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Terror of the Trenches Chemical Warfare Amputations

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The Allies Russia.

France.

Britain.

USA.

These four champions form…..

Europe’s Greatest Struggle By: Jared, Nick, and Sean

A Powerful Force The Allied Powers were the victorious side of World War I. It started out as the Triple Entente which consisted of Britain, France, and Russia. Toward the end of the war it became known as the Allies when the United States joined France and Britain, but Russia dropped out of the war due to their own civil war. After almost losing the war because of their lack of trust for each other and almost exhausted forces, the enthusiasm and fresh reinforcements of the U.S.A. helped the Allies gain the edge they needed to hold out until German surrender on November 11th 1918.

The Allies were the first to use chemical warfare, like mustard gas. The U.S. had the invention of the airplane to aid Britain and France. Germany also had fighter pilots, but the majority of flying aces were from Britain and France. Also the U.S. invented the Convoy System for Allied Navies to counter the German blockade.

Military and Political Leaders Leaders in the Allies included King George V of Britain, Woodrow Wilson of the

U.S.A., and Prime Minister Georgis Clemenceau

Pros and Cons

Russia

France

Britain

USA

Large military

Internal strife

Home-field advantage

Weak military

Good tactics

No trust

Enthusiasm

Late entry into war

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Gomez, Andy Amputations

WW1… AMPUTATIONS!

This is crazy… World War One V. s Modern Day

Modern medicine and better understanding of the human body has greatly changed how amputations take place. Anesthesia means patients can safely be operated without experiencing pain during the surgery. And back in World War 1, it was different, they had to feel the pain. That’s horrible just thinking about

it. Second, tools…back in World War 1, oh man…if you didn’t make it to the hospital, and you needed this surgery, which was one of the most common, they used an ax. But on the other hand, if you made it to the hospital they used a saw, wow…what a difference! Now in modern day surgeries they have like 100 different tools!

Definition:

Amputation is the removal of a body part by trauma or surgery.

Fact: There was an estimate of how many amputations there was in WW1 and it was around 17,245 amputations, on legs and arms.

Doctors and

Nurses

During the war soldiers experienced influenza, lice, trench foot and different types of wounds.

By: Bridget Ackerman Doctors during World War 1 were usually on the battlefield or at the base. The doctors would perform amputations many do to trench foot and perform gun shot wound surgeries. They had minimal supplies especially on the battlefront. Many soldiers would die

Nurses during World War 1 played an important roll. There job was to give comfort and care for the injured soldiers. They were urged to take medical classes. It was emotionally difficult and draining. They had to clean wounds and perform miner surgeries. All was done with minimal supplies and unsterile equipment. Nurses were also known as WACS( Women Army Corps).Which was a branch for women in the US army. Also there was the WAAC that

pg. 3

The Germans experimented heavily with gas and chemicals until they could come up with the best “weapon.” At first they made an irritating gas that tickled your nose, then a type of tear gas, and finally came up with a poison gas called, Ypres. It was a greenish yellow cloud, and within a few seconds of breathing in any amount, it would start to eat away your respiratory system, causing the victim to have severe coughing attacks.

Gas Warfare Nick Pollack 1/28/11 7th period has a better magazine

After the initial shock of the Germans usage of gas in the war, the Allies eventually took a stand against them, the British being the first. British soldiers fired gas from canisters, but the canisters had a tendency to backfire if wind picked up, causing more British soldiers to be affected than their German adversaries. Ypres was not the only gas used in the war. Another strong gas used was Phosgene. Phosgene was more potent than Chlorine, and it caused its victims to violently cough and choke. The Germans used mustard gas, and released them from artillery shells. The first defense against gas attacks was cotton wads. Urine soaked cloths could be used in emergency situations. By 1918, both sides of the war had developed effective masks.

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propaganda –noun; a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position

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Propaganda used during the First World War

Each of the countries that were a part of WW1 used propaganda for several reasons. Along with encouraging men to enlist, raising money, and helping to sustain the military campaign, it served as a way to justify the country’s involvement in the war.

Not all of these posters, however, were geared towards citizens who would most likely enter the war. Many were meant to persuade those at home to conserve resources and entice the general public to subscribe to various war bond schemes. This propaganda, mainly in the form of posters,

was usually highly successful in promoting the war effort.

The U.S.A. proudly made

more propaganda posters than any

other nation, despite the fact that we joined

relatively late in the war.

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The Zeppelin is a rigid airship pioneered in the early 20th century by Count

Ferdinand von Zeppelin. The first designs were drawn in 1874. They were then

patented on March 14, 1899 in the United States. The aircraft has a metal alloy

frame. It is able to fly with the help of internal cells that are filled with hydrogen or

helium, which is lighter than air. Movement is due to propeller engines and steering is

accomplishes by fins.

