From Wayne Jackson’s book Please pick up a handout from the table in the back of the auditorium for class this morning.

From Wayne From Wayne Jackson’s bookJackson’s book

The Bible & GeologyThe Bible & Geology

• IntroductionIntroduction– A study of the A study of the history of the earthhistory of the earth, its composition, , its composition,

the forces that have worked upon it and the remains the forces that have worked upon it and the remains of ancient plants and animalsof ancient plants and animals

– Many claim that geology provides the “proof Many claim that geology provides the “proof positive” that organic positive” that organic evolutionevolution has occurred. has occurred.

– Let’s allow the evidence to speak for itself.Let’s allow the evidence to speak for itself.


• Earth’s History: Two ViewsEarth’s History: Two Views– Uniformitarianism – the Uniformitarianism – the evolutionaryevolutionary concept concept• Notion that the earth’s features are the result of Notion that the earth’s features are the result of gradualgradual

changeschanges over a very long period of time (billions of years) over a very long period of time (billions of years)

– Catastrophism – the Catastrophism – the BiblicalBiblical viewpoint viewpoint• The planet’s surface has been subject to The planet’s surface has been subject to violent changes violent changes

in the past (on a worldwide scale).in the past (on a worldwide scale).• From a Biblical vantage point, the most significant of From a Biblical vantage point, the most significant of

these would be the these would be the global Flood of Noah’s dayglobal Flood of Noah’s day..

– Which of these ideas best conforms to the actual Which of these ideas best conforms to the actual facts of geology?facts of geology?

• The Geologic Time TableThe Geologic Time Table– The actual truth is that the The actual truth is that the

geologic time table exists geologic time table exists nowhere on earthnowhere on earth except on except on the paper of science the paper of science textbooks! It is nothing textbooks! It is nothing more than a graphic more than a graphic conglomeration of conglomeration of assumptionsassumptions, wistfully , wistfully conceived and arbitrarily conceived and arbitrarily thrown together, in an thrown together, in an attemptattempt to prove the to prove the unprovableunprovable hypothesis of hypothesis of organic evolution.organic evolution.



• The Testimony of ScriptureThe Testimony of Scripture– The earth and all its living inhabitants did not The earth and all its living inhabitants did not

develop over vast eons of time; rather, they were develop over vast eons of time; rather, they were created in created in six literal dayssix literal days (Gen. 1; cf. Ex. 20:11). (Gen. 1; cf. Ex. 20:11).

– The earth was created “The earth was created “to be inhabitedto be inhabited” (Isa. 45:18).” (Isa. 45:18).– Jesus, who was an active agent in the creation (John Jesus, who was an active agent in the creation (John

1:1-3; Col. 1:16), declared that male and female 1:1-3; Col. 1:16), declared that male and female (Adam & Eve) existed “(Adam & Eve) existed “from the beginningfrom the beginning of the of the creation” (Mark 10:6; cf. Matt. 19:4).creation” (Mark 10:6; cf. Matt. 19:4).


• Missing StrataMissing Strata– There is often more than 100 There is often more than 100

million years missing between million years missing between fossil remainsfossil remains

– Yet, the physical evidence Yet, the physical evidence indicates laid down in the indicates laid down in the samesame approximate time eraapproximate time era

– The sole criterion for viewing The sole criterion for viewing them as widely separated is the them as widely separated is the fossilfossil remains remains

– The fossil evidence is The fossil evidence is interpretedinterpreted strictly in terms of that legendary strictly in terms of that legendary evolutionary development.evolutionary development.


• Finding Strata Flip-Finding Strata Flip-FloppedFlopped– Some of the strata of the geologic Some of the strata of the geologic

column are found column are found out of sequenceout of sequence– Numerous instances where Numerous instances where

stratum from supposedly very stratum from supposedly very ancient period will be found ancient period will be found sitting directly sitting directly on top ofon top of stratum stratum which is allegedly much youngerwhich is allegedly much younger

– And this with every indication that And this with every indication that the various layers were laid down the various layers were laid down in in precisely the orderprecisely the order in which in which they are foundthey are found

– Evolutionists still hold the fossil Evolutionists still hold the fossil sequence is always the guidesequence is always the guide


