From Evidence-Based Medicine to Evidence-Based Care Halden F. Scott, MD Medical Director, Sepsis Treatment and Recognition Program Children’s Hospital Colorado Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine University of Colorado School of Medicine
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From Evidence-Based Medicine to Evidence-Based Care
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From Evidence-Based Medicine to Evidence-Based Care
Halden F. Scott, MD
Medical Director, Sepsis Treatment and Recognition Program Children’s Hospital Colorado
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine University of Colorado School of Medicine
Financial Disclosures
• No relevant financial relationships with any commercial interests.
Halden F. Scott, MD
A Child Arrives in Triage
• 4 year old – language barrier • Won’t drink and has a fever • Previously healthy
• Seen 14 days prior with febrile illness: treated
with oseltamivir (sibling +Flu A) • Recovered, was back at school
• Now 4 days of new fever, worsening cough • No urine output in 12 hours
Triage Exam
• T=100 HR:132 RR:30 SpO2: 86%
• Moaning and grabbing abdomen
• Refuses to walk – carried to stretcher
Triage Exam
• T=100 HR:132 RR:30 SpO2: 86%
• Moaning and grabbing abdomen
• Refuses to walk – carried to stretcher
What do you notice? What do you do?
Pop Quiz!
What would you do next? A. Give acetaminophen
B. Provide supplies for oral rehydration
C. Obtain a full set of vital signs
D. Place oxygen
Pop Quiz!
The ED is pretty full. Where would you put this patient?
T=100 HR:132 RR:30 SpO2: 86%
A. A resuscitation/trauma room
B. A regular ED room (telling attending about patient)
C. A regular ED room (no notification)
D. Back to the waiting room (frequent rechecks)
Brought Back to a Regular Room
• Placed on 2L nasal canula
• HR to 160s
• Acetaminophen
• ORT teaching
• Chest xray shows pneumonia
• Amoxicillin ordered
Two Hours Later
• Did not take ORT. Threw up amoxicillin.
• Nurse turned up to 4-5L NC
• Sleepy, HR 160s, RR 60-70
• Extremities cool, weak pulses
• Cannot obtain access
• Antibiotics ordered
Uh-Oh
• Moved to a front room, higher-level attending
• IV, fluids started
• Hypotensive, dopamine started
• Gas: 7.02/67
Uh-Oh
• Moved to a front room, higher-level attending
• IV, fluids started
• Hypotensive, dopamine started
• Gas: 7.02/67
• Ketamine, versed - Intubation
• Desaturation – bradycardia - asystole
• CPR x 8 minutes, pulmonary hemorrhage at time of intubation
Case
• ECMO team called
• Ceftriaxone 1 hour post-arrest
• Vancomycin 1 hour post-arrest
• Oseltamivir the next morning
Case
• ECMO
• Multi-system organ failure
• Severe hypoxic injury
• Death
• Group A Strep grew from pulmonary fluid
• +Influenza
What do you notice about this case?
• What were the warning signs?
• What were the reassuring signs?
• What steps could have been better?
Pop Quiz!
• Chief complaint: 4 year old – won’t drink and has a fever
• Where do you usually room a patient with this complaint on a busy night?
A. A resuscitation/trauma room
B. A regular ED room (telling attending about patient)
C. A regular ED room (no notification)
D. Back to the waiting room (frequent rechecks)
Pop Quiz!
• Vital signs: T=100 HR:132 RR:30 SpO2: 86%
• Where do you usually room a patient with these vital signs on a busy night?
A. A resuscitation/trauma room
B. A regular ED room (telling attending about patient)
C. A regular ED room (no notification)
D. Back to the waiting room (frequent rechecks)
Pop Quiz!
Could this patient have a similar first several hours of care at your institution? A. Yes
B. I would like to think no, but maybe… yes
C. No
What do you notice about this case?