The Zeppelins were first used as commercial airlines before WWI. During the

war, the Zeppelins were used as bombers. After the war, beginning in the 1920s, they

became popular with the help of Hugo Eckner, Zeppelin!s successor.

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Jan. 13 1915

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Jan. 19 1915

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The Blue Max

With 80 kills from the cockpit of his favorite plane, the Albatros D.II, Manfred von Reichthofen became the most deadly, and infamous fighter pilot of WWI, The Red Baron. He was a leader in the Luftstreitkaft, a proud owner of The Blue Max, and a man who often cheated death.

WWI Aviation Jared Hawley

Hawker was the most famous adversary of The Red Baron. He was a British flying ace and recipient of the Victoria Cross. Hawker was shot down by his rival on November 23, 1916.

Major Lanoe Hawker

The Blue Max, formally known as Pour le Merite, is a medal that is the equivalent of the U.S. Medal Of Honor. Given to only the best of German fighter pilots during WWI, a wearer of The Blue Max was a formidable foe, and a hero in the eyes of his country.

Air Warfare An exciting new military, and a better way to kill.

With the invention of airplanes came the possibility of flight. Unfortunately this also meant new weapons for countries to kill with. Aviation brought about air raids, bombings, and the ever popular, dogfight. New military branches were also developed like the U.S. Air force, the British Royal Air Force (RAF), and the German Luftstreitkraft (or Imperial German Army Air Service).

The Red Baron

Paul von Hindenburg

By: Trey Neeley [1/26/11]

In 1914 German Chief of

General Staff, Helmuth von Moltke gave

Hindenburg, who was retired at the

time, command of the 8th army as part

of a recall shortly after the outbreak of

WWI. Hindenburg proceeded to crush

the Russian first army in the Battle of

Tannenberg and the Battle of the

Masurian Lakes. After a major victory in

these two battles, Hindenburg was

considered a national hero. Shortly

thereafter, Hindenburg was given the

position of Supreme Commander East in

November of 1914.

This position gave him command over all German troops on the eastern front, however, his command was issued for the German portion of the front only, not the Austro-Hungarian portion. Back in Germany at this time, there were multiple statues of Hindenburg that were built. Citizens would nail money for war bonds on these statues in aid of the war effort. This is a testament to just how popular Hindenburg was. With the war nearing an end, Erich Ludendorff, Hindenburg’s Deputy, decided to pursue an armistice with the allies. He latter changed his mind and expected Hindenburg to follow, however, he did not. Hindenburg could not desert his men under command. Shortly thereafter he and Groener succeeded in convincing Wilhem II to abdicate for

the great good of Germany.

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Franz and Sophie

"Sophie dear! Sophie dear! Don't die! Stay alive for our children!"

N)O!1$,-!1&$<,(&!

The Poetry of Soldiers By, Heaven Hulshizer

Wilfred Owen

-This widely known poem of Owen describes his disgust of how many young men are literally dying around him like animals.

Owen was not the only veteran that wrote poems during world war 1. Other famous poets during that time were also Rupert Brooke, Siegfried Sassoon, Robert Graves, John McCrae, Isaac Rosenburg, and Edward Thomas. Many men chose to write poetry during the war not only to pass the time, but let out

the stress, mourning, and thoughts about what the war was all about. -This poem by Siegfried Sassoon, an infantry officer from France, showed the life of a boy who turned too suicide in world war 1.

Wilfred Owen is one of the most widely known world war 1 poets. His realistic portrayal of life in war is more than likely caused by the fact that he was a British soldier that partook in ww1. Of all of his works, these are the most popular, ("Dulce et Decorum Est", "Insensibility", "Anthem for Doomed Youth", "Futility" and "Strange Meeting")

Anthem for Doomed Youth What passing-bells for these who die as cattle? - Only the monstruous anger of the guns. Only the stuttering rifles' rapid rattle Can patter out their hasty orisons. No mockeries now for them; no prayers nor bells; Nor any voice of mourning save the choirs, - The shrill, demented choirs of wailing shells; And bugles calling for them from sad shires. What candles may be held to speed them all? Not in the hands of boys, but in their eyes Shall shine the holy glimmers of good-byes. The pallor of girls' brows shall be their pall; Their flowers the tenderness of patient minds, And each slow dusk a drawing-down of blinds.

I knew a simple soldier boy. Who grinned at life in empty joy Slept soundly through the lonesome dark And whistled early with the lark. In winter trenches, cowed and glum With crumps and lice and lack of rum, He put a bullet through his brain. No one spoke of him again. You smug-faced crowds with kindling eye Who cheer when soldier lads march by, Sneak home and pray you'll never know The hell where youth and laughter go.

Women in World War One

The Women’s Army

By Mikenzie Nordeen

Very few women ever fought in WWI but women were enlisted into Auxiliary Armies so that more men could be released to fight on the front line. Women usually were employed for cooking and catering, telephony and administration, motor vehicle maintenance, storekeeping, printing, and truck and ambulance drivers as more men were called to fight.

