From Isolation to Westernization Chapter 18: The Rise of Russia.

From Isolation to From Isolation to WesternizationWesternization

Chapter 18: The Rise of RussiaChapter 18: The Rise of Russia

IndependenceIndependence

Ivan III gained political experience collecting Ivan III gained political experience collecting taxes for the Mongolstaxes for the Mongols

Freed most of Russia by 1462Freed most of Russia by 1462 Freed Moscow by 1480Freed Moscow by 1480 Ivan III emerges as leaderIvan III emerges as leader

Carefully managed contact with the WestCarefully managed contact with the West Commercial and Cultural disadvantageCommercial and Cultural disadvantage

Russia after IndependenceRussia after Independence

Centuries of isolation led to decline and Centuries of isolation led to decline and stagnationstagnation Low literacyLow literacy Feudal organizationFeudal organization Almost non-existent tradeAlmost non-existent trade

Mostly Orthodox ChristiansMostly Orthodox Christians

Ivan the Great (III)Ivan the Great (III)

Married niece of Byzantine Married niece of Byzantine EmperorEmperor

Insisted Russia was the Third Insisted Russia was the Third RomeRome

Named himself CzarNamed himself Czar

I am the autocrat of all the Russians!

Ivan the TerribleIvan the Terrible

ExpansionExpansion Killed Boyars to increase powerKilled Boyars to increase power Ruled with terrorRuled with terror

Fear Me!

ExpansionExpansion

The Ivans focused on expansion into central The Ivans focused on expansion into central AsiaAsia Want to push back MongolsWant to push back Mongols Recruit Cossacks to settle pioneer landsRecruit Cossacks to settle pioneer lands

1616thth Century gain control of Century gain control of Caspian SeaCaspian Sea SiberiaSiberia

ExpansionExpansion

Czars took advantage of new lands as gifts for Czars took advantage of new lands as gifts for noblesnobles

New trade routesNew trade routes Russia becomes huge multicultural empireRussia becomes huge multicultural empire Late 16Late 16thth Century begin looking west for Century begin looking west for

cultural cuescultural cues

The Time of TroublesThe Time of Troubles

Ivan the Terrible dies without an heirIvan the Terrible dies without an heir Power struggles between boyarsPower struggles between boyars Sweden and Poland attack while Russia is weakSweden and Poland attack while Russia is weak 1613, Romanovs chosen to rule1613, Romanovs chosen to rule Surprisingly, czars don’t lose powerSurprisingly, czars don’t lose power

Michael RomanovMichael Romanov

Reestablished orderReestablished order Drove out invadersDrove out invaders Gained control of UkraineGained control of Ukraine

Alexis RomanovAlexis Romanov

Abolished noble assembliesAbolished noble assemblies Gained control over Orthodox ChurchGained control over Orthodox Church Exiled Old Believers to SiberiaExiled Old Believers to Siberia

Peter the GreatPeter the Great

Inherits large but medieval, agricultural Inherits large but medieval, agricultural EmpireEmpire

Wants to adopt some western ideasWants to adopt some western ideas Rules as autocrat, not interested in parliamentsRules as autocrat, not interested in parliaments Hires bureaucrats to run governmentHires bureaucrats to run government Builds professional army and navyBuilds professional army and navy

MoscowMoscow

Set up secret policeSet up secret police Gained territoryGained territory Moved capital from Moscow to St. PetersburgMoved capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg

St. PetersburgSt. Petersburg

Paris and Versailles (France)Paris and Versailles (France)

Peter the Great’s WesternizationPeter the Great’s Westernization

Built modern European style army and Built modern European style army and Russia’s 1Russia’s 1stst navy navy

Systematized lawsSystematized laws Revised tax structureRevised tax structure Built up metallurgy and mining to support Built up metallurgy and mining to support

militarymilitary Western stylesWestern styles

What Peter didn’t changeWhat Peter didn’t change

Limited urbanization = no real middle classLimited urbanization = no real middle class Gender roles remain the sameGender roles remain the same Serfs lives do not changeSerfs lives do not change Non-military technology does not changeNon-military technology does not change Didn’t attempt to increase international trade Didn’t attempt to increase international trade

Catherine the GreatCatherine the Great

Catherine the Great wrote her own epitaph, or gravestone inscription.

“When she had ascended to the throne of Russia, she wished to do good and tried to

bring happiness, freedom, and prosperity to her subjects.

She forgave easily and hated no one.She was good natured and easy going; she

had a cheerful temprament, republican sentiments, and a kind heart.

She had friends.Work was easy for her; she loved sociability

and the arts.”

Catherine the GreatCatherine the Great

Practiced selective westernizationPracticed selective westernization Advocated a strong monarchyAdvocated a strong monarchy Claimed to be an “Enlightened Despot”Claimed to be an “Enlightened Despot” Built a bureaucracy mostly from the nobility Built a bureaucracy mostly from the nobility

(aristocracy, not middle class)(aristocracy, not middle class) Landlords maintained control over peasantsLandlords maintained control over peasants

Catherine the GreatCatherine the Great

Refused to emancipate the serfsRefused to emancipate the serfs Put down the Pugachev rebellionPut down the Pugachev rebellion

Catherine the GreatCatherine the Great

Patronized western styled art Patronized western styled art Encouraged nobility to get educated in EuropeEncouraged nobility to get educated in Europe Fought Ottoman Empire to win a port on the Fought Ottoman Empire to win a port on the

Black SeaBlack Sea Partitioned Poland with Austria and PrussiaPartitioned Poland with Austria and Prussia

Catherine the GreatCatherine the Great

When the French Revolution began in 1789, When the French Revolution began in 1789, Catherine, fearing revolution spilling into Catherine, fearing revolution spilling into Russia, isolated the empire from the westRussia, isolated the empire from the west

Major ThemesMajor Themes

Serfdom: majority of people were serfs who Serfdom: majority of people were serfs who did agricultural workdid agricultural work

Law passed in 1785 allowed landlords to Law passed in 1785 allowed landlords to harshly punish serfs for major offensesharshly punish serfs for major offenses

Very limited trade, aimed at strengthening Very limited trade, aimed at strengthening militarymilitary

Extremely limited middle classExtremely limited middle class

Major ThemesMajor Themes

Most people were loyal to the Czar, but hated Most people were loyal to the Czar, but hated their landlordstheir landlords

Empire expanded east, west, and southEmpire expanded east, west, and south

How Russia differed from the How Russia differed from the WestWest

Very feudal, local lords exercised incredible Very feudal, local lords exercised incredible powerpower

Did not experience cultural growth like the Did not experience cultural growth like the WestWest

Because it wasn’t Catholic, no involvement in Because it wasn’t Catholic, no involvement in Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation

Changes in Russia by 1750Changes in Russia by 1750

Gained warm water ports on Baltic and Black Gained warm water ports on Baltic and Black SeasSeas

Sought and gained cultural access to the WestSought and gained cultural access to the West Unlike China and Japan, Russia wanted to Unlike China and Japan, Russia wanted to

engage with and emulate aspects of the Westengage with and emulate aspects of the West