• Initial vitals not that bad
• Exam findings may be subtle
• Warning signs: – Return of fever after initial febrile prodrome
– Urine output
– Can’t get a blood pressure easily
• No focus on blood pressure, early access, IV fluid, antibiotics in the treatment plan until too late
photo: T. Brayman, Children’s Colorado
Pressure to Improve Care
Level of Evidence
de Caen Circulation 2015
Objectives
1. Develop a working definition of pediatric sepsis that facilitates clinical recognition.
2. Discuss key evidence surrounding elements of pediatric sepsis care:
1. Diagnosis
2. Fluid Resuscitation
3. Protocolized Treatment
3. Develop practical approaches to improving outcomes despite incomplete “proof” of effectiveness.
Objectives
1. Develop a working definition of pediatric sepsis that facilitates clinical recognition.
2. Discuss key evidence surrounding elements of pediatric sepsis care:
1. Diagnosis
2. Fluid Resuscitation
3. Protocolized Treatment
3. Develop practical approaches to improving outcomes despite incomplete “proof” of effectiveness.
Pop Quiz!
What is sepsis?
Pop Quiz!
What is sepsis?
A) Systemic Inflammatory Response Sydrome (SIRS) + Infection
B) Life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection
C) I know it when I see it
D) qSOFA >= 2
Pediatric Definitions: SIRS
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
(2/4, 1 must be temp or wbc):
Core Temp > 38.5°C or <36°C
Tachycardia / Bradycardia if <1 y/o
Tachypnea
WBC elevated or depressed
Goldstein PCCM 2005
Pediatric Definitions
• Infection – Suspected or proven infection caused by any pathogen OR
a clinical syndrome w/ probability of infection
• Sepsis – SIRS in the presence of infection
• Severe Sepsis – Sepsis + CV dysfunction OR ARDS OR ≥2 other organ
dysfunction
• Septic Shock – Sepsis and CV organ dysfunction (hypotension, pressors or
elevated lactate)
Goldstein PCCM 2005
Pediatric Definitions
• Infection – Suspected or proven infection caused by any pathogen OR
a clinical syndrome w/ probability of infection
• Sepsis – SIRS in the presence of infection
• Severe Sepsis – Sepsis + CV dysfunction OR ARDS OR ≥2 other organ
dysfunction
• Septic Shock – Sepsis and CV organ dysfunction (hypotension, pressors or
elevated lactate)
Goldstein PCCM 2005
Weiss article
Weiss BMC Critical Care 2015
Sepsis 3.0
• Life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection
Seymour JAMA 2016
2005
Sepsis
(SIRS + Infection)
Severe Sepsis
(Organ Dysfunction)
Septic Shock
(Hypotension or Lactate)
Infection
(No SIRS)
Sepsis
(qSOFA)
Septic Shock
(Hypotension or Lactate)
2016 (Adults Only)
2005
Sepsis
(SIRS + Infection)
Severe Sepsis
(Organ Dysfunction)
Septic Shock
(Hypotension or Lactate)
Infection
(No SIRS)
Sepsis
(qSOFA)
Septic Shock
(Hypotension or Lactate)
2016 (Adults Only)
2005
Sepsis
(SIRS + Infection)
Severe Sepsis
(Organ Dysfunction)
Septic Shock
(Hypotension or Lactate)
Infection
(No SIRS)
Sepsis
(qSOFA)
Septic Shock
(Hypotension or Lactate)
2016 (Adults Only)
2005
Sepsis
(SIRS + Infection)
Severe Sepsis
(Organ Dysfunction)
Septic Shock
(Hypotension or Lactate)
Infection
(No SIRS)
Sepsis
(qSOFA)
Septic Shock
(Hypotension or Lactate)
2016 (Adults Only)
What is sepsis?
What is sepsis?
• Many competing, evolving definitions
• Pick a case definition for quality work
– Goldstein 2005
– Children’s Hospital Association Improving Pediatric Sepsis Outcomes collaborative
– Centers for Medicare Services
• Develop a useful clinical definition
Audience Poll
Does your hospital have a working definition for pediatric sepsis for internal quality improvement?
A) Yes
B) I think so
C) I don’t know
D) I think no
E) No
Infection + Organ Dysfunction • Hypotensive 8 year-old, ALL, central line;
blood culture +gram negative rods
• 2 year-old intubated, ventilated with pneumonia
• Lethargic 4 year-old, spina bifida, fever, and leukocytes & nitrites in her urine
• 16 year-old, right lower quadrant pain and fever, heart rate 140 bpm, capillary refill of 5 seconds
Sepsis Stat
Fever and/or concern for infection AND: • Tachycardia despite absence or
treatment of fever & dehydration?
