FROZEN FROGS!! 6 1 2. 3 4 THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA ABIOTIC FACTORS: TEMPERATURE.

FROZEN FROGS!!

6

1

2

3

4

THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA

ABIOTIC FACTORS: TEMPERATURE

MACROCLIMATE

MICROCLIMATE

7

Altitude Effects

Aspect Effects

Big Bend National Park – Chisos Mountains

NorthSouth

Vegetation Effects

Fig. 4.3 in Molles 2008

Ground Color Effects

Boulders, Burrow, Snags, etc.

Fig. 5.6 in Molle 2008

TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY: AIR VERSUS SOIL

(Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge)

TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY: AIR vs. WATER

Fig. 5.2 in Molles 2008

TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY: AIR vs. WATER

Specific Heat of Water: It takes 1 cal of energy to heat 1 cm3 of water 1o C

Specific Heat of Air: It takes .0003 cal of energy to heat 1 cm3 of air 1o C

A) Specific Heat

THERMAL STABILITY OF WATER

B) Phase Changes: Latent Heat of Evaporization

Quitobaquito, Organ Pipe National Monument, AZ

Evaporating WaterAbsorbs a TremendousAmount of HeatEnergy

THERMAL STABILITY OF WATER

(Cooling Effect on Surroundings)

C) Phase Changes: Latent Heat of Fusion

Freezing Water Releasesa TremendousAmount of Energy

THERMAL STABILITY OF WATER

(Warming Effect on Surroundings)

Lake Effect Snow

Lake Effect

• Cold, dry air passing over “warm” water picks up water vapor and heat, forming clouds• Clouds encounter colder land mass, rain or snow results

COPING WITH EXTREME TEMPERATURE

ADAPTATION: an anatomical, physiological or behavioral characteristic that improves a population’s ability to survive and reproduce under prevailing environmental conditions.

ADAPTATION: Result from Evolutionary Processes(Populations)

Reproductive OutputExceeds Capacity of

Environment

ADAPTATION: Result from EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES(Populations)

Variation

ADAPTATION: Result from EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES(Populations)

Intraspecific Competition

THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA

Figs. 5.15, 5.14 in Molles 2008

THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA:Sulphur Oxidase Function

PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA:Population Growth Rate

(Sceloporus undulatus)

MEI = C – F - U

METABOLIZABLE ENERGY INTAKE(MEI)

Fig. 5.11 in Molles 2008

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Boreal Moss

Desert Shrub

Fig. 5.12 in Molles 2008

RAINBOW TROUT

Oo – 4o C 20o C

ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE

Fig. 5.9 in Molles 2008

ADAPTATIONS TO TEMPERATURE

PRINCIPLE OF ALLOCATION

As a Population Adapts to a Set of Environmental Conditions, its Fitness in Other Environments is

Reduced

Levins, “Evolution in Changing Environments”

Lab Experiment: Bennett and Lenski (2007)

Single Culture Grown at 37o C

Grown at 32oC, 37oC, and 42oC

2,000 Generations

Lab Experiment: Bennett and Lenski (2007)

2,000 Generations

Cultures Adapted to 32oC, 37oC, 42oC Grown at 20oC

Lab Experiment: Bennett and Lenski (2007)

Fig. 5.8 in Molles 2008

ACCLIMATION: Physiological (Not Genetic)Adjustment to change in environmental factor within one organism

Grown in Cold Environment

Grown in Hot Environment

Fig. 5.13 in Molles 2008

HEAT EXCHANGE

Fig. 5.16 in Molles 2008

Hs:

Hcd:

Hcv:

He:

Hm:

Hr:

Temperature Regulation: Desert Plants

Desert Marigold

Temperature Regulation: Desert Plants

Alpine Chickweed

Temperature Regulation: Arctic / Alpine Plants

Temperature Regulation: Arctic / Alpine Plants

Temperature Regulation: Animals

ECTOTHERMS: Rely on external sources of energy toregulate temperature

(= Poikilotherms)

ECTOTHERMS: COPING WITH EXTREME TEMPERATURES

Clear-Winged Grasshopper(and Grasshopper Fungus)

Fig. 5.19 in Molles 2008

Grasshopper Fungus

Fig. 5.23 in Molles 2008

ENDOTHERMS: Relies on internal sources of energyto regulate temperature

(= Homeotherms)

THERMAL NEUTRAL ZONE

Fig. 5.24 in Molles 2008

OUTSIDE THE THERMAL NEUTRAL ZONE?

THERMOREGULATION: Countercurrent Circulation

Fig. 5.25 in Molles 2008

TORPOR

ESTIVATION HIBERNATIONINACTIVITY

1 http://www.fws.gov/northeast/heinz/WoodFrog.jpg

2 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Rana-sylvatica_ Range.gif

3 http://lh4.ggpht.com/_Vq0r3B8C7zE/RtNYRq_6hRI/AAAAAAAAAho/ CYGN99pAAOg/DSC_0382.JPG

4 http://compost.css.cornell.edu/gifs/3.gif

5 http://http-server.carleton.ca/~kbstorey/ftverts_files/image020.jpg

6 http://www.phorwood.demon.co.uk/wood_frog_-_frozen.jpg

7 http://216.70.123.96/images/uploads/Shelby1.jpg

8 http://www.learner.org/courses/essential/physicalsci/images/s7.thermometer.jpg