• Finding Strata Flip-FloppedFinding Strata Flip-Flopped– Example: near Yellowstone ParkExample: near Yellowstone Park• Area of Paleozoic strata on top Area of Paleozoic strata on top

of Eocene beds (epoch of of Eocene beds (epoch of Tertiary Period)Tertiary Period)

• Top layer alleged to be 250 Top layer alleged to be 250 million years older than basemillion years older than base


• Finding Strata Flip-FloppedFinding Strata Flip-Flopped– Example: Montana & Glacier ParkExample: Montana & Glacier Park• Pre-Cambrian stratum on top Pre-Cambrian stratum on top

of Cretaceous stratumof Cretaceous stratum• Top layer alleged to be 400-Top layer alleged to be 400-

500 million years older than 500 million years older than basebase

• The geologists/evolutionists The geologists/evolutionists contend the upper Pre-contend the upper Pre-Cambrian region (350 miles Cambrian region (350 miles wide x 6 miles deep) was wide x 6 miles deep) was thrust over the Cretaceous thrust over the Cretaceous from a distance of 35-40 miles from a distance of 35-40 miles away. No evidence!away. No evidence!


• Finding Strata Flip-FloppedFinding Strata Flip-Flopped– Example: Mythen Peak, Swiss AlpsExample: Mythen Peak, Swiss Alps• The strata were woefully The strata were woefully

mixed up – 200 million years mixed up – 200 million years flip-floppedflip-flopped


• Finding Strata Flip-FloppedFinding Strata Flip-Flopped– Example: Mythen Peak, Swiss AlpsExample: Mythen Peak, Swiss Alps• The strata were woefully The strata were woefully

mixed up – 200 million years mixed up – 200 million years flip-floppedflip-flopped

• Evolutionists attempted to Evolutionists attempted to explain these contradictions by explain these contradictions by suggesting the Mythen Peak suggesting the Mythen Peak was pushed all the way from was pushed all the way from Africa to Europe – “The Africa to Europe – “The Mythen represents an outlier Mythen represents an outlier of Africa resting on Europe.” – of Africa resting on Europe.” – Evolutionist Leon W. Collet of Evolutionist Leon W. Collet of Univ. of GenevaUniv. of Geneva


• Evaluation of the Geologic Time TableEvaluation of the Geologic Time Table– ““The actual percentage of areas showing this The actual percentage of areas showing this

progressive order from the simple to the complex is progressive order from the simple to the complex is surprisingly surprisingly smallsmall. Indeed formations with very . Indeed formations with very complex forms of life are often found resting complex forms of life are often found resting directly directly onon the basic granites. Furthermore, I have in my own the basic granites. Furthermore, I have in my own files a list of over files a list of over 500500 cases that attest to a reverse cases that attest to a reverse order, that is, simple forms of life resting on top of order, that is, simple forms of life resting on top of more advanced types.” – Dr. Walter Lammertsmore advanced types.” – Dr. Walter Lammerts


• Evaluation of the Geologic Time TableEvaluation of the Geologic Time Table– In discussing these mixed up strata, Sir Archibald In discussing these mixed up strata, Sir Archibald

Geikie, Director General of the British Geological Geikie, Director General of the British Geological Survey, said:Survey, said:• ““Had these sections been planned for the purposes of Had these sections been planned for the purposes of

deceptiondeception, they could not have been more skillfully , they could not have been more skillfully devised…and no one coming first to this ground would devised…and no one coming first to this ground would suspect that what appears to be a suspect that what appears to be a normalnormal stratigraphical stratigraphical sequence is not really so. When a geologist finds things in sequence is not really so. When a geologist finds things in this condition, he may be excused if he begins to wonder this condition, he may be excused if he begins to wonder whether he himself is not really standing on his head.”whether he himself is not really standing on his head.”


