From Dictatorship to Democracy, Khmer Version

7/30/2019 From Dictatorship to Democracy, Khmer Version

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/from-dictatorship-to-democracy-khmer-version 1/144

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BI

rbbpþac;kar eTA

RbCaFibetyü tameKalKMni tGhi gSa

CIn sab vi Tüasæ anGal'bW tGaMgsþaj The Albert Einstein Institution



- ii -

rUbztRkbmux

- xagelI ; elak cn buWK ‘ Jon Bugge’ ©JonBugge - xageRkam ; elak Exm suvNÑara ©ExmsuvNÑara

rUbztRkbeRkay - elak nIk evsþÚv&r ‘ Nick Westover ’ ©NickWestover



- iii -

CUncMeJHmitþ r¨ ug Qun



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- v -

ebskkmµ

viTüasßanGal;bWtGaMgsþaj

ebskkmµ énvi Tüasæ anGal´bW tGaMgsþaj KWCYyeZV IeGaymankarrIkcMerIndlkarsi kSaTUlMTUlay ni gkareRbIR:sGMeBIGhi gSaCayuTÆsaRsþ ~gkaredaH

RsayTMnasńanaelIEpndIenH .vi Tüasæ anenHebþC\a ÷

• karJrRbCaZi betyü esrIPaB• RbqaMgnw gkarCi HCan GMeBIpþackar karsMlabmnusSrg<al ni g• bnæ ykarBw gEpÁ keTAelIGMeBIhigSa ~gviZankarnana .

ebskkmµ enH sMerc:neTAtamviZankarbIya¨g ÷• karCYyelIkTw kci tþkarRsavRCav karsi kSaGMBIvi ZankarsMrab´

skmµ PaBGhi gSa ni gkareRbIR:svi ZankarenHBImun>~gTMnas RKbEbbyag .

• karEckcaylTÆplénkarRsavRCavenH eTAsaZarNCn tam ry; karpSBVpSay snñ isIT ni gRbB&nÆB&t( man ehIyni g• karBi eRKaH pþléyabl´ dlRkumTaMgLayEdlmanTMnas´

GMBIplEdleKTTYl:nBIyuTÆsaRsþénkareRbIGMeBIGhigSa .



- vi -

GV I>TaMgGsénA~ges[vePAenH sæi tenA~gevTi kasaZarN;KWeKGaccMlgeRbIR:s´:n edayBu McaM:c´mankarGnuJ¦atBIelak CIn sab ß

Gñ kbkERb . Rbsi nebIelakGñkcMlgvK<NamYy~ges[vePAenHsUmemtþabJ¢ akRbPBedImeGay:nc|as´las´ . sUmGrKuN .

e:HBum¬elIkTImYy Ex ósPa qñaM 2002e:HBum¬elIkTIBIr Ex mi zuna qñaM 2003

es[vePA ²BIrbbpþac´ kareTARbCaZi betyü³ :nRtUveKecjpSayCaelIkdMbUgbgÁ s enATIRkug:gkk ~gqñaM1993 edayRkumKN;kmµ kar

sMrabksaglTÆ iRbCaZi betyüeLIgvi jenA~gRbeTsPUma~gshkarCamYyTsSnavdþ IjÚveG[ra¨ ‘ The New Era Journal’ ‘ Khit Pyaing’.

taMgBIeBlenaHmk eK:nbkERbes[vePAenHecjCaR:MbIPasayägti c ehIyeK:npSBVpSayenA~gRbeTssW eb[ «NÐ ÚensI u ni géz

RBmTaMgbNþaRbeTsmYycMnYneT[t .enHCaelIkTImYy Edles[vePAenHecjpSayCaPasaExµ r e:HBum¬Extula 2005 .

The Albert Einstein Institution

427 Newbury StreetBoston, MA 02115-1801, USA

Tel: USA+617-247-4882

Fax: USA+617-247-4035

E-mail: [email protected]

Website: www.aeinstein.org

ISBN 1-880813-09-2 (PasaGgéKøs’ ISBN 1-880813-13-0 (PasaExµ r )

mailto:[email protected]



http://www.aeinstein.org/

http://www.aeinstein.org/




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BIrbbpþac;kar eTARbCaFibetyü

tameKalKMni tGhi gSa



- viii -



- ix -

matikaerOg

kMNt´GñkbkERb xiii

GarmÖkza xvi

CMBUkTI 1RbQmmuxnw grbbpþackar 1

bJØaEdlenAmanbnþ 3esrIPaBtamry;GMeBIhi gSa 5rdðRbhar kare:Heqñat GñkeRsacRsg´BIbreTs 7karTTYls<alkarBit 10

CMBUkTI 2

eRKaHzñakénkarcrca 13KuNsm|tþ i ni gkarxUcxaténki c© crca 14 karcuHj¨mtamkarcrca 15GMNac ni gyutþ i Zm( enA~gki c© crca 17karylRBmrbs´BYkpþackar 18

etIsnþ i PaBEbbNa

20mUlehtusMrabesckþ Isg¹wm 20

CMBUkTI 3eBlNaGMNacnwgmkdl´ 23

er]geRBgni TanGMBIm© assVa 23



- x -

RbPBcaM:cnanaénGMNacneya:y 25mNÐlTaMgLayénGMNacRbCaZi betyü 29

CMBUkTI

4 rbbpþackarmancMNucexSay 33karsMKalrkemIlEkgeCIgGaKIl 33cMNucexSayrbs´rbbpþackar 34 karvayRbhareTAelIcMNucexSayénrbbpþac´kar 36

CMBUkTI 5kareRbIR:sGMNac 39

dMeNIrénkarts)UGhi gSa 40GavuZni gvi n&yGhi gSa 41karebIkcMh PaBsMgat´ ni g«ri yabzRtw mRtUv 45

karERbRbYlRKwHGMNac 46ynþkarbYnyägsMrabkarERbRbYl 47«TÆi BlRbCaZibetyüénneya:yerIbRmH 49 PaBsµúKsµajénkarts) UGhi gSa 51

CMBUkTI

6esckþ IRtUvkareGaymanEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ 53karer[bcMCaEpnkarCakÉsþg 54 óbsK<~gkarer[bcMEpnkar 55JküeBcn¾ bYnsMxan´>~gkareZV IEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ 59



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CMBUkTI 7karer[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþ 63

kareRCIserIsneya:y 65

karer[bcMEpnkaredIm|IlTÆ i RbCaZibetyü 66CMnYyBIeRkA 67karer[bcMyuTÆsaRsþcMbg 68 karer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþsMrabýuTÆnakar 71karpSBVpSayKMni tmineZV Ishkar 74 karbRg,abnigvi ZankarTb´Tl´ 75

karRbkanEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþeGayx¢ab´ 76

CMBUkTI 8 karGnuvtþn¾neya:yerIbRmH 79

karts) UsRmaMg 80

kartTlĆani mi tþrUb 81karEbgEckkarTTYlxusRtUv 83kartMrgeTArkGMNacBYkpþackar 84 karERbRbYlyuTÆsaRsþ 87

CMBUkTI

9 karbMEbkrbbpþackar 89 karBRgIkesrIPaB 91karbMEbkrbbpþac´kar 93karkan´kabĆ&yCMnHedaykarTTYlxusRtUv 95



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CMBUkTI 10kic© karCamUldðansMrabRbCaZi betyürwgbu wg 97

karKMramkMEhgBIrbbpþackarzµ I 98

karTbs,at´rdð Rbhar 99 karRJgrdð ZmµnuJ¦ 100neya:ykarJrCati tamRbCaZibetyü 101karTTYlxusRtUvd* lÁ RbesIr 102

óbsm¬ &nÆ - meZüa:yénskmµPaBGhi gSa 105GMBIGñ kni BnÆ 121

GMBIGñkbkERb 123



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kMNt;GñkbkERb

eKalbMNgZMénki c© karbkERbsMrYlenH nw g:nsMercdUcR:zñ a RbsinebIkare:HBum¬pSBVpSayes[vePArbselaksaRsþacarü CIn sab ²BIrbbpþackar eTARbCaZi betyü³CaPasaExµ r GacCYyCMrujelIkTw kci tþ eGaymankarRtw Hri HBi carNaeGay:nmW ugmatGMBIEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ ni gskmµ PaBGhi gSa EdlGac

CYyTajRbeTsNamYyeGayecjputBIPaBRkIRketakyak ni gkarcuHjm .karEvkEjkRbEkkKñ aza RbeTsNamYymandMeNIrkareTAmux ß zy

eRkayRbEhlCaBu MsUvsMxaneT . karBitenaHKW RbCaBlrdðRbeTsRkIRkRtUv qøgkatkarQW cabEdlmi ncaM:c . karrgTuk¡evTnaEdlRbCaBlrdð :nRTaMRT KYrEtCakarkRnþak´das´sµ artIeGayP\ak´rlw k sMrabRbeTsRkIRkTaMgLay .

