From the introduction to the new English PoS Pupils should be taught to control their speaking and writing consciously and to use Standard English. They should be taught to use the elements of spelling, grammar, punctuation and ‘language about language’ listed.... This is not intended to constrain or restrict teachers’ creativity, but simply to provide the structure on which they can construct exciting lessons. Throughout the programmes of study, teachers should teach pupils the vocabulary they need to discuss their reading, writing and spoken language. It is important that pupils learn the correct grammatical terms in English and that these terms are integrated within teaching. [email protected] ton.gov.uk 1
From the introduction to the new English PoS
Dec 31, 2015
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From the introduction to the new English PoS
Pupils should be taught to control their speaking and writing consciously and to use Standard English. They should be taught to use the elements of spelling, grammar, punctuation and ‘language about language’ listed....This is not intended to constrain or restrict teachers’ creativity, but simply to provide the structure on which they can construct exciting lessons.
Throughout the programmes of study, teachers should teach pupils the vocabulary they need to discuss their reading, writing and spoken language. It is important that pupils learn the correct grammatical terms in English and that these terms are integrated within teaching.
Grammar...
• is language
• is clarity and precision
• is description and creativity
• is empowering
Concept of a Sentence
Physical Punctuation
Sentence maker
Retelling…
• One sentence at a time
• One word at a [email protected]
Where? When? How?
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Compound sentences
The child smiled. The teacher grinned.
and but orso for nor yet
“co-ordination”
Subordination:
Main clause
plus
time, place and causewith conjunctions, adverbs or prepositions
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“Drop-ins”
The wolf huffed and puffed at the door.
The wolf,--------------, huffed and puffed at the door.
“who” or “which”
New NC:
Relative clauses, and relative pronouns
(who, that, which, whose, why, where)[email protected]
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More drop-ins
The wolf, pale and thin with hunger, huffed and puffed at the door.
The wolf, snarling with hunger and anger, huffed and puffed at the door.
The wolf, shocked by the lack of response, huffed and puffed at the door.
The wolf, suddenly aware of the gravity of the situation, huffed and puffed at the door.
Grammatical Terminology
Suddenly, the inspector leapt across the classroom.
Last week, a small child grinned with glee.
As the alarm clock trilled, the teacher smiled because it was Monday again.
The PC, which had seen better days, crashed again.
Now it is time to begin.
Why...
• ...shouldn’t we call an adjective a “describing word”?
• ...shouldn’t we call an adverb an “L-Y word”?
A Head Teacher smiled.
Is that the right article? Or even determiner?
Is the verb precise enough?
Use a prepositional phrase to introduce the object of the sentence.
Add an adverbial phrase to say when this happened.
Add a relative clause to bring in some useful information about the HT.
The car shook.
Is that the right article? Or even determiner?
Is the verb precise enough?
Use a prepositional phrase to introduce the object of the sentence.
Add an adverbial phrase to say when this happened.
Add a relative clause to bring in some useful information about the car.
Standard English Grammar…is the grammatical form required in very
nearly all writing.
It does not involve accent.
The teaching and learning of Standard English is a priority, in order that children can
use it when and where necessary.
If necessary, treat it as another language.
Without Standard English, children’s chances and options in life are greatly reduced.
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Phrase
“A group of words that act as one unit”
e.g. the dog, the big dog, that dog over there
noun phrase: a big dog; my last holiday
adjectival phrase: as old as you; really hungry
adverbial phrase: five minutes ago; very slowly
prepositional phrase: in a hurry; along the lane; under the stairs
Clause“A group of words that expresses an event or a situation”
– usually containing a subject & verb
e.g. she was thirsty (situation); she drank some water (event)
phrase: a big dog; clause: a big dog chased me
It was raining. (one clause)
It was raining and we were cold. (two main clauses linked by “and”)
It was raining when we went out. (main clause and a subordinate clause) [email protected]
Clause – main and subordinateA main clause is complete on its own and can
form a complete sentence (e.g. it was raining).
A subordinate clause is part of the main clause and cannot exist on its own (e.g. when we went out).
You’ll hurt yourself if you’re not careful.
Although it was cold, the weather was pleasant enough.
Where are the biscuits that I bought this morning?
John, who was very angry, began shouting. [email protected]
Clause – please note:
Most clauses require subject and verb
BUT
Some subordinate clauses don’t – for example, where the verb “be” can be inferred.
e.g.
The weather, although rather cold, was pleasant enough. (although it was rather cold)
When in Rome, do as the Romans do. (when you are in Rome)
ConjunctionsUsed to link clauses within sentences:
It was raining but it wasn’t cold. (Coordinating conjunction)
We won’t go out if the weather’s bad. (Subordinating conjunction)
Coordinating conjunctions join two clauses of equal grammatical status. (and, or, but, so,)
Subordinating conjunctions go at the beginning of a subordinate clause. (when, while, before, after, since, until, if, because, although, that)
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Conjunctions
Coordinating between items of equal status:
Alarmed but safe
Chocolate or vanilla
She laughed and he cried.