• Evolutionary Expectations Dashed By RealityEvolutionary Expectations Dashed By Reality– If the geologic time table concept of earth’s history If the geologic time table concept of earth’s history

were factual, one could reasonably expect the were factual, one could reasonably expect the following to be found:following to be found:

1.1. The The earliestearliest (lowest) strata would contain (lowest) strata would contain sparsesparse life forms life forms (as compared to later/higher strata), with a gradual (as compared to later/higher strata), with a gradual proliferation as one moved proliferation as one moved upwardupward in the column in the column


• The Sudden Explosion of The Sudden Explosion of LifeLife– The fossil record reveals the fact The fossil record reveals the fact

that life forms virtually that life forms virtually explodedexploded into existence – this is not into existence – this is not consistent with the evolutionary consistent with the evolutionary scenarioscenario

– EveryEvery major invertebrate animal major invertebrate animal group has been found in the so-group has been found in the so-called Cambrian level—with no called Cambrian level—with no observable observable ancestorsancestors

– This is exactly what one would This is exactly what one would expect to discover as a expect to discover as a consequence of the great consequence of the great Flood of Flood of Noah’sNoah’s time time


• The Sudden Explosion of The Sudden Explosion of LifeLife– George Simpson (“Mr. Evolution”) George Simpson (“Mr. Evolution”)

observed:observed:• ““There must be some special reason There must be some special reason

why varied fossils are suddenly why varied fossils are suddenly present in the Cambrian and not present in the Cambrian and not before. This major mystery of the before. This major mystery of the history of life has naturally excited a history of life has naturally excited a great deal of argument and great deal of argument and speculation.” – speculation.” – The Meaning of The Meaning of EvolutionEvolution


• The Sudden Explosion of The Sudden Explosion of LifeLife– Evolutionist Walter Sullivan Evolutionist Walter Sullivan

declared that the “chief puzzle” in declared that the “chief puzzle” in the record of life’s history on the record of life’s history on earth is the sudden appearance earth is the sudden appearance (600 million years ago) of most (600 million years ago) of most basic divisions of the plant and basic divisions of the plant and animal kingdoms. “There is animal kingdoms. “There is virtually no record of how these virtually no record of how these divisions came about. Thus, the divisions came about. Thus, the entire first part of evolutionary entire first part of evolutionary history is missing.” – history is missing.” – Evolution: A Evolution: A New ConceptNew Concept


• The Sudden Explosion of The Sudden Explosion of LifeLife– To explain it, some evolutionists To explain it, some evolutionists

have admitted, “We don’t know.”have admitted, “We don’t know.”– Others submit that life-forms Others submit that life-forms

possibly “evolved then each in possibly “evolved then each in one enormous step.”one enormous step.”• Except uniformitarianism is Except uniformitarianism is

evolution—slow, gradual changeevolution—slow, gradual change• Ponder this rejection of Simpson (Mr. Ponder this rejection of Simpson (Mr.

Evolution) to the “enormous step” Evolution) to the “enormous step” possibility— Such a phenomemon possibility— Such a phenomemon has “never been observed…has not has “never been observed…has not been concretely described…need not been concretely described…need not be taken seriously.” – be taken seriously.” – The Meaning The Meaning of Evolutionof Evolution





2.2. The The earliestearliest types of life would be exceedingly types of life would be exceedingly simplesimple, with , with complexity increasing at complexity increasing at higherhigher levels levels


• The The ComplexityComplexity of Life Forms of Life Forms– Another aspect of geologic history that even Another aspect of geologic history that even

evolutionists use the word “puzzling” to describe is the evolutionists use the word “puzzling” to describe is the amazing complexity of the fossils in the Cambrian amazing complexity of the fossils in the Cambrian periodperiod• ““In these sedimentary deposits are found billions and In these sedimentary deposits are found billions and

billions of fossils of highly billions of fossils of highly complexcomplex forms of life. These forms of life. These include sponges, corals, jellyfish, worms, mollusks, include sponges, corals, jellyfish, worms, mollusks, crustaceans; in fact, every one of the major invertebrate crustaceans; in fact, every one of the major invertebrate forms of life have been found in the Cambrian rocks.”forms of life have been found in the Cambrian rocks.”


• The Complexity of Life FormsThe Complexity of Life Forms– One such little (yet complex) creature found in the One such little (yet complex) creature found in the

Cambrian strata is the Cambrian strata is the trilobitetrilobite..• It had eyes so complex that the math used to explain how It had eyes so complex that the math used to explain how

the lens functioned was not worked out until the last the lens functioned was not worked out until the last century. century.

• The trilobite is now extinctThe trilobite is now extinct

– If life-forms supposedly evolved from the simple to the If life-forms supposedly evolved from the simple to the complex, why are highly complex fossils (with no complex, why are highly complex fossils (with no history of gradual change) being found in these early history of gradual change) being found in these early stratum?stratum?