RBw tþ i karN¾ nanaEdlmanekIteLIgenA~gRbeTsRkIRk hakdUcCaBu Mmanlk¡N;eKarB eyaKyl´ ßGaNi tGasUrdlRbCaBlrdðeLIy .Rbvtþi saRsþRbeTsRkIRkxøHeJreBjeTAeday ²bdi vtþn¾ ³ EdlTTYl

braC&y . sacer]gdEdl>ecHEtekItmaneLIg manEttYÉkeTEdlpøasbþ Úr .mtiri HKnxøHGaccatTukBYkGñ kdw knaMTaMgenaH zaCaGPi CnmYyRkumEdlrvlEt deNþ ImKñ akaccg, Útk:¨l´TItakńic ‘ Titanic’ . BYkeKmanci tþrIkrayenAeBl eXIjBYkemdw knaMcasrltrlay ehIyeKxi txMeZV IEbbNa edIm|Iku MeGayKURbECgrbséKmanOkaskøayeTACaGñ kTTYlGMNacbnþenAézá mux . Gñ kTaMgenHhak´ dUcCarvlxøaMgNas~gkareZV IyägNa eGayeK:nenAkanGMNacyUrGEgVgCaCageZV I GVIedIm|IrMedaHRbCaBlrdð eGayeKcputBIPaBRkIRketakyäk Tuk¡evTna ehIynigBIkardw knaMEdlxVHRbsi TÆPaB .



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eKGaceRb[beZ[bRbCaBlrdð eTAkEg,b~gqñaMgTw kRtCak´ EdleKkMBugEtbg,atéPø IgdaMBIeRkam . kEg,benHRbEhlCakMBugEtsMrbsMrYlxøÜneTAtam kMedATw k EdlecHEtekIneLIgbnþ i cmþg> . TIbMput karsMrbsMrYledIm|IrsenH

nw geZV IkEg,bqÁi nsøab´

erIxø ÜnelatecjBITwkBuHBu MrYc eTaHbICaeBlenaH

eKcgrs´ EbbNak* eday . Rbsi nebIeKRtUvkaróTahrN¾ CakEsþgsMrabeRKaHzñ akénHeKBu McaM:csMLw gemIlÉNaEvgqáayhYsBIRbeTscM:eT . buEnþeKRbEhlCaemIlBu MeXIjeT eRJHRbeTscM:¨:nrlay:t´rUbragrYcyUrNaséTAehIy .

RbEhlCaeBlevlaEdlRbCaBlrdðRtUveZV IkarrMedaHxø ÜnÉg Qb´Bw gEpÁ kelIGñkÉeT[t:nmkdlehIy . dUcEdlelaksaRsþacarü CIn sab

:nRsgyksMdIeTAdak´~ges[vePAenHza ²esrIPaBminEmn:nedayesrI gayRsYl³ . elak:nesñICaTUeTAza ²RbCaBlrdð nw gRtUvEter[nGMBIreb[b qk'ykesrIPaBenH edayxøÜnÉg³ ‘TMB&rTI 103’ .

eKeXIjmanktþaelIkTw kcitþ sMrabeGayRbCaBlrdð RkIRkeZV IyägenHni grgVanCaeRcInrgćaM Rbsi nebIRbCaCati enHmaneCaKC&y . RbeTsRkIRkxøH

mandIZø IEdlmanCIrCati Tw kbw g TenøJseBj nigcMnYnBlrdðti c~gmYyKILÚEmRtkaer¨ . TaMgenHCaZnZanZmµ Cati ni gekrþ¥ mrtk EdlrgcaMEtkarRKb´RKgd*lÁ mYy . Gñkesdð saRsþEdlmanÉkeTsxagkat´bnæ yPaBRkIRk elak saRsþcarü eCvRhV I sas´ ‘ Jeffrey Sachs’ :neC]Cakza RbeTsRkIRkxøHmanKuNsm|tþ i CaeRcIn EdlGaceZV IeGayRbCaBlrdð TaMgGs´ manCIvPaBrs

enACamnusS~gPaBézøzñ Úr

.

~gEpñ kGnuvtþn¾ vi j

es[vePAenH:npþlnUvKMni tCaeRcInGMBIreb[bts)UykesrIPaB EdlRbCaBlrdðRtUvkaryägxøaMgkøa edIm|IcUl rYm~gki c©karTaMgLay Edlman«TÆ iBleTAelICIvPaBrsenA Caer[gral'ézá rbseK ni gRbeyaCn¾ Cati . es[vePAenHGacCYyeZV IeGaykarGssg¹w mkøay eTACamansg¹w m ni geZV IeGayesckþ Isg¹w mkøayCakarBi t .



- xv -

karpSBVpSayes[vePAenHCaPasaExµ r:necjrYc edaysarEtmnusS mYycMnYn . elaksaRsþacarü CIn sab :nktRtaKMni tCaeRcInTuk~ges[vePA EdlGacCYyeGayRbCaBlrdð Bi PBelakkankabvasnaxø ÜnÉgvi jmþg . elak

GaZ&r GI uEdlsþaj‘ Arthur Edelstein

’ énsklvi Tüal&ykalIhV &rja¨ enA bW rKø I ‘ Berkeley’ :nTakTg ehIypþleGay` nUvOkasmYyEdl`Bu MGac bdiesZ:n edIm|ICYypSBVpSayKMni t elak CIn sab CaPasaExµ r . karbk ERbCaPasaExµ renH:nTTYlplRbeyaCn¾ CaeRcIn BIcMeNHGkSrsaRsþd* eRCA RCH rbsRBHPi k¡ úmYyGg< elak lI skþa elak mYg Naert ni g shkarImYycMnYneT[t Edl:nCYyeZV IkarBi nitüJküeBcn¾ XøaeXøagyäghµ tćt´ .

Gñ kCMnYykar`:nTTYlra¨brgxagkarvayGtæ bT ni ger[bcMeGayecjCarUbPaBes[vePA . mi tþP&RkþmYycMnYnenA~gRsukni gbreTs :nCYyelIkTwkci tþ ni gpþl'CaZnZansMrabé:HBum¬es[vePAenH . Gñ kCMnYyTaMgenaH suTÆEtCaGñ kEdl bþ ÚrpþaceTAelIlTÆ i RbCaZi betyü ni gsiTÆimnusStamskmµ PaBGhigSa . `sUm GrKuNyagRCaleRCA cMeJHRBHetCKuN nigGsélakGñkxagelITaMgGs´

Edl:nCYyeRCamERCgRKbRCugeRCay edIm|IeGayes[vePAenHecjCarUbrag . eTaHbICayagNak* eday kMhusTaMgLayEdlmanenA~ges[vePAenH sæi tenA ~gkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs´ EtmñakÉgTaMgRsug .

`sUmcat'Tuksñ aédbkERbenHCakarEzøgGMNrKuNd* sþ Ücesþ IgmYy cMeJHPri ya ni gkUn`TaMgBIr Edl:nKaMRTKMni tni gskmµPaB`Cani c© edayKµ an

lk¡xNÐ .

smaCi kRBw TÆsPa Gw ug b)unGag GñkbkERb raCZanIPñMeBj ézáTI 11 Ex kJ¦a qñ aM 2005



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- xviii -

kanÉtxøaMgeLIg . BIGñkRsukTIebEdl:nRbyuTÆRbqaMgnw gkarQøanJnrbs´ BYkci nkumµ úynIsþ ni g BYkrusSI úEdl:neCaKC&yeTAelIrdð Rbharrbs´RkumRCul ni ym~gExsIhaqñaM1991 ehIynigBYkézEdl:nraraMg edaysnþ i vi ZI mi n

eGayrbbeyaZavi lRtLbmkvi j `:ner[nsURtbEnæ mGMBIkarecjlk¡N;sahavsnSwm>énrbbpþac´kar .smanci tþGaNitGasUr ni gkMhw gBuHeJrcMeJHGMeBI IsahaveXareXA

CamYyni gkaresá IcsresIrdlvIrPaBd*nw ghñ énbursRsþId* køahanEdlmi nKYr eGayeC]:n kanÉtmankMri txøaMgeLIg enAeBleKeZVIdMeNIreTAdl´TIkEnøgekIt ehtu . KW CaTIkEnøgEdlenAEtmaneRKaHzñ ak´ buEnþGñkkøahanTaMgenaHenAEt

Rkajts) UteTAeT[t . TIkEnøgTaMgenaHmanCaGaT¥ RbeTs:Nama¨ enAeRkam karRKbRKgrbseQµ aH NUrIGI uh<a ( Noriega) , dMbnvI ulnIGI us (Vilnius) lIZUGaen[(Lithuania) eRkamkarCi HCanrbssUev[t , TIZøaeZ[nNami n (Tiananmen Square) énTIRkugebkaMg (Beijing) EdleK:neXIjmha:tukmµ d* Gs© arü edIm|IesrIPaBni gkareTAdl´énkgrzeRkaH Edl:nbJ© b´raRtIenaHyägeXareXAÇ TIsñ ak´kar

