conditions for Bananas (Sophisticated) Fruit temperature: 14 to 18 °C (58-65°F) Relative
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Fruit Preparation for Consumers• Ripening• Preconditioning • Astringency Removal• Degreening• Fresh Cut
Ripening
• The set of processes that occur from the later stages of growth and development through the early stages of senescence that results in characteristic aesthetic and/or eating quality, as evidenced by changes in biochemical composition, color, texture, or other sensory attributes.
Stages of Fruit Development
John O’Neill
Relative Values
Time
Red colorYellow colorAromaFlavorSugarsSoluble pectinsPolymerized tannins
Green colorAcidityStarchesFlesh firmnessInsoluble pectinsUnpolymerized tannins
2
Mature
Ripening Changes
Ripe
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Ripe Kiwi
Mature Kiwi
Ripe Peaches
Mature Peaches
Ripe Figs
Mature Figs
Frui
t Spe
cies
Acceptance (%)
Ripening (On and Off) Effect on Consumer Acceptance of Fresh Fruit Crops
Blackberry Loquat Pomegranate
Cherry Lychee Prickly pear
Grape Mandarin Rambutan
Grapefruit Muskmelons Raspberry
Lemon Orange Strawberry
Lime Pepper (bell) Tamarillo
Longan Pineapple Watermelon
Group 1: Non Climacteric
Fruits that are not capable of continuing their ripening process once removed from the plant.
Maturity and Ripening Group 1
Raspberry
Cherry
Strawberry
Blueberry
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Group 2: Climacteric Fruits:Fruits that can be harvested and ripened off
the plant
Apple Mango PersimmonApricot Nectarine PlumAvocado Papaya QuinceBanana Passion fruit SapodillaCherimoya Peach SapoteGuava Pear TomatoKiwifruit Pepper (chili)
FruitExposure time (hours)1
To 100ppm ethylene Range of ripening
temperatures2
Avocado 8-48 15-20ºC / 59-68ºF
Banana 24-48 14-18ºC / 58-65ºF
Kiwifruit 6-24 0-25ºC / 32-77ºF
Mango 24-48 20-25ºC / 68-77ºF
Pear 24-48 20-25ºC / 68-77ºF
Tomato 24-72 18-20ºC / 65-68ºF1 Shorter duration for more mature fruit2 Faster ripening rate at higher temperatures
Ripening Conditions for Some Commonly Ripened Fruit
How to apply Ethylene?
Ethylene
Ethylene is Required to Induce Banana Ripening
Ethylene is Required to Induce Banana Ripening
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Note the 5-Fold Increase in Respiration Rate (Carbon dioxide production) as Bananas Ripen from Stage 1 or 2 to Stage 4.
From A. Kader
Carbon dioxide reduces efficacy of ethylene in inducing fruit ripening
80% RH
Chilling Injury Symptoms
Bronzing of Fingers (dull color)
Discoloration on inner side of peel
Other symptoms: failure to ripen; flesh browning (in severe cases)
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Exposing mature-green bananas for:
• 1 hour at 50oF• 5 hours at 53oF• 24 hours at 54oF • 72 hours at 55oF
Ripening Conditions for Bananas(Sophisticated)
Fruit temperature: 14 to 18°C (58-65°F)
Relative humidity: 90-95%
Ethylene concentration: 100-150ppm
Duration of ethylene: 24-48 hours
Carbon dioxide: Adequate air exchange to prevent CO2 above 1%
Fuyu and Hachiya are the two main cultivars in California.
(PCNA) (PCA)
Astringency Removal
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A closer look at astringency•Astringency in persimmons is caused by water-soluble tannins.
•Tannins are polymers of Pro-Anthocyanidins (PAs) with high molecular weight (~1.38 x 104 Da on average in persimmon).
•PAs consist of flavan-3-ol units that are synthesized via the general pheylpropanoid pathway (the same pathway that produces flavonols and anthocyanin pigments).
• cells clump together• cells do not break apart easily• cell walls adsorb water
increasing severity
Photosynthetic carotenoids=
Chloroplast
Thylakoids
Chlorophylls
Type A-Carotenoids
Light harvesting for photosynthesis
Light harvestingPhotoprotection
β-Carotene, Lutein,Zeaxanthin, etc..
From K. Inoue, UCD
Peach Market Life
Increase in market life of preconditioned peaches during 48h at 68oF compared to untreated (no cooling delay) based on development of chilling injury during storage at 32° or 41°F.