• The Complexity of Life FormsThe Complexity of Life Forms– These fossils were not only complex, they were as These fossils were not only complex, they were as

specialized as their specialized as their modern descendantsmodern descendants – “singularly – “singularly similar to the animals of the similar to the animals of the presentpresent day.” day.”• ““Crustaceans have always been crustaceans, and mollusks Crustaceans have always been crustaceans, and mollusks

have always been mollusks. There is not the slightest have always been mollusks. There is not the slightest evidence which supports any other viewpoint.” – A.H. Clark, evidence which supports any other viewpoint.” – A.H. Clark, The New Evolution—Zoogenesis The New Evolution—Zoogenesis





2.2. The The earliestearliest types of life would be exceedingly types of life would be exceedingly simplesimple, with , with complexity increasing at complexity increasing at higherhigher levels levels

3.3. Starting with the lowest strata and Starting with the lowest strata and moving upwardmoving upward, one , one should find a substantially should find a substantially completecomplete ascending scale of ascending scale of development (a relatively definitive, sequential chain of development (a relatively definitive, sequential chain of evolutionary advancement) documented in the fossil recordevolutionary advancement) documented in the fossil record

• A Theory Full of A Theory Full of GapsGaps: The Missing : The Missing LinksLinks– The expression “missing The expression “missing linklink” is used frequently but does not ” is used frequently but does not

accurately represent the truth. There are, in reality, missing accurately represent the truth. There are, in reality, missing linkslinks..

– If evolution were true, one would find fossilized organisms in If evolution were true, one would find fossilized organisms in various stages of various stages of development—fromdevelopment—from the incomplete to the the incomplete to the complete (with the complete (with the gapsgaps filled in). The chain of evidence filled in). The chain of evidence would have thousands of would have thousands of intermediateintermediate links. links.• But that is NOT the case! NOT ONE single example has been found!But that is NOT the case! NOT ONE single example has been found!

– Every organ & structure is Every organ & structure is completecomplete!!• Not a single fossil has been discovered with Not a single fossil has been discovered with halfhalf-formed features.-formed features.

– There are major gaps between the major animal groups.There are major gaps between the major animal groups.• There are no provable “transitions.”There are no provable “transitions.”• Evolutionary “geology” is really “gap-ology.”Evolutionary “geology” is really “gap-ology.”


• A Theory Full of A Theory Full of GapsGaps: The Missing : The Missing LinksLinks– Charles Darwin himself, in Charles Darwin himself, in The Origin of the Species,The Origin of the Species, confessed, confessed,

“Why then is not every geological formation and every stratum “Why then is not every geological formation and every stratum full of such intermediate links? Geology assuredly does not full of such intermediate links? Geology assuredly does not reveal any such finely-graduated organic chain; and this, reveal any such finely-graduated organic chain; and this, perhaps, is the most serious perhaps, is the most serious objectionobjection which can be urged which can be urged against the theory. The explanation lies, as I believe, in the against the theory. The explanation lies, as I believe, in the extreme extreme imperfectionimperfection of the geological record.” of the geological record.”

– George Simpson of Harvard (Mr. Evolution) conceded, “This George Simpson of Harvard (Mr. Evolution) conceded, “This regular absence of transitional forms is not confined to regular absence of transitional forms is not confined to mammals, but is an almost universal phenomenon…true of mammals, but is an almost universal phenomenon…true of almost all orders of all classes…” among plants and animals.almost all orders of all classes…” among plants and animals.


• A Theory Full of A Theory Full of GapsGaps: The Missing : The Missing LinksLinks– Evolutionist Stephen Gould admitted, “All paleontologists Evolutionist Stephen Gould admitted, “All paleontologists

know that the fossil record contains precious little in the way know that the fossil record contains precious little in the way of intermediate forms; transitions between major groups are of intermediate forms; transitions between major groups are characteristically abrupt.” – characteristically abrupt.” – Natural HistoryNatural History

– The evolutionary view of geology creates far The evolutionary view of geology creates far more problems more problems than it professes to solve!than it professes to solve!