~géRBénRkumRbCaZi betyü enAmaN&rpø &r (Manerplaw) ~gtMbn²rMedaHPUma³ .CYnkal `:neTAdlTIkEnøgEdlGñ kTaMgenaH:nbUCaCIvi t dUcCadgeKamTUrTsSn¾ ni gTIkEnøgkbéxµ acenAvi lnIGI usÇ sYnsaZarN;enATIRkugrIh<a (Riga) CaTIkEnøgEdleK:jsMlabmnusSmYycMnYnÇ mNÐlEhVra¨ra (Ferrara) enAEpñ kxageCIgRbeTsGI utalI CaTIkEnøgEdlBYkhVasI us tMer[b

BYkGñ kRbqaMgCaCYr munnwg:jrHsMlabecal ehIynigTIkbexµ acd* samJ¦ mYy enAmaN&rpø&r EdleJreBjeTAedaysBGñkts) Uekµ g> . karBi td* GaeNacGaZ&mmYyenaHKW rbbpþac´karnImYy>EtgEtbnSl´TuknUvkar:tbg´ CIvi t ni gkarxUcxatEbbenH .

karkgVl´ nigbTBiesaZn¾TaMgenaH :nnaMeGaymanesckþIsg¹wm d* mW ugma¨tza karbeJ¢{srbbpþackarenHRbEhlCaGaceZV IeTA:nÇ ni gkarts) U



- xix -

d* eCaKC&yRbqaMgnw grbbpþackar GacsMerc:nedayBu McaM:csMlabKñ aeday rg<aleTAvi jeTAmkÇ ehIyza eKGacrMlMrbbpþackar ehIyraraMgmineGay rbbpþackarzµ ImYyeT[t elcecjBIKMnrepHTaMgenaH:n .

`:nl|geZV Ivi PaKyaghµ tct

GMBIvi Zankard* manRbsi TÆPaBbMput

edIm|I ruHerIrbbpþac´kar eGay:neCaKC&y edayBu McaM:c´bg,eGaymankarxUcxat xøaMg tamry;kareZV IeGaymankar:t´bgĆIvitnigkarQW cab´ . ~gkareZVIEbb enH `:nBw gEpÁ keTAelIkarsi kSarab´qñ aMrbs´ GMBIrbbpþackarnana clnaRbqaMg bdivtþn¾ KMnitneya:y RbB&nÆRKbRKgrdð nigCaBi ess GMBIkarRbyuTÆts) UGhigSad* CakÉsþg .

es[vePAenH KW CalTÆplénkarsi kSarbs´ . `dw gc|asza sñ aédenHBuMTan´:nlÁ suRki t «tex© aHenaHeLIy . buEnþlTÆplenH RbEhlCaGac pþlnUvkarENnaMxøH> edIm|ICaCMnYydlkarKi tni gkarer[bcMEpnkar ~gkarbeg, It eGayecjCaclnarMedaHmYy EdlmanzamBlni gRbsi TÆPaBxøaMgkøa .

CakarcaM:c´ nigeyageTAtamkareRCIserIsd*hµtćt´ xøwmsarén

karsi kSavi PaK~ges[vePAenH nwgepþateTAelIbJØaCaTUeTA EdlJk'B&nÆnw gkareZV IyagNa edIm|IrMlMrbbpþac´kar ehIyni gbeJ¢{skuMeGayrbbpþackarzµI mYyeT[tmkCMnYs:n . `Bu MmansmtæPaBRKbRKan´sMrabeZV IkarviPaK ni geZV I sMeNIeGay:nBisþar sMrabRbeTsNamYyCakEsþgenaHeLIy . buEnþesckþ I sg¹w mrbsènaHKW karvi PaKsi kSaCaTUeTAEbbenH RbEhlCaGacmanRbeyaCn¾

dlmnusS~gRbeTsCaeRcIn

EdlkMBugEtRbQmmuxtTlńw grbbpþackarCak Esþg . Gñ kTaMgenaHRtUvBi nitüzø w gEzøgxø w msar énkarvi PaK~ges[vePAenH sMrab krNIBi essrbséK ehIysMercza etIeKGacelIkyk ßk*Ekécñ sMeNIsMxan´>NamYy~ges[vePAenHdl´kMritNaEdr sMrabkarts) UrMedaHrbseK .

`mankarCabĆMJkKuNCaeRcIn~gkarsresres[vePAenH . elak RbUs EcgXIn (Bruce Jenkins) Gñ kCMnYykar`:nCYy`CaeRcIn elIsBI



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karsµ an ~gkarrkeXIjkMhusnana ~ges[vePAenH ni gkareGayeyabl´ ~gkarBnül'KMnitBi :k>eGaygayRsYlyl' CaBiess KMni tEdlJk'B&nÆ nw gyuTÆsaRsþ .

`k* sUmGrKuNpgEdr

cMeJHelak

esÞhV i n

kUDI(Stephen Coady)

Edl:nCYyEksMrYlJküeBcn¾ nigGk¡raviruTÆ . bNÐit RKwsþÚhV&r RKUl&r (Christopher Kruegler ) ni gelak rUbW t ehlvI (Robert Helvey) :npþl nUvkarri HKnni geyabl´sMxan´>CaeRcIn . elakRsIbNÐ it ehsi l mahV W sun(Hazel McFerson) ni gelakRsIbNÐ it:RTIsu Iya pakmi n(Patricia Parkman)

:npþléGay` nUvB&t(manGMBIkarts) U~gTIVbGaRhVi k ni gGaemri kxagt|Úg .

zV IebIkarsi kSarbs´ènH:nTTYlplRbeyaCn¾CaeRcInBIkarKaMRTd* RbesIrTaMgenHkþ I karvi PaK ni gesckþ Isnñi dð anTaMgLay~ges[vePAenH KW CakarTTYlxus RtUvrbs´ TaMgRsug .

enA~gkarvi PaKrbsènH Bu MmancMNucNamYy Edl`snµ tza kartTl RbqaMgempþac´karTaMgLayCakargayRsYl nigKµankarxUcxatenaHeLIy .

karts) URKb´RbePTEtgEtmanbJØasµ úKsµ aj nigxUcxatxøHCani c© . karRbyuTÆ RbqaMgnw gBYkpþackar nw gnaMmknUvkarxUcxatBM uxan . b¨ uEnþesckþ Isg¹w mrbs ènaHKW karvi PaK~ges[vePAenH nw gCMrujeGayGñ kdwknaMkarRbqaMgTaMgLay Ki tKUrGMBIyuTÆsaRsþ EdlGacCYyeGaykMlaMgrbseKkanÉtmanRbsi TÆPaBCamYyKñanw gkarbnæykarxUcxat .

eKmi nKYrbkRsaykarvi PaK~ges[vePAenHza enAeBlEdlrbbpþackar mYy:ndYlrlM bJØaÉeT[tnw gRtUvcbEdrenaHeT . karrlMdYlénrbbmYy mi nEmnnaMmknUvrbbzµ ImYyd* lÁ enaHeLIy . karenHRKanEtebIkpøÚveTArkkic© kar d* lM:k ni gkarxñHExñgd*yUrGEgVgeT[t edIm|Isæ abnaeGaymanTMnak´TMngsg<m ki c© esdðkic© ni gneya:y d* Rtw mRtUv ehIyni gbM:tecalnUvPaBGyutþ i Zm( ni gkarCi HCanÉeT[t . `sg¹w mza karvi PaKd* xø I~ges[vePAenH GMBIreb[bkMcat



- xxi -

rbbpþackar nw gGacmanplRbeyaCn¾ ~gkrNITaMgLayNa EdlmnusS rsenAeRkamkarCi HCan´ ehIyEdlGñ kTaMgenaHmanbMNgcg:nesrIPaB .

CI n sab

ézá TI6 Extula qñaM1993vi Tüasæ anGalbW tGaMgsþajGKarelx 427 pøÚvjÚvb&rrI RkugbUsþ ún rdðma¨saCUsi t 02115-1801



- 1 -1

CMBUkTI1

karRbQmmuxnwgrbbpþac;kar

Gsry;eBleRcInqñ aMknøgeTAzµ I>enH rbbpþackarmYycMnYn EdlmanRbPB~gRsuk ni geRkARsuk :ndYlrlM enAeBlEdlCYbRbQmmuxCamYy nw gRbCaBlrdð Edlmansµ artIrw gbu w g ni gkarRbmUlKñaCaRkum . rbbpþackar xøHTaMgenaHhakdUcCamanPaBmaMmYn EdlKµ annrNaGacb¨HJl:n buEnþTI bMputBu MmanlTÆPaBRbQmmuxtTlńw gRbCaBlrdð EdlshkarKña erIbRmH

bdiesZmi neZV ItambJ¢ a xagEpñkneya:y esdðki c© nigxagsg<mki c© .taMgBIqñaM1980 rbbpþackarmYycMnYn:ndYlrlM enAcMeJHmuxkarerI

bRmHGhi gSa rbsRbCaBlrdð enARbeTseGsþ Úen[‘ Estonia’ Latev[‘ Latvia’lIZUGaen[‘ Lithuania’ bULÚj‘ Poland’ GaLW mg´xagekIt‘ East Germany’eqkUsø ÚvaKI‘ Czechoslovakia’ søÚeven[‘ Slovenia’ ma¨dah<as,a‘ Madagascar ’

malI‘ Mali’ bUlIev[‘ Bolivia’ ni ghV IlIB¬ In‘ Philippines’ . karRbqaMgGhi gSa:nCMrujeGaymanclnaeTArklTÆi RbCaZi betyüeTAmux enA~gRbeTs en:l ‘ Nepal’ sMeb[‘ Zambia’ kUerxagt|Úg‘ South Korea’ QIlI‘ Chile’ GahSgTIn‘ Argentina’ éhTI‘ Haiti’ eRbsI ul‘ Brazil’ GU )rUh<ay ‘ Uruguay’ maLavI ‘ Malawi’ b) ulh<arI‘ Bulgaria’ hugRKI‘ Hungary’ esSer¨‘ Zaire’ nIehSrI