The Legion of Death Women in most countries were not allowed to take part in the fighting in World War One, but Russia was the exception. Some courageous Russian women joined what was called The Legion of Death to fight for their country. The women in the Legion of Death shaved their heads like men, wore uniforms with a skull and crossbones insignia, and swore never to surrender. Each woman soldier even carried a ration of potassium cyanide to commit suicide if they were captured.

+ SCHLIEFFEN

Steps of the Schlieffen Plan

1. Defeat France in six weeks 2. Use the rail system to move

troops out of France to Russia 3. Attack and defeat Russian 4. forces

Overview of the Schlieffen Plan The Schlieffen Plan was a detailed attack strategy created by General Count Alfred von Schlieffen. The plan was made for the likely event that at some point Germany would go to war against the Russian forces, and their allies. The basic plan of the war was well thought out, and could be broken down into three main steps.

PLAN

Weaknesses of the Schlieffen Plan • The plan counted on the ability of

the Germans to mobilize their force and defeat France in six weeks or less.

• The Germans had no idea when the war would start so they had to remain prepared at all times.

• The plan assumed that it would take Russia six weeks to mobilize their forces.

Failure of the Schlieffen Plan The Schlieffen Plan came very close to succeeding and allowing Germany to win the war, but it failed due to quick strategic planning, strong leadership on the sides of Brittan and France, and a bit of dumb luck.

By: Jonathan Weishaar

Order of the White Feather

Admiral Charles Fitzgerald founded

the Order of the White Feather in August

1914. The organization was also referred

to as The White Feather Brigade. The

organization strongly encouraged men

to join the army. Young women would

hand out a white feather to any man

who was not in uniform and tell them

that they should be serving their country.

According to

Fitzgerald, the

purpose of this

gesture was “to

shame every

young slacker

found loafing

about the Leas

and to remind

those deaf or

indifferent to their country’s need that

British soldiers are fighting and dying

across the channel”. By: Lyndsey Block

A white feather was

a sign of cowardice. The

idea originated hundreds

of years ago in

cockfighting. If a rooster

had only one white tail

feather the bird was

considered a poor

fighter. It was humiliating

and shameful for a man

to be handed a white

feather in public. The

feather was also a sign of

unfulfilled civil duty.

The Feather

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!The Battle of the Somme ! ! !

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The Battle of Somme, July 1916 – November 1916

The Battle of Somme signified the horrors of warfare in World War One. This was a batle of many casualties. On July 1st, the first day of battle, 58,000 british soldiers were lost. The battle was between the British-French against Germany. This battle was fought because the French had taken numerous losses at Verdun. The French decided to attack the Germans to the north of Verdun forcing the Germans to move some of their men. The goal for the French was to relieve pressure on the French. The battle started with a week long artillery bombardment on the Germans. The French had a plan to destroy the German’s trenches and barbed wire. This did not work very

well because the Germans had deep trenchesand bomb proof shelters. When the British had a artillery bombardment this was when the Germans brought out their machine guns. The British were able to advance a 25 miles front. The French commander in chief was Sir Douglas Haig. By the end of the battle (November 1916) the Germans had lost 500,000 men, the Frnech lost 200,000 men and the British Army had lost 420,000. During one of the last “battles” the British and French were able to gain 12 kilometers. It is said that the allies, British-French, had won mostly because they were able to gain more land on the Germans.

!!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! By: Micaela Adam

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Self Inflicted Wounds

Punishment and Suicide

The picture on the left describes a soldier suspected of self-inflicted

wounds (SIW). Wounds like shots to the foot or hand were perversely sought after. The penalty was to be hanged or shot by a firing squad. In the British Army around 3,894 men were found guilty of SIW. None of them were killed but instead spent lengthy amounts of time in prison.

When things in the trenches became too much for a soldier to handle they turned to suicide. The usual

method of suicide was to place the muzzle of their Lee-Enfield rifle

against their face and pull the trigger with their big bare toe. If things

were really bad the soldier would stand on the fire-step and allow

themselves to be shot by an enemy sniper.

Self Inflicted Wounds Soldiers that had SIW like the grenade wound above were just tired of fighting and living in the trenches. They were tired of the filth and gore. They missed home and wished the war was

over. Trench warfare was especially brutal to the soldiers because they were in a confined space. It would be the same as

being stuck in your room with all your feces and urine, and some dead stuff. SIW was the only way (other than suicide) to

get out of their horrid conditions.

A S H L E E W R I G H T

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“America is not anything if it consists of each of us. It is something only if it consists of all of us. “ –Woodrow Wilson !

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!!T H E O D O R E R O O S E V E L T

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June 4, 1903 "A man who is good enough to shed his blood for the country is good enough to be given a square deal afterwards."

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"Do what you can, with what you have, where you are." — Theodore Roosevelt

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