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Conjunctions
Subordinating between items of unequal status:
When the girl comes in from play, she may tell you that she loves maths after all.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
When (subordinating conjunction)
the girl comes in from play, (subordinate clause)
she may tell you (main clause)
that (subordinating conjunction)
she loves maths after all. (subordinate clause)
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“Connectives”Informal term
Word or phrase that links clauses or sentences.
Connectives can be
Conjunctions (e.g. but, when, because)
or
Connecting adverbs (e.g. however, then, therefore)
Some connecting adverbs
Addition – also, furthermore, moreover
Opposition – however, nevertheless, on the other hand
Reinforcing – besides (preposition & adverb), anyway, after all
Explaining – for example, in other words, that is to say
Listing – first (ordinal number used as adverb), first of all, finally
Indicating result – therefore, consequently, as a result
Indicating time – just then, meanwhile, later27
What is an adverb?
A one-word adverbial:• How: simply, fast
• When: now, still, immediately, already
• Where: here, there, somewhere, away
• Intensifying: very sweet; rather exciting; fairly slowly
• Likelihood: definitely, seldom, often, never
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What is an adverbial?
• A single word (an adverb), or
• A prepositional phrase: in addition, as fast as lightning, or
• An adverb phrase: too fast for me, very cleverly, or
• A noun phrase: last week, several times a day
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Building sentences
Expanding noun phrases
She sat on the chair.
She sat on the armchair.
She sat on the old, brown armchair.
She sat on the old, brown armchair in the corner of the study.
Building sentences
Expanding noun phrases – Your turn
She walked towards the car.
1.Picture the scene!
2.(Improve the noun)
3.One or two adjectives before the noun
4.Where is the thing? in the/ over the/ beyond the/ under the …(etc)
Building sentencesAdverbial phrases: How? When? Where?
The mouse ran.The dormouse fled.The dormouse fled in panic.At the stroke of midnight, the dormouse fled in
panic.At the stroke of midnight, the dormouse fled out of
the kitchen in panic.At the stroke of midnight, the dormouse fled out of
the kitchen in panic.
Building sentencesAdverbial phrases: Your turn!
The dog barked.
1.Picture the scene
2.(Improve the noun and verb if possible)
3.How/ When/ Where? - Choose two, but start your sentence with one of them!
Try to use a phrase or clause rather than individual words:
“immediately” could become “all of a sudden”; “deafeningly” could become “loud enough to make the windows shake”
SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
PAST I walked I was walking I had walked I had been walking
PRESENT I walk I am walking I have walked I have been walking
FUTURE I shall walk I shall be walking I shall have walked I shall have been walking
Verb Tenses
Sentence functionsStatement
It was a lovely day.
Question
Was it a lovely day?
Exclamation
What a lovely day!
Command
Make it a lovely day.
Commas are for Meaning
She went to the shops and bought chocolate oranges butter biscuits and a coconut.
I hate that Mary!
She strode off her face glowing red.
Comma Splicing
If you can use a full stop, you can’t use a comma.
- or -
Don’t substitute a full stop for a comma.
(But you might use a comma with a connective)
Apostrophes
Contraction: do it physically
Refer to “contractions”: don’t, we’d, should’ve…
Ownership:
Create labels everywhere: Class 6’s scissors; Mrs Smith’s books; Mr Jones’ chair; The caretaker’s office; the children’s doorway…
Parenthesis
• An afterthought, or additional information
• The sentence still works if you take it out
• Brackets, dashes and commas
• How do you choose between them?
Parenthesis
How do you choose between them?
He came, at long last, to the mountain of doom.
The Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus, to use its scientific name) is 25 metres in length.
She says – as you’d expect – that she’d already told you about the party.
Colon Vs Semi colon:
Introduce a list
Introduce a following example
Before a second clause that expands/ illustrates the first:
He was very cold: the temperature was below freezing
;Separate two main clauses in a
sentence, particularly where they are closely related:
I liked the book; it was a pleasure to read.
Separate items in a list if the items are longer phrases:
I need large, juicy tomatoes; half a pound of butter; a kilo of fresh pasta; and a jar of fresh olives
The Tyrannosaur was one of the largest predators of the Cretaceous era: a full-grown male would weigh more than a bull African elephant.
The Tyrannosaur was one of the largest predators of the Cretaceous era; it is amazing to think that it is quite closely related to a chicken.
Colon Vs Semi colon
Passive
The object becomes the subject:
The child popped the balloon.The balloon was popped by the child.
Passive
The object becomes the subject:
The child popped the balloon.The balloon was popped.
Passive
The object becomes the subject:
The child popped the balloon.The balloon was popped.
Hide the “do-er”:
I lost my reading diary.My reading diary was lost by me.
Passive
The object becomes the subject:
The child popped the balloon.The balloon was popped.
Hide the “do-er”:
I lost my reading diary.My reading diary was lost.
Subjunctive verb form desire, necessity, uncertainty
All the players are excellent.He required that all the players be excellent.
I insist that Mr Gove writes to me to explain. I insist that Mr Gove write to me to explain.
Play with the new skill
Apply in Speech – model, share, independent
Apply in Writing – model, share, independent
Written grammatical exercises just don’t seem to work
(especially not for the children who really need the help)
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