‘ Nigeria

’ ni gtMbnépSg>énGtItshPaBsUev[t

‘edIrtYyagsMxan´

~gkareZV I



- 2 -2

eGayBYkRCulni ymbraC&y~gkarb unbgeZV Irdð Rbhar ~gExsIha qñ aM1991’ .elIsBIenHeTAeT[t neya:yerIbRmH1 BIsMNakBlrdð k* :nekIt

eLIg~gRbeTsci n PUma TIeb ~gry;eBlb¨ unµ anqñ aMzµ I>enHEdr . zV IebIkarts) U

TaMgenaHBu M:nnaMmknUvkarbJ© b´rbbpþackarßk* karkankab´k*eday k* karts) UTaMgenaH:nbgØajeGayshKmn¾ GnþrCati eXIj PaBsahavénrbbCi HCan´ ehIy:npþleGayBlrdð TaMgenaH nUvbTBiesaZn¾ d*mantMél sMrabkarts) U EbbenH .

kardYlrlMénrbbpþackarénRbeTsTaMgb¨ unµ anxagelIenH c|asCaBu M :nlubbM:tnUvbJØaTaMgLayEdlmanenA~gsg<mTaMgenaHeLIy ÷ PaBRkIRk

óRki dð kmµ ki c© karrdð :lEdlBu MmanRbsi TÆPaB ni gkarbMpø i cbMpøajZmµ Cati Edl Caer]y> CasñaédénrbbeXareXATaMgenaH . buEnþkardYlrlMénrbbTaMgenaH:neZV IeGayGñkrgeRKaHrYcBIkarCi HCan´ mankarZUres|Iy ehIyebIkpø ÚveGay mankarksagsg<mTaMgenaHeLIgvi j CamYynw gneya:yRbCaZi betyü esrIPaBbuK<l ni gyutþ i Zm( sg<m .

1 elak rUbW t EhlvI ‘ Robert Helvey’ :neRbIJküenHCaelIkdMbUg . ²neya:yerIbRmH ¨ KW Cakarts)UGhi gSa ‘:tukmµ karmi neZVIshkar nigkareZV IGnþraKmn¾’ EdleK Gnuvtþn¾yagskmµ yägman; sMrabeKalbMNgneya:y . JküenHeK:neRbICadMbUg edIm|IbM:t´karyl´RcLM ni gkaryl´xusEdlekIteLIgBIkarcat´Tukkarts) U Ghi gSaCamYynw g ²GMeBIGhi gSa ~gn&ysasna sIlZm( ni gkarni ymsnþ i PaB . ² karerIbRmH ¨ mann&yza KWCakartTlnw gGaC\aZreday eRKagTuk tamry;karmineKarB edaymi ncuHjm . ²neya:yerIbRmH ¨ er[brab´GMBIsPaBkar EdleKeZV Iskmµ PaB ‘neya:y’ CamYynw geKalbMNg ‘GMNacneya:y’. eKeRbIJküenH CaGaT¥ sMraber[brabGMBIskmµ PaBrbsRbCaBlrdð edIm|IdeNþ ImykBIrbbpþackar nUvkarRKbRKgsæ ab&nrdð :l tamry;karvayRbhareday«tQbQreTAelIRbPBGMNac ehIy ni geRbIR:s´karer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ ni gkardak´Gnuvtþn¾ . enA~ges[vePAenH Jkü ²neya:yerIbRmH ¨ ²karRbqaMgGhigSa ¨ ni g ²karts) UGhigSa ¨ mann&ydUcKña zV IebIJküTaMgBIrcugeRkay CaTUeTA

ni yayGMBIkarts) U edIm|IeKalbMNgTUlMTUlay

‘bJØasg<m esdðkic©

ci tþsaRsþ

CaedIm’

.



- 3 -3

bBaðaEdlenAmanbnþCakarBi t eK:nseg,teXIjmancrnþeTArklTÆ i RbCaZibetyü ni g

esrIPaBenA~gBi PBelak ~gb unµ anTsvtSknøgeTAenH . eyageTAtamGg<kar RhV Idumehas (Freedom House) Edl:ncgRkgCaer[gralqñaM nUvkarsi kSaGnþrCatimYy GMBIRbePTénsiTÆ i neya:yni gesrIPaBsI uvi l cMnYnRbeTsTUeTA ~gelak EdleKGaccatTukzaman ²esrIPaB ¨ :nekIneLIgCaeRcIn ~gry;eBl 30qñ aMknøgeTAenH2 ÷

esrPaBeBjelj esrPaBxøH KµanesrIPaB1974 41 48 632004 89 54 49

buEnþ crnþd*lÁ enH :nCYbRbTHnwgkarraMgsÞHxøH edaysarenAman

Blrdð mYycMnYnZMeT[t

EdlkMBugrsenAeRkamGMNacpþackar

.

mkTlnw gExmkraqñaM1993 31PaKryénRbCaBlrdð Bi PBelakEdlmanTaMgGs 5ç450lannak´ :nrsenA~gRbeTsni gEdndI EdleKkMNt´za ²Kµ anesrIPaB³3 KW CaTI kEnøgEdleKraraMgyagtw gEtgmi neGaymansi TÆ i neya:y ni gesrIPaB sI uvi l .~gqñaM2004 RbeTs EdndIcMnYn 49kEnøgenA~gRbePT ²Kµ anesrIPaB³ :nsæ i tenAeRkamGMNacpþackareyaZa ‘dUcCaenARbeTsPUma ni gs) Udan [Sudan]’rbbraCani ympþackar ‘dUcCa RbeTssUDIGaerbI uyä [Saudi Arabia] en:l

2 RhV Idumehas (Freedom House) esrI PaB~gBiPBelak ; karRsg'sæ iti RbcaMqñaM GM BI si TÆ i neya:y nigesrI PaBsIuvi l ‘jÚvy"k [New York ] RhV Idumehas qñ aM2004’ .

3

RhVIdumehas esrI PaB~gBiPBelak 1993 TMB&rTI

4 .



- 4 -4

[ Nepal] ni gb) Uzan [Bhutan]’ KNbkSneya:ypþackar ‘dUcCaRbeTscinni gkUerxageCIg’ BYkQøanJnbreTs ‘dUcCaenATIeb’ ßk* sæ i tenA~gsæanPaBGnþrkal .

~geBlbc© úb|nñ enH RbeTsCaeRcInsæ i tenA~gdMNak'karEdlmankarERbRbYlyagxøaMg xagesdð kic© neya:y ni gsg<m . zVIebIcMnYnRbeTs EdlmanesrIPaBeBjelj :nekIneLIg~gry;eBl30qñ aMknøgeTAenHkþ I k* enAmaneRKaHzñ akeRcIneT[t edaysarRbCaCati CaeRcIn ~gdMNak'karEdl mankarERbRbYlxøaMgenH nw gvi vtþn¾zyeRkayeTArkrbbpþackarEdlmanrUbPaBzµ I . RkumeyaZa BYkbuK<lEdlmanmhi cäta Gñ kCabeqñ at ni gKNbkS

neya:y nw gxMxñ HExñ gdak´bg¡ MeGayeKÉeT[teZV ItambMNgrbs´xøÜn . kareZV I rdð Rbhar CaRBw tþ i karN¾ Edlnw gekItmaneLIgCaZmµ ta . eKnw genAEtrMelaP si TÆ i mnusS ni gsi TÆ i neya:yrbsRbCaBlrdð mYycMnYnZMteTAeT[t .

KW CasMNagGaRkk EdlGtItkalenAEttamCabĆamYyeyIg . bJØarbbpþackarmankMri teRCANas´ . RbCaBlrdð ~gRbeTsCaeRcIn:nqøgkat´

bTBiesaZn¾ rab´TsvtS ßk* stvtSénkarCi HCan´ EdlmanRbPB~gRsukßk* BIbreTs . Caer]y> PaBcuHj¨medaymintvaëTAGñ kkan´GMNac :nkøay eTACakarZmµ ta . enA~gkrNIRCulhYsehtu sæ ab&nsg<m neya:y esdð ki c© ßk*sasna Edlsæi tenAeRkAkarRKb´RKgrbsrdð :nRtUveKeZV IeGaycuHexSay dakCacMNuH ßk* CMnYsedaysæ ab&nzµ I Edlrdð ni gKNbkSkan´GMNaceRbIR:s

edIm|IRKbRKgsg<mTaMgmUl

.

