Frontal motion analysis of the knee during a bicycle pedal revolution: Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, Department of Kinesiology & Health [Biomechanics Lab.] Thesis Defense “A man should look for what is, and not for what he thinks should be!” - Albert Einstein
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Frontal motion analysis of the knee during a bicycle pedal revolution 2011
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Frontal motion analysis of the knee during a bicycle pedal revolution:
Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, Department of Kinesiology & Health [Biomechanics Lab.]
Thesis Defense
“A man should look for what is, and not for what he thinks
should be!”- Albert Einstein
Frontal motion analysis of the knee during a bicycle pedal revolution:
Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, Department of Kinesiology & Health [Biomechanics Lab.]
Harry P Sowieja (Student PI)
Associated Research Personnel
Dr Mark D Geil (PI)Dr Jianhua Wu (Co-PI)Dr Christopher P Ingalls (Co-PI)
INTRODUCTION
Correct position of the rider's lower extremity and proper transfer of forces to the crank is important to eliminate shear (transverse forces) which may cause injury to the ankle, knee and hip joints.
Do we know EFFECT of Seat Height???
PURPOSE
Report the effect of three seat heights and two resistance loads (power output settings) on the knee's joint center, Medial - Lateral (M-L) displacement in the frontal plane throughout a bicycle pedal revolution.
What is the RATIONALE???
RATIONALE
1) It’s a Kinematic study from frontal plane vs. Kinetic study
2) Inform of a seat height selection for new cyclist that will result in the smallest amount of medial and lateral movement at the knee
3) Investigate pattern and repeatability in subjects with similar lower extremity physiology Height OK
???
Therefore :
DEFINITIONS
a/p: Anterior/posterior BDC: Bottom Dead Center dK: Median Knee displacement LL: Leg Length M-L: Medial-Lateral PA: Pedal Axis
SDdK: Mean Std. Deviation of dK
SL: Seat Low (=94% of LL) SH: Seat High (=106% of LL) SN: Seat Neutral (=100% of LL) STA: Seat Tube Angle TDC: Top Dead Center V-V: Valgus-Varus
HYPOTHESES
1) The mean of dK will be greatest for all subjects at the low seat height position
2) The maximum displacement (dKmax) for any seat height will occur during the 200W test of the pedal cycle
dK
METHOD : At Subject Intake
10 male and 10 female recreational cyclists
Ages of 34±11.304
Intake Questionnaire on a laptop to determine
Subjects’ fitness and free of knee injury ?
Subjects’ experience in cycling ? (NOT > 3Hr/Wk)
Subjects’ Consent and Vicon Measuring System (VMS) calibration
METHOD : Obtained Consent
After Intake : Each subject was asked to read and sign a CONSENT FORM
Procedure was verbally described to candidates as on CONSENT FORM
METHOD : VMS setup
The study session began with taking anthropometric measurements
Anthropometric parameters are from the Plug-In Gait product guide
The required parameters in the setup procedure for the VMS with Vicon Nexus software v1.5.2 are presented in TABLE 1 :
METHOD – TABLE 1:
METHOD : Determine : Valgum, Varum or Normal and Left/Right leg dominance
Physical characteristics of the subjects’ knees was measured using calipers i.e., group 1, 2 or 3 (Akitoshi, Naoki et al. 2009)
Dominant Leg – Kick a tennis ball (RIGHT or LEFT leg)
METHOD : 19 Markers
Reflective markers, 16 placed according to convention on selected anatomical features of Subject and 3 on the Velotron
Marker placement described in the VMS manual
19 Markers are as follows: – ASIS (LASI & RASI) – PSIS (LPSI & RPSI) – thigh (LTHI & RTHI)– knee (LKNE & RKNE)– tibia (LTIB & RTIB)– ankle (LANK & RNK)– heel (LHEE & RHEE) – toe (LTOE & RTOE) – Pedal Axis Wands (LPAW & RPAW), and – Center of the VELOTRON Pedal Reference (CVPR)
METHOD : Seat Height
Matching geometry of the VELOTRON (stationary bicycle) to subject’s leg length (LL)
LL measured from the superior border of the greater trochanter to the floor [subject wearing sneakers]
LL used to set the seat height which is the distance measured from the center of the pedal axis (PA) to the top of the seat, along the crank and seat tube
Seat height at 100% of LL is called seat neutral (SN)
Seat height at 94% of LL called seat low (SL) and
Seat height at 106% of LL called seat high (SH)
METHOD : Cyclist position
a/p adjustment of the seat was found by having the subject sit on the seat in a common cyclist position
vertical projection of the subpatellar surface to the PA with the crank at 90° of rotation after TDC
Handle bar height was adjusted 10±5cm higher than the saddle height (aim was to achieve a comfortable back angle of approximately 45°)
METHOD : Speed & Resistance
Manageable speed of 80±5rpm, indicated on a laptop screen, was easily achieved by all subjects at 50Watts resistance
Resistance was increased in steps of 50W to 100W or 200W
Subject given an opportunity to practice,
Six trials of steady state speed for 15s (SH, SL and SN randomly selected)
Captured with VMS, seven Vicon T-10 cameras (six 8.5mm and one 12.5mm)
Subject verbally told when data recording started, then encouraged to maintain constant speed and after 15seconds informed of completion
The laptop controls the constant load of 100 watts or 200 watts to the VELOTRON
RESULTS : 120 Trials
Raw data in VMS converted by Plug-In-Gait software to Comma Separated Files
RPAW and RKNE or LPAW and LKNE, were transferred to an Excel spreadsheet
Macros in Excel to find the BDC of each pedal revolution
saved in a data file using a naming order as follows: – Group - Subject # - Seat height - Load (eg. 1F03SL100W = Valgum female - Third subject - Seat height low - 100 Watt load) -
Table1
18 right leg dominant subjects and 2 left leg dominant subjects
RESULTS : 120 Trials cont.