• Immunosuppression/immuno-deficiency or central line?
• Consider for clinically uncertain / borderline abnormalities in: o Mental status o Capillary refill o Peripheral pulse quality
Objectives
1. Develop a working definition of pediatric sepsis that facilitates clinical recognition.
2. Discuss key evidence surrounding elements of pediatric sepsis care:
1. Diagnosis
2. Fluid Resuscitation
3. Protocolized Treatment
3. Develop practical approaches to improving outcomes despite incomplete “proof” of effectiveness.
Evaluating Diagnostic Strategies
• Agreeing on meaningful outcomes
• A good test for sepsis detects…
– patients with infection & hypotension
– patients with infection & organ dysfunction
– patients with infection & who need ICU
– patients with infection & who die
Brierley CCM 2009
Brierley Crit Care Med 2009 Brierley Crit Care Med 2009
Brierley CCM 2009
Capillary Refill Time
Mortality: Referred for Transport to Pediatric ICU
Carcillo Pediatrics 2009
Physical Exam for Detection Inclusion: ED, SIRS, receiving IV
Outcome: Organ dysfunction within 24 hours
Scott BMC Emer Med 2014
Physical Exam for Detection Inclusion: ED, SIRS, receiving IV
Outcome: Organ dysfunction within 24 hours
Scott BMC Emer Med 2014
Physical Exam for Detection Inclusion: ED, SIRS, receiving IV
Outcome: Organ dysfunction within 24 hours
Scott BMC Emer Med 2014
Physical Exam for Detection
• Capillary refill time, peripheral pulse quality, mottled extremities
– Useful in patients already identified as critically ill/septic
– Less useful for triage
• Altered mental status
– Better than the other findings
– Still misses half of severe sepsis patients
What about SIRS vital signs?
Pop Quiz!
Of all children who come to the ED and end up intubated or on vasopressors within 24 hours, how many have SIRS? (excluding trauma)
A) 20%
B) 40%
C) 60%
D) 80%
SIRS for Sepsis Triage
All Medical ED Visits in 2011-12 40,356
Scott Acad Emer Med 2015
SIRS for Sepsis Triage
All Medical ED Visits in 2011-12 40,356
SIRS 6,122
No SIRS 34,234
Scott Acad Emer Med 2015
SIRS for Sepsis Triage
All Medical ED Visits in 2011-12 40,356
SIRS 6,122
Vasopressor or Intubation
23 (0.38%) Vasopressor or Intubation
76 (0.22%)
No SIRS 34,234
Scott Acad Emer Med 2015
SIRS for Sepsis Triage
All Medical ED Visits in 2011-12 40,356
SIRS 6,122
Vasopressor or Intubation
23 (0.38%) Vasopressor or Intubation
76 (0.22%)
No SIRS 34,234
Scott Acad Emer Med 2015
SIRS for Sepsis Triage
All Medical ED Visits in 2011-12 40,356
SIRS 6,122
Vasopressor or Intubation
23 (0.38%) Vasopressor or Intubation
76 (0.22%)
No SIRS 34,234
Scott Acad Emer Med 2015
22% Sensitive
So physical exam and vitals don’t help?
So physical exam and vitals don’t help?
• Of course they help!
• Consider others besides
– Capillary Refill
– Peripheral Pulses
– Cold Extremities
– SIRS
So physical exam and vitals don’t help?
• Of course they help!
• Consider others besides
– Capillary Refill
– Peripheral Pulses
– Cold Extremities
– SIRS
• Likely Better
• Hypotension
• Altered mental status
• Urine output decreased
• Respiratory distress/fast breathing
• Overall ‘looks sick’
• Can’t sit up or walk
“I passed out at home”
• Healthy 16 yo female
• Fever, muscle pain x 1 day. Tried to stand and passed up.
• 39, HR 122, RR 28, BP 92/47, Pox 95%
“I passed out at home”
• Healthy 16 yo female
• Fever, muscle pain x 1 day. Tried to stand and passed up.