RbCaBlrdð:nRtUveKbMEbkeGayeTACaGg<PaBtUc> ‘køayeTACamnusSÉekamYyRkumd* ZM’ EdlBuMGaceZV IkarCamYyKñ a edIm|I eGay:nesrIPaB nigeGaymanTMnukTukci tþKñ aeTAvijeTAmk ßk* eZVIkarGV ImYy ekItedaymhaCnxøÜnÉg .

eKGacTsSn¾ Tayplvi:kénkarbMEbkenH:nyägc|as´las´ .RbCaBlrdð RtUvcuHexSay xVHkarTukci tþxøÜnÉg ehIyKµ ansmtæ PaBnw gts) U



- 5 -5

RbqaMg . Caer]y> RbCaBlrdð mankarP&yxøac mi nh)anni yay sUm|ICamYy RKYsarni gmi tþPkþ i GMBIkarEdleKsÁ b´rbbpþackar ni gkarEdleKeRskXøancg:nesrIPaB . Caee]y> Gñ kTaMgenaHmi nh)anKi tKUreGayEmnETn GMBI

karRbqaMgCasaZarN;eLIy

. eKnaMKñaecaTsYrza etIKMni tRbqaMgenHnw gmanRbeyaCn¾ GI V / emø äHehIy eKnw gTTYlyk karrgTuk¡evTnaEdlKµ ann&y ni gGnaKtmYyEdlKµansg¹w m .

sPaBkarN¾~grbbpþac´karbc© úb|nñ RbEhlCayabyW unCagBIeBl mun . ~gGtItkal Gñ kxøHRbEhlCa:nsakl|geZVIkarRbqaMg . karRbqaMgrbs´mhaCn nig:tukmµ Edlmanry;eBlxø I :nekItmaneLIg . Tw kcitþ

RbEhlCaBuHkeRJ¢alekø{vkøamYyry;eBl . eBlxøHeT[t buK<lmñ ak>nigRkumtUc>GaceZVIskmµ PaBd*køahan büEnþBuM:npþlĆaplZMduM eRkABIbgØajeKalkarN¾ ßk* RKanEtCakarerIbRmH . eTaHbICabuBVehtuTaMgLayézøzøaEbb Nak*eday skmµPaBRbqaMgTaMgenaH Caer]y> mi nRKbRKan´ edIm|IbM:t karP&yxøacrbsBlrdð nigbM:tTMlabéKarBtambJ¢ aeK EdlCaktþacaM:c

edIm|IrMlMrbbpþackar . KYreGayGaNitGasUr skmµ PaBTaMgenaH RbEhlCa:nRtw mEtbeg, InkarQW cab ni gkar:tbgCIvi t mi nEmnCakarnaMeTArkC&yCMnHßk*esckþ Isg¹w mTalEtesaH .

esrIPaBtamry³GMeBIhigSaetIeKRtUveZV IyagNa ~gkal;eTs;EbbenH / meZüa:yCakÉsþg

nana hak´dUcCaBu M:nkar . óbsK<xagrdðZmµ nuJ¦nigc|ab´ karvi ni cä&yrbs´tulakar ni gmti saZarNCn CaZmµtaRtUv:nBYkpþackarbMePøcecal . eK Gacyl:nGMBIkarsnñ i dð anEdlmanCaer]y>za ~gkartbteTAnw gGMeBIeXar eXA kareZV ITaruNkmµ kar:txø ÜnmnusS ni gXatkmµ nana manEtGMeBIhi gSa



- 6 -6

eT EdlGacbJ© b´rbbpþackar:n . CYnkal GñkrgeRKaHEdlekþARkhay :ner[bcMeZV IkarRbyuTÆRbqaMgBYkpþackareXareXA edayeRbImeZüa:yeyaZani ghi gSaEdleKGacRbmUl:n eTaHbIC&yCMnHmankMri tti ctYcEbbNak* eday .

Gñ kTaMgenH

Caer]y>

cUlRbyuTÆyagkøahan

suxci tþrgeRKaH

ni glHbgĆIvit

.CYnkal eKTTYl:neCaKC&yEdlKYreGayktsMKal´ b¨ uEnþeKkRmnw gQñ H:nesrIPaBNas . karbHe:rtamGMeBIhigSa Gacnw gnaMeGaymankarsg,t sg, i nd* eXareXAkanEtxøaMg EdlCaehtueZV IeGayRbCaBlrdð Gssg¹w mCagmuneTAeT[t .

buEnþeTaHbICameZüa:yhi gSamanlk¡N;lÁ RbesIrEbbNak*eday eK

dw gGMBIcMNucmYyyägc|aslas´ . tamry;kardak´ CM en]eTAelImeZüa:y higSa eK:neRCIserI sykkarts) UmYyRbePT EdlBYkCi HCan´ maneRb[besÞ I r RKb´ eBlevla . BYkpþackarmanmeZüa:yRKbRKan´ edIm|IGnuvtþGMeBIhi gSaeGay:nxøaMgkøa . eTaHbICaBYkRbCaZi betyüGacbnþmeZüa:yEbbenH ~gry;eBlxø IßyUryagNak*eday TIbMput eKBu MGaceC[sputBIkarBi td* CUrctGMBI

kareRbIkMlaMgeyaZaenaHeT . BYkpþackarmaneRb[bxageRK]gGavuZeyaZaRKabrMesv kardw kCJ¢ Ún ni gkMlaMgT&B esÞ IrRKbkal;eTs; . eTaHCamanesckþ IkøahanEbbNak* eday BYkRbCaZi betyüBu MGacRbkYt ‘esÞ IrRKbkrNI’tamEbbenH:neLIy .

enAeBlEdleKTTYls<alza karbHe:rtamkMlaMgeyaZaZmµ taBu M

manPaBCakEsþg GñkRbqaMgxøHEbreTAKaMRTsRg<amqµkéRB . buEnþsRg<amqµ k´ éRBkRmpþl´plRbeyaCn¾ dlRbCaBlrdð EdleKCiHCan´ ßk* Gñ kKaMRTlTÆ i RbCaZi betyü . sRg<améRBBu MGacpþlńUvkaredaHRsayeGayc|aslaséTCaBi ess enAeBlEdlkarxUcxat~gcMeNamRbCaBlrdð GacmankMritZá nZá r .meZüa:yenHKµankarZanamineGaybraC&yenaHeLIy zV IebIeKmanRTw sþ IKaMRTni gkarEvkEjkyuTÆsaRsþ ehIyCYnkalmanTaMgkarKaMRTBIsMNakGnþrCati



- 7 -7

eT[tpgk*eday . Caer]y> karts) UtaméRBenH RtUvkareBlevlayUrGEgVg .RbCaBlrdðeRcInEtRtUvxÞatecjBITIlMenA CamYynw gkarrgeRKaHQW cab«t óbma edaysarEtBYkkan´GMNacpþac´kar .

eTaHbI:neCaKC&yk* eday karts) UsRg<améRB Caer]y> naMmknUv plvi:k~gry;eBlEvgqáay . Pøam>enaH rbbEdleKvayRbhar nw gkan EtpþackareLIg ~gkartbtrbséK . Rbsi nebIBYkT&BéRB:nTTYleCaKC&y enATIbMput rbbzµ IEdlelcecjeLIg eRcInEtpþackarCagrbbmun edaysar buBVehtuBIr . TImYy KW kMlaMgT&BmankanÉteRcIn tamkarrYmbJ© ÚlKñ a rvagBYkeyaZaéRBnigBYkeyaZacas´ . TIBIr enAeBlts) U ÉkraCPaBénsæab&n

sg<mnana:nRtUvcuHexSay ßk*xUcxat . Gg<karTaMgenH mantYnaTIyägsMxan~gkarer[bcM ni gBRgw gsg<mRbCaZi betyü emø äHehIy eKmi nRtUveGay cuHexSayeT . BYkGñ kRbqaMgnw grbbpþackar KYrEtriHrkmeZüa:yepSgeT[t .

rdæRbhar kare)aHeqñat GñkeRsacRsg;BIbreTs rdð RbhareyaZaRbqaMgnw grbbpþackarhakdUcCameZüa:ymYy Edl gayRsYl ni gqab´bMput sMrab´rMlMrbbeXareXA . buEnþmeZüa:yenH manbJØaZM>mYycMnYn . sMxanCagenHeTAeT[t rdðRbharrkSaTukdEdl nUvkarEck GMNacmi nRtwmRtUvbc© úb|nñ rvagRbCaBlrdð ni gBYkzµ IEdlRKb´RKgrdð :l ni gkgkMlaMgeyaZarbséK . kardkykbuK<lNamñak´ ßmnusSmYyRkumecjBItMENgRKbRKg RbEhlRKanEtCakarGnuJ¦ateGayRkummYyeT[t mkcUl CMnYsEtb¨ ueNÑaH . CaRTw sþ I Rkumzµ IenHhak´dUcCaman«riyabz ‘Gakb|ki ri ya’ZUrCagBYkmun ni gRbEhlCaGnuJ¦ateGaymankMENTMrgtamlTÆ i RbCaZi betyü mYykMrit . buEnþ karBi tRbEhlCapÞ úyBIenHeTAvij .