72 to 77 data points for a single pedal revolution = 80±5rpm
20 Revolutions = 1440 to 1540 data points
Macros to calculate the difference between the median of 20 maximum and minimum x-coordinates dK and Std. Deviation SDdK
TABLE 2 filled out and HYPOTHESES analyzed
Plots of the M-L displacement at the left and right knee joint center (y and z coordinates)
RESULTS – Fig 13: SH100W for subject 3F07
Medial peak displacement
120°±30°
Lateral peak displacement
270°±30°
RESULTS – Fig 14 : six trials of subject 3F07
Movement Pattern
“OVAL”
RESULTS – Fig 15 : six trials of subject 3F11
Movement Pattern
“SICKLE”
RESULTS – Fig 16 : six trials of subject 3M02
Movement Pattern
“LINEAR”
RESULTS – Fig 17 : six trials of subject 3M20
Movement Pattern
“SCATTERED”
RESULTS – Fig 18 : six trials of subject 2M17
Movement Pattern
“LINEAR”
RESULTS – Fig 19 : six trials of subject 1F10
Movement Pattern
“OVAL”
RESULTS : M-L Movement Pattern
“Oval” – 3F07 (RKNE) and 1F10 (RKNE) i.e.,(Fig 14&19)
“Sickle” – 3F11 (LKNE) i.e.,(Fig 15)
“Linear” – 3M02 (RKNE) and 2M17 (RKNE) i.e.,(Fig 16&18)
“Scattered” – 3M20 (RKNE) i.e.,(Fig 17)
2/20 more experienced recreational cyclists (3M02 and 2M17) i.e., very active and spent 1-3 hours per week cycling
RESULTS – TABLE 2 :
TABLE 2: MAX M-L displacement of knee in frontal plane
3 subjects (4=3F11, 8=3M01 and 20=2M17) out of range
The Lateral peak displacement at 270°±30°
Main References
Gregor, R. J., Cavanagh P. R., et al. (1985). – "Knee flexor moments during propulsion in cycling--A creative solution to
Lombard's Paradox." Lombard’s Conjecture (1903)– Opposing Two-Joint muscles can reinforce each other
Hull and Jorge (1985). – "A method for biomechanical analysis of bicycle pedalling.”
McCoy, R. W. (1989). – “The effect of varying seat position on knee loads during cycling.”
Foot Note : References
Akitoshi, S., M. Naoki, et al. (2009). "Influence of knee alignment on quadriceps cross-sectional area." Journal of biomechanics 42(14): 2313-2317.
Bressel, E. and J. Cronin (2005). "Bicycle seat interface pressure: reliability, validity, and influence of hand position and workload." Journal of biomechanics 38(6): 1325-1331.
Brouwer, G. M., A. W. Van Tol, et al. (2007). "Association between Valgus and Varus alignment and the development and progression of radiographic osteoarthritis of the knee." Arthritis & Rheumatism. 56(4): 1204-1211
Liebersteinerab, M. C., C. Ssubskiac, et al. (2008). "Frontal plane leg alignment and muscular activityduring maximum eccentric contractions in individuals with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome." The Knee. 15(3): 180-186
Martin, J. C. and N. A. T. Brown (2009). "Joint-specific power production and fatigue during maximal cycling." Journal of biomechanics 42(4): 474-479
Additional References :
Mesfar, W. and A. Shiraz-Adl (2005). "Biomechanics of the knee joint in
flexion under various quadriceps forces." The Knee. 12: 424–434.
Ricard, M. D., P. Hills-Meyer, et al. (2006). "The effects of Bicycle frame geometry on muscle activation and power during a Wingate anaerobic test." Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 5: 25-32.
Ruby, P. and M. L. Hull (1993). "Response of intersegmental knee loads to foot/pedal platform degrees of freedom in cycling." Journal of biomechanics 26(11):
1327-1340.
Umberger, B. R., K. G. M. Gerritsen, et al. (2003). "A Model of Human Muscle Energy Expenditure." Computer Methods in Biomechanics & Biomedical Engineering 6(2): 99.
von Eisenhart-Rothe, R., M. Siebert, et al. (2004). "A new in vivo technique for determination of 3D kinematics and contact areas of the patello-femoral and tibio-femoral joint." Journal of biomechanics 37(6): 927-934.