• 39, HR 122, RR 28, BP 92/47, Pox 95%
What do you notice? What do you do?
“I passed out at home”
• IV placed, 1L bolus started
• Patient tries to sit up and passes out
• HR=125, BP = 85/35
• Receives more boluses
• Antibiotics given
• Develops rash, lips peeling, red all over
Pop Quiz!
What is the most likely source of infection?
A) Pneumonia
B) Urinary Tract Infection
C) Toxic Shock Syndrome
D) Bacteremia
You ask another question…
• Currently on day 7 of menstrual period, tampon use • Antibiotics given, tampon removed, good recovery
• Toxic Shock Syndrome: Usually Strep or Staph
– 20% source not identified – 50% related to tampon use
• CDC Criteria: – >38.9°C – Hypotension – Erythroderma, desquamation – >= 3 organ systems
Diagnosis of Pediatric Sepsis: ED Experiences
Algorithmic Alert vs. Physician Judgment Algorithmic (EHR) Alert:
• Fever (complaint or ≥38.5 or <36)
• Any 3:
– Temperature
– Heart rate
– Respiratory rate
– Blood pressure
– High risk condition
– Capillary refill
– Pulse quality
– Abnormal mental status
Physician Judgment
• Treatment pathway used
Outcome: Severe sepsis or septic shock within 24 hours
Balamuth Acad EM 2015
Severe Sepsis +
Severe Sepsis -
Alert + 81 3220
Alert - 7 16,216
Algorithmic Alert
92% sensitive
83% specific
Physician Judgment 73% sensitive 99% specific
Severe Sepsis +
Severe Sepsis -
PJ + 64 95
PJ - 24 19,341
Algorithmic Alert vs. Physician Judgment
Severe Sepsis +
Severe Sepsis -
Alert + 81 3220
Alert - 7 16,216
Algorithmic Alert
92% sensitive
83% specific
Physician Judgment 73% sensitive 99% specific
Severe Sepsis +
Severe Sepsis -
PJ + 64 95
PJ - 24 19,341
Algorithmic Alert vs. Physician Judgment
Severe Sepsis +
Severe Sepsis -
Alert + 81 3220
Alert - 7 16,216
Algorithmic Alert
92% sensitive
83% specific
Physician Judgment 73% sensitive 99% specific
Severe Sepsis +
Severe Sepsis -
PJ + 64 95
PJ - 24 19,341
Algorithmic Alert vs. Physician Judgment
Audience Poll
Does your hospital use a sepsis screening tool for children?
A) Yes – in the ED
B) Yes – in inpatient
C) Yes – in both ED and inpatient
D) I don’t know
E) No
Diagnosis: Screening/Triage Tests
• Some system probably better than none
• Several examples available
– AAP Septic Shock Collaborative
– Balamuth Acad Emerg Med 2015
– Cruz Pediatrics 2011, Ped Emerg Care 2012
– Goldstein Ped Crit Care Med 2005
• Nothing proven
Sepsis Stat
Fever and/or concern for infection AND: • Tachycardia despite absence or
treatment of fever & dehydration?
• Immunosuppression/immuno-deficiency or central line?
• Consider for clinically uncertain / borderline abnormalities in: o Mental status o Capillary refill o Peripheral pulse quality
Two Critical Diagnostic Elements
• Hypotension
• Lactate
Lactate in sepsis
• Produced by anaerobic metabolism
– Global hypoperfusion
– Regional hypoperfusion
– Adrenergic state
– Metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunction?
– Lung?
• Hepatic clearance
• Renal clearance
Lactate in Adult Sepsis
Reprinted from Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, et al: Surviving Sepsis Campaign:
International Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2012. Crit Care
Med 2013; 41:580-637.