eRkayBI:nBRgw gCMhreKehIy Rkumzµ IGackøayeTACaeXareXA ehIy





- 9 -9

mi ncg´ ehIyk* Bu MGacts) U ~gry;eBlxø I BIeRJHGñkTaMgenaHKµ anCMen]eTAelI smtæ PaBrbsxø ÜnÉg ~gkarRbQmmuxtTlńw grbbpþackard* eXareXA ehIy eKmindwgeZV IyagNa edIm|ICYyxø ÜnÉgekIt .

dUecñ H eKGacyl:nza mnusSCaeRcIn:ndakesckþ Isg¹w meTAelI Gñ kdéT ~gkarrMedaHenH . kMlaMgBIeRkAenH manCaGaT¥ GacCa²mti saZarN Cn³ Gg<karshRbCaCati RbeTsNamYy ßk* kardakTNÐkmµ xagesdð ki c© ni gneya:yBIsMNakGnþrCati .

rUbPaBEbbenHhak´dUcCaeZV IeGayeKRsYlGarmµ N¾ buEnþkarrMBw gelI Gñ kCYyBIeRkAenH manbJØaeRcIn . karTukci tþEbbenHGacxusRsLH . Ca

Zmµ ta Kµ anbreTsNamkeRsacRsgéT ehIyRbsi nebImanbreTsNamYy cUlmkeZV IGnþraKmn¾ Emn eKBu MGacTukci tþelIbreTsenaH:neLIy .

eKRtUvbJ¢ akGMBIkarBi tCakÉsþg EdleKmincgdw g» Jk'B&nÆeTAnw gkarBw gEpÁ kelIGnþraKmn¾ breTs dUcxageRkamenH ÷

• Caer]y> BYkbreTsnw gGtéGan ßk* CYyrbbpþac´kar edIm|I

eGay:nplRbeyaCn¾ eKxagesdðki c© ßneya:y .• BYkbreTsk* Gace:HbgecalBYkGñ kEdleKCiHCan´ edIm|I

plRbeyaCn¾ Gaz( kM:MgmYyepSgeT[t CaCagrkSaJküsnüaza CYyeZV IkarrMedaH .

• BYkbreTsxøHnw gRbqaMgtTl´rbbpþackar ~gkrNIEdleK

cgRtYtRtaRbeTsxagEpñkesdð ki c© neya:y ßk* kMlaMgeyaZa .• BYkbreTsGaccUlrYmyagskmµ edIm|IeKalbMNglÁRtw m

RtUv Et~gkrNINaEdlclnats) U~gRsuk :neZV IeGay rbbpþackarepþ Imreg<aHregI <rYceTAehIy tamry;kareZV IeGay GnþrCati cab´Garmµ N¾ eTAelIPaBeXareXArbsrbbenaH .



- 10 -10

CaZmµ ta rbbpþackarekItmaneLIg edaysarkarEbgEckGMNacépÞ ~genA~gRsuk . RbCaBlrdð ni gsg<mmanlk¡N;TnéxSay EdlBu MGac bg,beg, ItCabJØadlrbbpþackar:n . zVIebIrbbpþac´karGac:ncMeNjßk*

cuHTnéxSay

edaysarGMeBIrbs´GnþrCati

CIvi trbséKsæ itelIktþa~gRsukesÞ Ir EtTaMgRsug . buEnþkardaksMJZGnþrCati Gac:nplRbeyaCn¾eRcIn enA eBlEdleKKaMRTclnats)U~gRsuk EdlmankMlaMgxøaMg . óTahrN¾ kareZV I Bhi karesdð ki c© GnþrCati karpþacskmµ PaBGnþrCati GV ImYy kardkTUt karbeNþjecjBIGg<karGnþrCati nana karez,aleTasBIRkumnanaénGg<karshRbCaCati ßk* GMeBINamYyEbbenH GacCaCMnYyyägxøaMg . b¨ uEnþ Rbsi nebIKµ anclna

ts) UépÞ~geGay:nxøaMgkøaeTenaH GMeBIbreTsEbbenH k* RbEhlCaKµ anEdr .

karTTYlsÁal;karBit kareZV Iesckþ Isnñi dð anKW CakarlM:k . enAeBlEdleKcgrMlMrbb

pþackar

eGay:nsMercdUcR:zña

CamYynw gkarxUcxatyägti cbMputenaH eK mankatBVkic©bYn EdlRtUveZVIPøam> ÷• eKRtUvBRgw gclnaRbCaBlrdð Edlsæ i tenAeRkamkarCi HCan´

eGaymanTw kci tþmW ugmat karTukci tþelIxø ÜnÉg ni geTBekaslü xagkarts) U .

• eKRtUvBRgw gÉkraCPaBénsæ ab&nnanarbs´RbCaBlrdð Edl sæ itenAeRkamkarCi HCan´ .

• eKRtUvbeg, IteGaymanRkumRbqaMgépÞ~gEdlxøaMgkøa .• eKRtUver[bcMeGaymanEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþcMbgsMrabkarrMedaH

nigGnuvtþEpnkarenHyägbu inRbsb´ .



- 11 -11

karts) UrMedaHKW CaeBlsMrabkarBw gJkelIxø ÜnÉg ehIyni gkarBRgw gépÞ~grbs´Rkumts) U . dUcEdlelak qal sÞ ÜtpaeNl ‘ Charles Steward

Parnell’ :nERskRbkas enAeBleKeZVIyuTÆnakarkUdkmµ RbqaMgnw gézøQñ Ül

pÞH enARbeTsGayLi n ‘ Ireland

’ ~gqñ aM1879 ni g1880 ÷²karBw gJkelIrdðaPi:lCakar«tRbeyaCn¾ çççGsélakGñkRtUvrMBwgEteTAelIkartaMgcitþrbsGselakGñkçççsUmCYyxøÜnÉg edayQrCamYyKñaçççBRgw gKñ aÉgEdlTnexSayçççRbmUlpþ ú MKña er[bcMxø Ünççç ehIyGselakGñ k RtUvQñ HçççenAeBlEdlGselakGñ ktMrUveGayeKedaHRsaybJØaenH eBlenaHeTIbbJØaenHRtUveKedaHRsay:n³ .

enAcMeJHmuxkgkMlaMgEdlBwgEpÁ kelIxøÜnÉg EdlmanyuTÆnakarlÁ skmµ PaBEdleJreBjeTAedayesckþ Ikøahanni gvi n&y rbbpþackarnw gRtUv dYlrlMenATIbMput . buEnþlk¡xNÐTaMgbYnxagelI KW Cakargarti cbMputEdl eKRtUvbMeBj .4

karBi eRKaHxagelIenHbJ¢ akza karrMedaHBIrbbpþackarenATIbMput sæ i t

enAelIsmtæ PaBRbCaBlrdð~gkarrMedaHxø ÜnÉg . krNIeCaKC&yénneya:y erIbRmH ßk*karts)UGhi gSaedIm|IplRbeyaCn¾neya:yxagelIenH mann&y za eKmanmeZüa:ysMrabeGayRbCaBlrdð rMedaHxø ÜnÉg b¨ uEnþeKBu MTan:nyk meZüa:yenaHeTABRgIkeRbIR:s´ . eyIgnw gBi ni tüemIlmeZüa:yenH eGay :nBisþar ~gCMBUkxageRkay . b uEnþCadMbUg eyIgKYrviPaKGMBIviZIcrca Edl

eKzaGacCameZüa:ymYysMrabruHerIrbbpþackar .

4 :"RTIk sasShV Il GUehKh<aZI (Patrick Sarsfield O'Hegarty)Ç Rbvtþi saRsþénRbeTs GayLi n ( Ireland ) eRkamshB& nÆÇ 1880-1922 Ç Lúndun (London) ; emZUn (Methuen)

TMB&rTI

490-491



- 12 -12



- 13 -13

CMBUkTI2

eRKaHfñak;énkarcrca

enAeBleKRbQmmuxnw gbJØa ~gkartTlĆamYyrbbpþackar ‘dUcCa~gCMBUkTI 1’ Gñ kxøHGacvi lRtLbeTArkkarcuHjm edayesá{msá at . Gñ kxøHeT[t edayemIlBu MeXIjzaeKGacsMerc:nlTÆ i RbCaZi betyü Gacsnñ i dð anzaeKRtUvEtTTYlykGV IEdlhakdUcCa rbbpþackarGci éRnþy¾ CamYynw gesckþ Isg¹w m eTAelI ²karpSHpSa³ ²karsMrbsMrYl³ nig ²karcrca³ EdleKRbEhlCa

GaceRsacRsglk¡N;lÁ xøH ehIybJ© b´GMeBIeXareXA . Rbsi nebIeKemIl esI> edayKµanmeZüa:yCakEsþgÉNaepSgeT[t karKi tEbbenH hakdUc CasmrmüEdr .