– Perhaps this is why Mark Ridley, professor of zoology at Perhaps this is why Mark Ridley, professor of zoology at Oxford University, says that “no real evolutionist…uses the Oxford University, says that “no real evolutionist…uses the fossil record as evidence in favor of the theory of evolutions fossil record as evidence in favor of the theory of evolutions as opposed to special creation.” – as opposed to special creation.” – New Scientist (1980)New Scientist (1980)



• HumanHuman Occupation of the Occupation of the Geologic StrataGeologic Strata– If it can be shown that the If it can be shown that the

remains of true remains of true manman (Homo (Homo sapiens) sapiens) are found embedded in are found embedded in the strata of the strata of earlierearlier geologic geologic periods (earlier than where periods (earlier than where evolution places them, at the top evolution places them, at the top of the geologic column, in the of the geologic column, in the Quaternary Period), such will Quaternary Period), such will constitute constitute proofproof positive that positive that these strata were not laid down these strata were not laid down over over vast ages of timevast ages of time, as , as evolutionists claim. evolutionists claim.


• HumanHuman Occupation of the Occupation of the Geologic StrataGeologic Strata– Human skullHuman skull– ThimbleThimble– Engraved LettersEngraved Letters– Human bonesHuman bones– Dinosaur CarvingsDinosaur Carvings– Spoon/ToolsSpoon/Tools– Human FootprintsHuman Footprints– Trilobite/Human PrintsTrilobite/Human Prints

• Fossils & the Fossils & the FloodFlood– This study has revealed that:This study has revealed that:• The fossil record assuredly does not indicate that all forms The fossil record assuredly does not indicate that all forms

of life have of life have evolvedevolved from an original primitive from an original primitive sourcesource (or (or even a few sources).even a few sources).

• The evidence does not warrant the conclusion that the The evidence does not warrant the conclusion that the geologic strata were laid down uniformly over geologic strata were laid down uniformly over long ages of long ages of timetime..


• Fossils & the FloodFossils & the Flood– The sequential deposition of the fossils in the earth’s strata is The sequential deposition of the fossils in the earth’s strata is

perfectly consistent with what would be expected if the earth perfectly consistent with what would be expected if the earth were inundated by a were inundated by a global floodglobal flood..• ““All the fountains of the great deep were broken up, and All the fountains of the great deep were broken up, and

the windows of heaven were opened” – Gen. 7:11the windows of heaven were opened” – Gen. 7:11• ““The world that then existed perished, being The world that then existed perished, being floodedflooded with with

water” – 2 Pet. 3:6. “Flooded” means “overflowed” from water” – 2 Pet. 3:6. “Flooded” means “overflowed” from Greek word that gives us “cataclysm” – to wash down.Greek word that gives us “cataclysm” – to wash down.

– It can be forcefully argued that the fossil record is It can be forcefully argued that the fossil record is predominantly the result of predominantly the result of earth-waterearth-water forces operating at forces operating at the time of, and perhaps subsequent to, the Biblical flood.the time of, and perhaps subsequent to, the Biblical flood.


• Fossils & the FloodFossils & the Flood– The fossil sequence may be studied in light of:The fossil sequence may be studied in light of:

1. Sediment deposition according to 1. Sediment deposition according to ecologicalecological environment environment– Certain ecological zones likely prevailed in pre-flood eraCertain ecological zones likely prevailed in pre-flood era– Just as different types of organisms live in ecological Just as different types of organisms live in ecological

communities today, similar circumstances would have communities today, similar circumstances would have existed before the floodexisted before the flood

– Logical to conclude that creatures inhabiting the same Logical to conclude that creatures inhabiting the same ecological area would be buried togetherecological area would be buried together

– Certainly explain why marine fossils are usually found Certainly explain why marine fossils are usually found near the bottom of the geological formationsnear the bottom of the geological formations



2. The selectivity of powerful 2. The selectivity of powerful waterwater movement forces movement forces– Hydrodynamic forces can also explain fossil groupingsHydrodynamic forces can also explain fossil groupings– Each animal would tend to fall by gravity, but this Each animal would tend to fall by gravity, but this

tendency would be resisted by the hydrodynamic drag tendency would be resisted by the hydrodynamic drag force of the water acting on it.force of the water acting on it.