Lactate in Pediatric Sepsis
Brierley Crit Care Med 2009
• Setting: ED tertiary pediatric hospital
• Population: <18 years, ED, SIRS, IV placed
• Intervention:
– Measurement of lactate (blinded to clinicians)
• Outcome: Organ dysfunction within 24 hours (Goldstein)
• 239 enrolled
• Routine clinical care
Lactate & Organ Dysfunction in Pediatric Sepsis
Scott Acad EM 2012
239 Children in the ED with Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
Fever
+
Fast Heart Rate
Scott Acad EM 2012
3%
17%
4%
22%
0
5
10
15
20
25
Lactate<4 mmol/L Lactate≥4mmol/L
Per
cent
age
with
Org
an D
ysfu
nctio
n
Organ Dysfunction In ED
Organ Dysfunction Within24 Hours
Risk of Organ Failure 5 Times Higher RR= 5.5 [1.9-16.0]
Scott Acad Emer Med 2012
Risk of Death 2 Times Higher RR= 2.90 [1.11-7.57]
Scott PAS 2016
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
8.0%
≤36 mg/dL (4 mmol/L) >36 mg/dL (4 mmol/L)
Mo
rta
lity
Initial Lactate Level
30-Day Mortality
3-Day Mortality
Risk of Death 2 Times Higher RR= 2.90 [1.11-7.57]
Scott PAS 2016
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
8.0%
≤36 mg/dL (4 mmol/L) >36 mg/dL (4 mmol/L)
Mo
rta
lity
Initial Lactate Level
30-Day Mortality
3-Day Mortality
Risk of Death 2 Times Higher RR= 2.90 [1.11-7.57]
Scott PAS 2016
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
8.0%
≤36 mg/dL (4 mmol/L) >36 mg/dL (4 mmol/L)
Mo
rta
lity
Initial Lactate Level
30-Day Mortality
3-Day Mortality
Scott PAS 2016
Scott PAS 2016
Among children in the ED with clinical sepsis, across all outcomes, more severe outcomes occur more frequently in patients with higher lactate
Definitions
• Lactate Clearance
Decrease by ≥10%, or <2 mmol/L if initial level <2 mmol/L
• Lactate Normalization:
Lactate < 2 mmol/L
Scott JPeds 2015
Scott JPeds 2015
Diagnosis
• Diagnosis prior to late-stage illness is ideal
• Many institutions fail even AFTER hypotension or high lactate… and these are patients most likely to die
• QI Teams: Check your institution’s performance in hypotensive patients
• Consider use of lactate testing in your sepsis program
Objectives
1. Develop a working definition of pediatric sepsis that facilitates clinical recognition.
2. Discuss key evidence surrounding elements of pediatric sepsis care:
1. Diagnosis
2. Fluid Resuscitation
3. Protocolized Treatment
3. Develop practical approaches to improving outcomes despite incomplete “proof” of effectiveness.
Pop Quiz!
What is the right amount of IV fluid to give a 15-kg child with septic shock?
A) 60 mL/kg in the first 15 minutes
B) 60 mL/kg in the first 60 minutes
C) 40 mL/kg in the first 60 minutes
D) It depends
Fluid in Pediatric Sepsis
Brierley Crit Care Med 2009
• All children with septic shock with PA catheter by 6 hours • 34 patients, mean age 13.5 months
• ARDS (n=11), cardiogenic pulmonary edema (n=5) not associated with volume received
• At time of PA placement: Hypovolemia more frequent in Groups 1&2, all hypovolemic patients died (n=8)
1st Hour Fluid n Mortality
Group 1 <20 ml/kg 14 57%
Group 2 20-40 ml/kg 11 64%
Group 3 >40 ml/kg 9 11%
Carcillo JAMA 1991
Paul Pediatrics 2012
Populations: Landmark Pediatric Sepsis Studies
• Severe febrile illness (Africa)
• Maitland NEJM 2011
Population: “Severe febrile illness”
• 60 days - 12 years
• Febrile
• Impaired consciousness (prostration or coma)
• Respiratory distress
• Impaired perfusion: capillary refill ≥3 seconds, lower-limb temperature gradient, weak radial-pulse volume, or severe tachycardia
Maitland NEJM 2011
Maitland NEJM 2011
• Patients admitted to the ICU with sepsis
• Community ED patients transported to a pediatric hospital with septic shock
• Consecutive PICU patients with fluid-refractory septic shock with a PA catheter within 6 hours