karts) UEmnETnRbqaMgnw grbbpþackareXareXA mi nEmnmanlk¡N;gayRsYleT . dUecñHehtuGI V:nCaeKRtUvedIrtampøÚvenHCacaM:c / ehtuGI V:n

CaeKRKbKña mineyaKyl´ rkmeZüa:yCYbKñ a crcarkpø Úv edIm|IbJ© b´rbb pþackarsnSw m> / ehtuGVI:nCaBYkRbCaZi betyü minGacGMJvnaveGayBYk pþackarmanci tþmnusSZm( ehIyBnüleGayGñ kTaMgenaHbnæ ykarCi HCan´rbséKbnþ i cmþg> ehIyTIbMput QaneTArkkarGnuvtþn¾ lTÆi RbCaZi betyü /

CYnkaleKBnülza karBi tmi nEmnmanenAEtm¡ageT . BYkRbCaZi betyü

RbEhlCaylRcLMGMBIBYkpþackar

EdlRbEhlCaeZV IGMeBICi HCanTaMgenaH

eday



- 14 -14

suqnÞ; ~gkal;eTs;d* lM:klMbinEmn . ßk*Gñ kxøHylza BYkpþackarnw gsb|aycitþdkxø ÜnecjBIsæankarN¾ d* lM:kEdlRbeTseBIbRbTH Rbsi nebI eK:nTTYlkarelIkTwkcitþ ßk* plRbeyaCn¾ GI VmYy . eKEvkEjkza eKGac

eGayBYkpþackar nUvkaredaHRsay²Qñ H-QñH³mYy EdlKUbdi bkSTaMgGs´:ncMeNjer[g>xø Ün . eKGacBnülza eRKaHzñ ak´ ni gkarQW cabénkarts)U bnþ RbEhlmi nEmnCakarcaM:c Rbsi nebIBYkRbqaMgylRBmedaHRsayTMnas edaysnþ i vi ZItamkarcrca ‘EdlGñ kCMnajkar ßk*rdðaPi:lmYyeT[tGacCYy :n’ . etIkarenHmi nRbesIrCagkarts) Ud* lM:klMbin tamry;karts) UGhigSaßk*sRg<ameyaZaeTß /

KuNsm,tþi nigcMNucexSayénkic©crcakarcrcaCaóbkrN¾ d* manRbeyaCn¾mYy ~gkaredaHRsaybJØaTMnas

RbePTxøH ehIyeKmi nRtUvTatecal ~gkrNINaEdlsmrmü . ~gsæan

karN¾ Edlmi nJk´B&nÆeTAnw gbJØaCamUldð an

EdleKGacpSHpSa:n kic©crcaGacCameZüa:ysMxan edIm|IedaHRsayTMnas . kUdkmµ rbskmµ krEdlTamTar eLIgR:kEx CaóTahrN¾ d* lÁ sMrabcrcaedaHRsayTMnas´ . dMeNaHRsay EdlGacelcecjBIkarcrcaenH KWkarRBmeRB[gKñaykkMri teLIgR:kExmYy EdlenAcenøaHkMritEdlKUcrcaTaMgBIrTamTar . buEnþTMnas´kargarCamYynwgshCIB manlk¡N;xusBITMnas´JkB&nÆnw gvtþmanbnþénrbbpþackareXareXA ßk* karbeg, IteGaymanesrIPaBneya:y .

enAeBlEdleKRtUvedaHRsaybJØasMxan´ JkB&nÆeTAnw geKalkarN¾ sasna esrIPaBmnusS ßk* GnaKtTaMgmUlénkarGPi vD¿sg<m kic© crcaBu MGac pþlńUvdMeNaHRsay EdlCaTIeBjcitþsMrab´KUPaKITaMgsgxagenaHeLIy .cMeJHbJØaCaRKw HxøH eKBu MKYrTTYlykkarsMrbsMrYleT . manEtkarpøasbþ Úr



- 15 -15

GMNaceTAeGayBYkRbCaZi betyüeT EdlGackarJrbJØaEdlCaRKw H . karpøas bþ ÚrenH nwgekItmaneLIgtamry;karts) U BuMEmnki c© crcaeT . b" uEnþkarenHminEmnmann&yza eKmi nKYreRbIki c© crcaenaHeLIy . cMNucsMxanénATIenH KW za

ki c© crcaminEmnCameZüa:yCakEsþg edIm|IrMlMrbbpþackarEdlxøaMgkøa ~gkrNIEdlRkumRbCaZi betyüBu MmankMlaMgRbqaMgd* sV itsVajenaHeT .CYnkal kic©crcaRbEhlmi nEmnCaCMerIsmYyeT[tpg . BYkpþackar

EdlkþabGMNacyagx¢ ab RbEhlCami nRBmcrcaCamYynw gPaKIGñ kRbCaZi betyü eLIy . ßmYyk* enAeBlEdlki c© crca:ncabepþ Im Gñ kcrcaxagRbCaZi betyü RbEhlCaRtUv:txø Ün ehIy:t´dMNw gsUnüQw gEtmþg .

karcuHj:mtamkarcrcabuK<lni gRkumTaMgLayEdlRbqaMgnw grbbpþackar ehIyKaMRTki c© crca

Caer]y> EtgmanehtupllÁ Rtw mRtUv . CaBiess enAeBlEdlkarts) U

tamsRg<am:nekItmaneLIgrabqñaM RbqaMgnw grbbpþackareXareXA ehIyBuM :nC&yCMnHpþacRB&Rt eKGacyl:nza Gñ kTaMgenaH eTaHCamanExSbnÞat neya:ylMeG[geTAxagNak* eday k* cg:nsnþ i PaBEdr . ~gkrNIenHkarcrcanw gkøayeTACabJØaenA~gcMeNamGñ kRbCaZi betyü CaBi ess enAeBl EdlBYkpþackarmankMlaMgeyaZaxøaMgelIslb´ ehIyRkumts)UBu MGacRTaMRTkarvi nasxUcxatteTAeT[t:n . enAeBlenaH eKnw gmancMNgyägxøaMgkøariHrkmeZüa:yepSgeT[t EdlGacCYyeRsacRsgéKalbMNgrbs´Rkum RbCaZi betyü RsbKñanw gkarbJ© bnUvGMeBIhigSaeTAvi jeTAmk .

karpþl´snþiPaBBIrbbpþac´kar tamry;kic©crcaCamYynwgRkum RbCaZi betyü kMrnw g:nedaysuTÆci tþNas . ~gkrNIenH GMeBIhi gSaGac cbPøam Rbsi nebIempþackarbJ© bsRg<amRbqaMgnw gRbCaBlrdð edayÉkÉg .



- 16 -16

BYkenHGacepþImKMni t edayBu McaM:cmankarcrca er[bcMeGaymankareKarBPaBézøzñÚr nigsiTÆ imnusSeLIgvi j edaHElgGñ keTasneya:y bJ© b´kareZV ITaruNkmµ pÁ akskmµ PaBeyaZa dkxø ÜnecjBIrgVgrdð aPi :l ehIyEzøgsu MeTas

eTARbCaBlrdð .~gkrNIEdlrbbpþackarmankMlaMgxøaMgkøa ehIykarts)UenAEtrMxaneKteTAeT[t BYkpþac´karRbEhlCacgcrcaCamYynw gRkumRbqaMg edIm|IeGay RkumenHcuHj¨m ~grUbPaBzaCakarsag²snþ iPaB³ . karGMJvnaveGaymankarcrca GacCakarKYreGaycabGarmµ N¾ b¨ uEnþeRKaHzñ ak´Zánnw gGacelcecjeLIg enA~gbnÞbcrca .

pÞ úyeTAvi j enAeBlRkumRbqaMgmankMlaMgxøaMgkøa ehIyrbbpþackar sæ i tenAeRkamkarKMramkMEhgEmnETn BYkpþackarRbEhlCasu MeZV Ikarcrca edIm|I eRsacRsgGMNacnigRTBüsm|tþ ieGay:neRcIn eTAtamkarEdlGaceZV IeTA :n . ~gkrNIenH BYkRbCaZi betyüBuMKYrCYyempþac´kareGaysMerctam bMNgrbséKenaHeT .

RkumGñ kRbCaZi betyü KYrEtRbugRby&tñGnÞak´ Edlempþackarer[bcM dakćUleTA~gkmµ vi ZIcrca . karsu MeGaymanki c© crca enAeBlEdlJk´B&nÆnwgbJØaRKwHxagesrIPaBneya:y RbEhlRKanÉtCakarxMxñHExñgrbs´BYk pþackar edIm|IlYgelameGayBYkRbCaZibetyü cuHcajedaysnþ ivi ZI enAeBl EdlGMeBIhi gSarbs´rbbpþackarenAEtmanCabnþeTAeT[t . enA~gTMnasEbb

enH

tYnaTId*smrmüEtmYyénkic© crca RbEhlCaGacekItmaneLIg~gvK<bJ© b énkarts)Uyagbþ Úrpþac´ enAeBlEdlGMNacrbsBYkpþackar:nRtUvxUcexÞcxÞ IehIyBYkenHcrcariHrkpø ÚveTAkan´RBlanynþehaH edIm|Isuvtæ i PaBpÞalxøÜn .



