Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme An overview of safety concerns: from the fish feed to the fish on a plate S. S mole Možina 1 , M. Sterniša 1 , B. Jeršek 1 , P. Raspor 2 Biotechnical Faculty, UL Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, UP Izola, Slovenia Improving fish feed and feeding techniques, fish processing, labelling and marketing with fish products Vodnany, Czech Republic 1.-2.2. 2016
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Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
An overview of safety concerns:from the fish feed to the fish on a plate
S. Smole Možina1, M. Sterniša1, B. Jeršek1, P. Raspor2
Biotechnical Faculty, UL Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, UP Izola, Slovenia
Improving fish feed and feeding techniques, fish processing, labelling and marketing with fish products
Vodnany, Czech Republic 1.-2.2. 2016
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
• Introduction: WHY and HOW to talk about safety in the fish chain
• Basics of the regulatory system: Food law, EFSA, CAC, HACCP, GMP…
• Overview of the main chemical hazards
• Overview of the main (micro)biological hazards
• Other hazards - physical, allergens, spoilage…
• Farmed vs. wild fish – safety approach and consumer beliefs
• Traceability and labelling system in fish production chain
• Emerging issues – frauds and mislabelling, markers for tracing, allergens...
• Future challenges (novel technologies and HACCP elements…
• …and at the end -back to the consumers – their knowledge and attitudes as critical part of the safety
AGENDAMain points of presentation
Sonja Smole Možina et al., An overview of safety concerns…
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
Fiedler et al 2016
3
Introduction (I): WHY to talk about safety in the fish chain
Recent sharp increase in production (of farmed fish);
globally, aquaculture is the fastest-growing animal-food-producing sector
FAO, 2014
Sonja Smole Možina et al., An overview of safety concerns…
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
Mansfield, 2011
Sonja Smole Možina et al., An overview of safety concerns…
Introduction (II): WHY to talk about safety in the fish chain…
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
Introduction (III): HOW to talk about safety in the fish chain…
Gormaz et al., 2014
Sonja Smole Možina et al., An overview of safety concerns…
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
Basics of the regulatory system (I)
• The European Commission developed an integrated approach to food safety
'from farm to table‘, including feed production, primary production, food
processing, storage, transport and retail sale.
• The main regulatory body is DG SANCO – Directorate general for health and
food safety – department of European commission considering food and safety
alerts, labelling and nutrition, biological safety, GM food& feed, chemical safety,
Sonja Smole Možina et al., An overview of safety concerns…
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
Other recent issues in the field of chemical toxication of fish...
Sonja Smole Možina et al., An overview of safety concerns…
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
S. Smole Možina et al., An overview of safety concerns…
Overview of biological hazards along the fish production chain
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
Listeria monocytogenes - ecology
• Ubiquitous…vegetables, fish, milk,
meat…, ready-to-eat food..
• Robust bacterium (g+, non-
sporogenic, growth in wide range
of pH, Aw, NaCl, T…
• Can grow in refrigerator
• Biofilms…
Source: RASFF Annual Report, 2014, p.21
Sonja Smole Možina et al., An overview of safety concerns…
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
Listeria monocytogenes
Sonja Smole Možina et al., An overview of safety concerns…
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
Source:EFSA 2015, RASFF
Sonja Smole Možina et al., An overview of safety concerns…
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
S. Smole Možina et al., An overview of safety concerns…
L.monocytogenes – epidemiology of illness
• low frequency, but
recently increased
• high fatality rate in
high-risk groups
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
Regulation on microbiological criteria for foodstuffs lays down food safety criteria for
certain important foodborne bacteria, their toxins and metabolites, such as
Salmonella, L. monocytogenes, staphylococcal enterotoxins, Clostridium botulinum
and histamine…
Other microbiological risks and safety criteria determined…
Sonja Smole Možina et al., An overview of safety concerns…
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
Sonja Smole Možina et al., An overview of safety concerns…
Farmed vs. wild fish – safety approach (I)
• Main difference in farmed vs wild fish could be the ratio of Omega 3/6 fatty acids
(but in common fish species, such as bass, cod, trout, and salmon, farmed-raised
fish have as much or more of the omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA as the same
species captured in the wild. In contrast, farmed low-trophic species (catfish and
crawfish), have less than half the EPA and DHA per serving than wild caught.
• Farm-raised fish have higher total fat than wild caught. http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/14-appendix-E2/e2-38.asp
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
Sonja Smole Možina et al., An overview of safety concerns…
Farmed vs. wild fish – safety approach (II)• Both farmed and wild fish can accumulate organic and inorganic environmental
toxic compounds.
• Due to increasing plant substrates in fish feed contaminants like pesticides and mycotoxins can accumulate in fish. This needs more control!
• The possible solution is to use binders and enzymatic compounds like in modern animal husbandry nutrition to reduce or eliminate possible toxicant from feed.