• ED patients with severe sepsis or septic shock
• Severe febrile illness (Africa)
PALS Fluid Recommendations
• Administration of an initial fluid bolus… in shock is reasonable (Class IIa, LOE C-LD)
• When caring for children with severe febrile illness in settings with limited access to critical care resources… administration of bolus intravenous fluids should be undertaken with extreme caution (Class IIb, LOE B-R)
de Caen Circulation 2015
PALS Fluid Recommendations
• Continued emphasis on fluid resuscitation for shock
• Fluid not safe for all patients in all settings
– e.g. shouldn’t have ‘standing orders’ for 60 mL/kg for all patients
• Increased emphasis on
– Individual patient assessment and reassessment
– Consideration of vulnerabilities to fluid • Nutrition status
• Diseases (i.e. anemia, malaria)
• Critical care resources
Summary: Fluid One Size Does Not Fit All
• In US/UK studies – 40-60 ml/kg associated with improved outcome in
septic shock/severe sepsis – Some populations harmed by fluid – Clinical assessment of fluid status during
resuscitation challenging
• Rapid fluid, rapid reassessment – Physical exam – Augment assessment when possible
• ScVO2, CVP • Lactate • Ultrasound/echo
Objectives
1. Develop a working definition of pediatric sepsis that facilitates clinical recognition.
2. Discuss key evidence surrounding elements of pediatric sepsis care:
1. Diagnosis
2. Fluid Resuscitation
3. Protocolized Treatment
3. Develop practical approaches to improving outcomes despite incomplete “proof” of effectiveness.
Time to Antibiotics Saves Lives
Weiss, Fitzgerald CCM 2014
Time to Antibiotics Saves Lives
Weiss, Fitzgerald CCM 2014
2011
Bolus in First Hour Antibiotic in 3 Hours Lactate Measured
Pre Post p-value
Length of Stay 181 hours 140 hours <0.05
Mortality 7 (13%) 7 (7%) 0.19
Pre Post p-value
Time to First Bolus 65 min 34 min 0.01
Time to Antibiotics 141 min 54 min 0.001
Fluid Volume 48.7 ml/kg 55.9 ml/kh 0.01
Acute Kidney Injury 53 (54%) 30 (29%) <0.001
Mortality 10 (10%) 3 (3%) 0.037
Cruz Pediatrics 2011 Ayse JPeds 2015
Time to Bolus Time to Antibiotic
Pre Post p-value
Time to First Bolus 65 min 34 min 0.01
Time to Antibiotics 141 min 54 min 0.001
Fluid Volume 48.7 ml/kg 55.9 ml/kh 0.01
Acute Kidney Injury 53 (54%) 30 (29%) <0.001
Mortality 10 (10%) 3 (3%) 0.037
Cruz Pediatrics 2011 Ayse JPeds 2015
Time to Bolus Time to Antibiotic
Paul
Paul Pediatrics 2014
Paul Pediatrics 2014
Sepsis STAT Sepsis Yellow
Concept Septic Shock Full resuscitation now
High-risk for bacterial infection; not critical Prevent deterioration Ongoing clinical-decision making
Location Move to a resuscitation bay Stay in regular ED room
Staffing Additional nurse to bedside Bedside nurse (charge nurse watches the bedside nurse’s other patients)
Pharmacy Hand-delivers antibiotic Expedited tubed antibiotic with nurse page
Fluid Rapid bolus start, reassess Consider, reassess *If faster than on a pump needed, upgrade to STAT
Lowers psychological barrier to clinicians activating & may prevent full shock state Allows expedited evaluation without committing to antibiotics Unifying protocol for all high-risk conditions
Lowers psychological barrier to clinicians activating & may prevent full shock state Allows expedited evaluation without committing to antibiotics Unifying protocol for all high-risk conditions
CONS Resource-intensive Underuse of Sepsis STAT
Yellow
Stat
Missed
Sepsis Yellow Patients: 30% No Antibiotics
Controversies in Diagnosis, Fluid, Protocolized Care:
So What Should We Do?
• Not controversial: – Early antibiotics
– Do not tolerate hypotension
• Patient-Specific, Systems-Standardized
• Process Improvement & Standardization – Recognition/Screening