– Thus, organisms of high density and simple structure Thus, organisms of high density and simple structure would have a tendency to settle most rapidly and be would have a tendency to settle most rapidly and be buried deepestburied deepest

– Hydrodynamic selectivity would tend to cause rather Hydrodynamic selectivity would tend to cause rather highly sorted sediments and fossils, with organisms of highly sorted sediments and fossils, with organisms of similar size and shape being buried together.similar size and shape being buried together.



3. The 3. The mobilitymobility differential of various organisms differential of various organisms– Some creatures are more mobile than othersSome creatures are more mobile than others–With the coming of the catastrophic deluge in Genesis, With the coming of the catastrophic deluge in Genesis,

it would be expected that those creatures with lesser it would be expected that those creatures with lesser mobility would be buried first, while those with greater mobility would be buried first, while those with greater versatility, speed and range would be able to escape versatility, speed and range would be able to escape the rising water longer. Invertebrates would be covered the rising water longer. Invertebrates would be covered sooner than vertebrates.sooner than vertebrates.

– This is just the order that has been ascribed to them in This is just the order that has been ascribed to them in terms of the standard geologic time table.terms of the standard geologic time table.


• Fossils & the FloodFossils & the Flood– It has been estimated that some It has been estimated that some 70%70% of the earth’s strata are of the earth’s strata are

sedimentary (sedimentary (waterwater-laid), which explains, in large part, why so -laid), which explains, in large part, why so many fossils have been preserved in the many fossils have been preserved in the recessesrecesses of our of our planet.planet.• ““Only those [plants or animals] buried quickly and protected from Only those [plants or animals] buried quickly and protected from

decay can become fossils.” – Samuel Welles, 1979decay can become fossils.” – Samuel Welles, 1979• There are fossil graveyards in many areas of the world which contain There are fossil graveyards in many areas of the world which contain

the preserved remains of all sorts of creatures, wildly thrown together the preserved remains of all sorts of creatures, wildly thrown together in massive burial sites, and obviously interred very quickly. They are in massive burial sites, and obviously interred very quickly. They are grossly distorted, suggesting they died rather violently.grossly distorted, suggesting they died rather violently.


• Final ThoughtsFinal Thoughts– ““The geological evidence thus far advanced is The geological evidence thus far advanced is

sufficiently convincing to any unbiased person that a sufficiently convincing to any unbiased person that a universal flooduniversal flood as Moses describes is at least a most as Moses describes is at least a most reasonable explanation for the phenomena reasonable explanation for the phenomena observed, and only one who is observed, and only one who is prejudicedprejudiced by by obstinate and willful opposition to the Bible, or who obstinate and willful opposition to the Bible, or who lacks the moral lacks the moral couragecourage to accept a view not in to accept a view not in harmony with the accepted theories of popular harmony with the accepted theories of popular beliefs, can be blind to them.” – Alfred Rehwinkle, beliefs, can be blind to them.” – Alfred Rehwinkle, 19511951


• Summary of Evidence Against the Geologic Time TableSummary of Evidence Against the Geologic Time Table– The Testimony of ScriptureThe Testimony of Scripture– The Testimony/Admission of Some ScientistsThe Testimony/Admission of Some Scientists– Missing StrataMissing Strata– Flip-Flopped StrataFlip-Flopped Strata– The Sudden Explosion of LifeThe Sudden Explosion of Life– The Complexity of Life FormsThe Complexity of Life Forms– The Gaps & Missing LinksThe Gaps & Missing Links– Human Occupation Throughout the Geologic ScaleHuman Occupation Throughout the Geologic Scale– The Massive Fossil GraveyardsThe Massive Fossil Graveyards– Obvious Evidence of a Universal FloodObvious Evidence of a Universal Flood– Common/Unbiased SenseCommon/Unbiased Sense


• ConclusionConclusion– A careful & honest survey of the geologic record can A careful & honest survey of the geologic record can

lead to only one conclusion: the finders of true lead to only one conclusion: the finders of true geologic science are far more supportive of geologic science are far more supportive of the Biblethe Bible than they are the than they are the theory of evolutiontheory of evolution..


From Wayne Jackson’s book Please pick up a handout from the table in the back of the auditorium for class this morning.

Documents

bible geology slide

bible geology earths

geologic column

approximate time era

vast eons of time

actual facts of geology

views earths history

earths features