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
Sonja Smole Možina et al., An overview of safety concerns…
Farmed vs. wild fish – safety approach (III)
• Antimicrobial residues (antibiotics, chemotherapeutics) in farmed fish -
long farming cycle - antibiotics can be used only in first farming year…
(preventing toxicity, drug hypersensitivity and development of antibiotic
resistance in microorganisms)
• “Integrated farming” which combines intensive poultry or pigs husbandry and aquaculture could be of special risk for transmission of bacterial resistance genes among animals and to humans…
• Parasitic infestation of Anisakis and chemical environmental contaminants
are claimed to be higher in wild than in farmed fish;
• Spread of pathogenic microbes, i.e. as a consequence of warming –
climate changes (Vibrios in the aquatic environment).
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
Traceability system in fish production chain (I)
’Traceability’ means the ability to trace and follow a food, feed, food-producing animal or substance
intended to be, or expected to be incorporated into a food or feed, through all stages of production,
processing and distribution.” EC Law
• Traceability and labelling regulations ensure food
products to be tracked throughout the supply chain
and described accurately to consumers;
• Traceability in fish production chain is a tracking of
complete history of product assuming definition of
species to delivery to the market - Important tool for
own control, control of product and origin for
authority inspections, certification, surveillance and
monitoring.
Sonja Smole Možina et al., An overview of safety concerns…
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
Emerging Issues – fish fraud/adulteration/mislabeling
Bouzembrak and Marvin, 2015
Tahkapaa et al., 2015
• Food and also fish mislabeling has been widely reported throughout the world.
• Fish fraud is economically driven, but it may result in severe health consequences!
Sonja Smole Možina et al., An overview of safety concerns…
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
Emerging Issues – recently cited cases of mislabeling..
• Complex multinational supply chains, price pressure, as well as resource limitations
encourage substitution of higher value ingredients with lower value species or
varieties. Thus, the fish market is particularly susceptible to fraud and substitution!
• Required labels:
• commercial
designation
• scientific name
• Production (wild / farmed) method
• geographical area (country) of
origin
• processing (fresh/frozen)method
• verifiability of potential eco-
labels…
Sonja Smole Možina et al., An overview of safety concerns…
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
Emerging Issues – fish fraud/adulteration/mislabeling
Source: Oceana, USA, 2013; (Clark, 2015)
Sonja Smole Možina et al., An overview of safety concerns…
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
Emerging Issues – biomarkers for tracing and labeling
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
• One of the main worldwide concerns from the point of view of safety of fish and fish products is the increasing number of novel and unexpected chemical substances that contaminate the aquatic environment. Currently, there is a lack of cost effective, user-friendly methods to detect many of these contaminants and there is no method to detect unknown contaminants.
• A paradigm shift is necessary in the aquaculture production industry from contaminant detection only, to monitoring the effects of the contaminantsas well.
• This can be achieved by introducing a systems approach and using a
biological warning system (BWS) specifically adapted to fish farming.
A paradigm shift in safe seafood production: From contaminant detection to fish monitoring
Eguiraun et al., TiFST, 2015
Sonja Smole Možina et al., An overview of safety concerns…
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
A paradigm shift in safe seafood production: From contaminant detection to fish monitoring
Sonja Smole Možina et al., An overview of safety concerns…
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
• In this manner, it would be possible to develop affordable, on-line
identification of production units displaying atypical responses or
behaviour - and therefore potentially contaminated - regardless of whether
the contaminant is an identified or an unknown substance.
• Once developed, the BWS should be implemented within the HACCP
plans and the results accompany the traceability documentation of the
A paradigm shift in safe seafood production: From contaminant detection to fish monitoring
Eguiraun et al., TiFST, 2015
Sonja Smole Možina et al., An overview of safety concerns…
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
Sonja Smole Možina et al., An overview of safety concerns…
…And at the end - back to the CONSUMERS
• Consumers may not use all of the information that is provided for them, but its presence is important to them because of its role in building trust or giving reassurance .
• Consumers from all countries reported an indication of quality and/or foodsafety as an information cue when buying fish (Pieniak, 2013).
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
Sonja Smole Možina et al., An overview of safety concerns…
• The most important sources of information are labels on the product and sellers in retail or supermarkets. The Internet was identified as one of the most important information sources about sea and freshwater fish products in all of the countries studied.
• Policy makers should seek to communicate with consumers using this type of information channel. The use of social network sites and blogs to reach younger consumers is particularly recommended (Pieniak et al., 2013).
• General knowledge is poor. More contents about food, food products and nutrition (including quality and safety) should be included in educational programmes at all levels, starting with the primary school.
…And at the end - back to the CONSUMERS knowledge
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
Sonja Smole Možina et al., An overview of safety concerns…
Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme