From Revolution to Napoleon… Europe won’t be the same.

From Revolution to Napoleon… Europe won’t be the same.

“Chapter 7 – French Revolution”

LeFrench Revolution

Social inequality & economic problems led to the French Revolution.

Marks a major change in Europe

French RevolutionThe BIG Idea

Louis XV (15th) Great Grandson of Louis XIV (14th) (Ruled – 1715-1774)

Louis XVI (16th) Grandson of Louis XV (15th) (Ruled – 1774-1793)

1st Estate – clergy, church officials-paid no taxes

2nd Estate – nobles-paid no taxes

3rd Estate – commoners (peasants and bourgeoisie)-paid the taxesbourgeoisie – middle class that includes educated professionals: doctors, lawyers, businessmen, etc.

Social Order – 3 Estates (Classes)

1st Estate

2nd Estate

The King

3rd Estate

First Estate: Clergy

Second Estate: Nobility

Third Estate: Commoners

First Estate: Clergy

Second Estate: Nobility

Third Estate: Commoners

First Estate: Clergy

Second Estate: Nobility

Third Estate: Commoners

Population Land Ownership Taxation

France - A Nation Divided

1st – poor economic condition (too much debt, not enough taxes)2nd – rising prices (especially bread due to several years of bad harvests)3rd – Enlightenment ideals - the bourgeoisie (middle class) are led to question the

social structure/power

3 causes of revolution

• Louis XVI could not address the worsening conditions• His wife, Marie Antoinette, was Austrian (hated)

• People blame their expensive lifestyle

An unpopular king

Estates General• What is the Estates General?

• When do they meet?

1789 – Estates General – (French Parliament or Congress) meeting of all 3 estates. Each estate is represented by members of their estate.Louis XVI is forced to convene (meet) for the first time since 1614!

The 3rd Estate demanded a constitutional government, the abolition of tax exemptions for the nobility & clergy, and a guarantee of basic rights for all.

Estates General

• The 3rd Estate also demanded that each deputy representative have a vote but Louis XVI refused. Instead, each estate voted as a group, so the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd each got 1 vote. How do you think that went?

• The 3rd Estate declared itself a National Assembly & chose to create a constitutional government. They are taking it to The Man!

• Louis XVI tried to kick out the Third Estate. • Renaming themselves National Assembly, the representatives refused to

disband & met in a nearby tennis court.

National Assembly

• They swore the Tennis Court Oath; (seen to the right) It was a promise to continue meeting there until a constitution was written.

• This drawing was done by one of the revolutionary members of the National Assembly, Jacques Louis David

Revolt!The Fall of the Bastille

14 July 1789

• People begin to show signs of revolt• The Fall of the Bastille (pictured) July 14th 1789– (see

page 328) a mob in Paris overrun state armory/prison. • Kill guards, free prisoners.• marks their opposition to big government. Underlines

the seriousness of what is going on.

• Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizen is drafted

• Similar to ‘Declaration of Independence’ or ‘English Bill of Rights’

• Reestablishes equality among all men through the eyes of the law

• King Louis and family are “escorted” back to Paris. They are on lockdown.

What does the National Assembly Accomplish?

• 1791 - A new constitutional monarchy is the first of several government changes

The new government’s first problem?• Their monarch attempts to flee…Their second major problem? • War with Austria in 1792.The National Assembly’s final problem? • The Paris Commune (The sans-culottes).

National Assembly

Paris Commune• Angry citizens form

mobs – seize King Louis• These sans-culottes

(ordinary citizens without fine clothes) take control away from the National Assembly…

• The revolution is about to get violent…

• 1792 - King Louis XVI is held for trial and executed• In order to maintain control, anyone opposed to the

revolution is… taken care of. It’s the Reign of Terror.

The Fate of the King…

Do Now• Summarize the events of the Reign of Terror.

• Committee of Public Safety – Robespierre take control 1793

• Terror reigns to keep the revolution moving til 1794 and Robespierre’s death

Reign of Terror

• “The order of the day is Terror”…so says the Committee of Public Safety• Maximilien Robespierre leads the Reign… but by mid 1794, the Great Fear ends as

does Robespierre’s body’s relationship to his head – they are separated under the guillotine.

• A new system is put in place to rule called the Directory. After 5 years (1794-1799) of a struggle for control, control is taken…

Napoleon Bonaparte

• The Big Man cometh… okay, little man – Big Attitude. Napoleon seizes power

• Napoleon Bonaparte – a French military leader – leads a successful coup d'état – 1799

• Reorganized government into a “consulate”

• Napoleon is named First Consul (and later Consul for Life… and by 1804, let’s just call him Emperor)

Early Life/Background• born in 1769 in Corsica –

Napoleone di Buonaparte

• sent to military school at age 10

• commissioned as a lieutenant in the French army at 16

• initially not well-liked by his men

Military Successes• supreme confidence in

himself

• brigadier general and eventually commander of French armies in Italy

• Citizen-army/Nationalism

• returns to France a conquering hero

Napoleon finds success fighting in North Africa…

Napoleon’s coup d’etat

• Napoleon returns to France, launches a coup d’etat – overthrow of the government (The Directory) by force, and forms the consulate (name he gives to his rule)

• Has himself elected Emperor Napoleon I by using a plebiscite (direct vote of people) and wins overwhelmingly

• Through a series of victories, France controls almost all of Western Europe

Consul of FranceFirst ConsulFirst Consul for LifeEmperor of the FrenchKing of Italy

Official Titles He Held…

THINK ABOUT IT…

• Even after all they had fought for in the French Revolution, why do you think many French people did not have a problem with Napoleon having so much power?

Do Now• What is Napoleon’s Continental System?

(p350)

Europe in 1811.Colors indicate (from dark blue to light blue) :- Dark blue - French Empire,- Light Blue - French Satellite States,- Blue grey - Countries submitted into applying the Continental System

Napoleon:Absolutist or Revolutionary?

Napoleon’s Domination of Europe

• Establishes peace with Catholic Church

• Catholicism - religion of the majority of the French people

• Pope agreed not to ask for the return of lands seized during the revolution

• Spreads religious toleration through empire

Codification of the Laws• Civil Code –

Napoleonic Code

• Single law code for the entire nation

• Preserved some gains of revolution, however lost some others.

• Women were now “less equal than men”

Feud with Britain:Continental Plan

• He cut off all trade between Britain and the rest of Europe.

• Napoleon thought that this would cripple Britain.

• However, the plan backfired when the British formed a blockade to stop all French imports.

• This hurt France and angered Napoleon’s Allies

It Ain’t Easy…• Napoleon misjudged the

power of nationalism• French were hated

oppressors, aroused nationalism

• The spread of the principles of nationalism showed conquered nations what a nation in arms could do.

• France lost over 300,000 men trying to wipe out the guerillas of Spain and Germany.

Do Now• What are some ways Napoleon loses

control in France? (p350ish)

Beginning of the End for the Grand Army

• Napoleon invaded Russia because the Tsar refused to stop selling grain to Britain.

• He expected his Grand Army to destroy the smaller Russian force.

• However, the Russians retreated towards Moscow and burned everything as they went to keep the army from finding food.

From Russia With Love• The worst winter in

one hundred years hit Russia.

• The Russians completely burned Moscow.

• Napoleon lost over 400,000 of 600,000 men in his retreat.

Fall of Napoleon• Britain forms a Grand Alliance

to retake all the land of the French empire

• Within a year the allies defeat Napoleon

• exile Napoleon to the island of Elba

• The old monarchy was restored to France in the person of Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI.

The End of His Reign

• In 1815, Napoleon slips back into France from Elba.

• thousands rejoined Napoleon’s army.

• British and Prussian armies rushed towards France, Napoleon met them at Waterloo.

Waterloo• After a long battle,

Napoleon’s troops retreated

• This ended Napoleon’s last bid for power

• The British exiled Napoleon to the island of St. Helena and Napoleon died six years later.

Domination of Europe• Establishes peace with Catholic Church• Spreads religious toleration through empire• Napoleonic Code in France offers a unified set of

laws in France and the ability for anyone to rise to any occupation.

Napoleon Recap

Fall of Napoleon• Attempted to cut off trade

between Britain and the rest of Europe.

• Napoleon thought this “Continental Plan” would cripple Britain.

• Plan backfires – after all, people want their freedom – many people are angered.

• Chasing Russian armies will wear out the fighting force led by Napoleon

• After exile and resurgence, Waterloo is the last hoorah.

• So what is left of the French Revolution by 1815 following Napoleon’s rule?

• Following the Enlightenment, the French Revolution is the first to take place in Europe where an existing government is completely changed.

• Ideas of democracy and a stronger, better represented middle class spread… absolutism in Europe is a dying way.

• Military tactics are changed – nations now have massive armies rather than smaller individual groups or mercenaries

With Love,Napoleon

aka “Le Revolution”

Napoleon: Dynamite?

When Napoleon escapes from the island of Elba and tries to regain power, the people of France must decide follow him again or to stick

with the new king.

• Set up a chart in your notebook:

Good things about Napoleon’s rule Bad things about Napoleon’s rule______________________________________________________

List at least four examples under each column.

Underneath your chart, finish one of the sentences in a short paragraph:

• I would support Napoleon’s return to power because…

• I would not support Napoleon’s return to power because…

• Neighboring monarchies (the other countries in Europe) fear the French Revolution will spread and that their people will want the same freedoms

• Napoleon takes it upon himself to spread his own brand of freedom and revolution… he conquers Europe.