- 17 -17

GMNac nigyutþiFm’enAkñúgkic©crcaRbsinebIkarvi ni cä &yEbbxagelIenH enAEtmanlk¡N;minsUvtw gEtg

RbqaMgnw gkarcrcaeTenaH RbEhlCaeKKYrEtbnæymenasec© tnarevIrvay eTA elIplRbeyaCn¾énki c© crcaenHxøHehIy . eKRtUvEtKi tKUreGay:nhµ tćt za etIeKRtUvGnuvtþki c© crcaenHEbbNa /

²kic© crca³Bu MEmnmann&yza KUPaKIGg< úycuH ~glk¡N;esµ IPaBKñ aehIyBi eRKaHKñ a edIm|IedaHRsaybJØaEdlnaMeGaymanTMnasrvageKTaMgBIrnak enaHeT . eKRtUvcgcaMGMBIkarBi tBIryag . TImYy GV IEdlnw gsMercenATIbJ© b

dakcUleTA~gki c© RBmeRB[g Bu MEmnGaRs&yeTAelIPaBsmrmüRtw mRtUvéneyabl nigeKalbMNgNaenaHeT . TIBIr GI VEdlnw gmanenA~gkic© RBmeRB[genH KW GaRs&yeTAelIkMlaMgénPaKInImYy> .

eKRtUvKi tdlsMNYrBi :k>mYycMnYn . etIPaKInImYy>GaceZV IGV IxøH enA ézáeRkay edIm|IeGay:nsMercdUceKalbMNg Rbsi nebIeKBu M:neCaKC&y Bu M

RBmeRB[gKñ aenAelItucrca

/

etIPaKInImYy>GaceZV IGI VxøH

eRkayBImanki c© RBmeRB[grYcehIy Rbsi nebIeKmi neKarBtamJküsnüa ehIyeRbIkMlaMg:y sMerctam eKalbMNgrbséK zV IebIeKmanki c© RBmeRB[grYceTAehIyk* eday /

karylRBmKñ aEdleK:nsMerctamkarcrca mi nEmnsæ i tenAelIkarEvk EjkzaGVIxusGV IRtUvenaHeT . zV IebIktþaTaMgenaH nw gRtUveKykeTABieRKaHCajw k jab lTÆplEmnETnénkarcrca elcecjBIkaryleXIjGMBIkMlaMger[gxø ÜnénKUPaKITaMgBIr . etIRkumGñkRbCaZi betyüGaceZV IGV IxøH edIm|IkuMeGayKUcrcabdi esZkarTamTaryagti cbMputrbseK / etIBYkpþackarGaceZV IGV IxøH edIm|IeGay :nenAkan´GMNacdEdl ehIybnSabkMlaMgBYkRbCaZibetyü / eKGac ni yaymüageT[tza Rbsi nebIeK:nkic© RBmeRB[gmYy ki c©RBmeRB[genH eRcInEtCalTÆplénkarvaytMélrbs´PaKImYyGMBIsmtæ PaBkMlaMgénPaKImYyeT[t



- 18 -18

kareRb[beZ[bkMlaMgrbs´KUPaKITaMgBIr rYcehIyeTIbeKKitGMBIkarEdleKGac bJ© b´karts)UedaycMhenH .

eKk* RtUvEtRby&tñGMBIGV IEdlPaKITaMgBIrsuxcitþlHbgécal edIm|IeGay

:nsMercki c©RBmeRB[gmYy

. ~gki c© crcaEdlmaneCaKC&y

eKEtgeXIjmankarsMrbsMrYl bnæysar;sMxan'éneyablÉdleKmanxusKñ a . PaKInImYy>:nTTYlmYycMENkénGV IEdleKcg:n ehIylHbgeKalbMNgrbséKmYy cMENk .

~gkrNIEdleKRbTHnw grbbpþackard* xøaMgkøa etIkMlaMgKaMRTRbCaZi betyü RtUvlHbgGV IxøH eGayeTABYkpþackar / etIeKalbMNgBYkpþackarGV IxøH Edl

kMlaMgRbCaZi betyünw gTTYlyk / etIBYkRbCaZi betyünw geGayeTABYkpþackar ‘CaKNbkSneya:y ßCaRkumemT&B’ nUvtYnaTICaGci éRnþy¾ smRsbtamrdð Zmµ nuJ¦ enA~grdð aPi :lzµ IEdrßeT / etIkareZV IEbbenH manlk¡N;RbCaZi betyü RtgŃaeTA /

Rbsi nebIeKsnµ tza kic©crcamandMeNIrlÁ RbesIr eKRtUvecaTsYrCa

caM:cza etIeKnwg:nsnþ i PaBEbbNaEdr / etICIvPaBrsenAnw g:nlÁRbesIr ßk*yabýu W nCagmun Rbsi nebIBYkRbCaZi betyüepþ Im ßk*bnþkarts) U /

karyl;RBmrbs;BYkpþac;kar BYkpþac´karRbEhlCamanmUlehtu nigeKalbMNgmYycMnYn Edl

CMrujeGaymankarCi HCaneK ÷ GMNac buNüs&kþ i RTBüsm|tþ i karEkTMrg´ sg<mCaedIm . eKRtUvEtcgcaMza eKnw g:tbgńUvmUlehtu ni geKalbMNgTaMgenaH Rbsi nebIeK:tbg´karRtYtRtarbséK . dUecñ H ~gkarcrca BYk pþackar nw gxi txMEzrkSaeKalbMNgrbséKTaMgenH .

eTaHCaBYkpþackarsnüaEbbNa enA~gki c© RBmeRB[g eKmi nKYrePøcza



- 19 -19

BYkpþac´karGacsnüaGIVTaMgGs´ edIm|IeGayKUbdibkSyl´RBmbnÞn´«riyabzrYcehIyeTIbeKrMelaPTaMgkMeral eTAelIkic© RBmeRB[genaHEtmþg .

Rbsi nebIBYkRbCaZi betyüyl´RBmpÁ akkarts) URbqaMg edIm|IeGay:n

ZUres|IyBIkarCi HCan eKRbEhlCaxkci tþyagxøaMgCaBu Mxan . karpÁ akkarts) U kRmbnæ ykarCi HCanNas´ .enAeRkayeBlEdlkMlaMgRbqaMgépÞ~g ni gGnþrCatidkxø ÜnzyehIy

enaH BYkpþackarRbEhlCabeg,InkarCi HCan´ ni gGMeBIhi gSaeGayxøaMgCagmun .kardYlrlMénkarts) UrbsRbCaBlrdð Caer]y> KW CakardkykecjnUvkMlaMgTb´Tl´ EdlZøabÉtKabmi neGayBYkpþackarRbRBw tþGMeBIeXareXAxøaMgeBk .

eBlenaH BYkpþackar nw gcat´viZankarkMcat´Gñ kNak* :ntamcMNgci tþ .elak RKi sñaLal´ RsI uzaranI ‘ Krishnalal Shridharani’5 :nsresrza ÷²BYkpþackarmanGMNaceZV ITuk¡ enARtgEtkEnøgNa EdleyIgKµ ankMlaMgTb´ Tl´³ .

karts) Uedaymi ncrca KW CakarcaM:c´sMrabkarpøasbþ Úr enA~gTMnas

EdlJkB&nÆbJØaRKw H . esÞ IrEtRKbkrNI karts) URtUvEtbnþ edIm|IdkBYkpþackar ecjBIGMNaceGayTalEt:n . C&yCMnH Caer]y> mi nGaRs&yeTAelIkarcrcaeT b¨ uEnþsæ itenAelIkarbu i nRbsb´ ~gkareRbImeZüa:yEdlmanRbsi TÆPaB .KMnitts) UrbséyIg EdleyIgnw gBi ni tüBieRKaHyagBisþarbnþ iceT[tenH KW neya:yerIbRmH ßk* karts) UGhi gSa EdlCameZüa:yd* xøaMgkøabMput sMrab´

Gñ kTaMgLayNaEdlts) UedIm|IesrIPaB .

5RKisñaLal´ RsI uzaranI ‘ Krishnalal Shridharani’ sRg<amedayKµanhi gSa ; karsi kSaGM BI meZüa:yelak KnÆ I ( Gandhi ) ni geCaKC&y Ç jÚvy"k ( New York );harxt eRbs (Harcourt Brace) 1939 ni ge:HBum¬eLIgvijenARkugjÚvy"k ni gLúndun; h<ali n bu "pø IssI ug(Garland Publishing

)

qñaM

1972 TMB&rTI

260 .



- 20 -20

etIsnþiPaBEbbNaRbsinebIBYkpþac'kar ni gBYkRbCaZibetyüniyayGMBIsnþ i PaB eKRtUv

Ki teGay:nlÁ itlÁ n' edaysarkarenHTak'TgnwgeRKaHzñ ak' . Gñ kEdleRbI Jkü ²snþ i PaB³ mi nEmnmann&yza Gñ kenaHcg':nsnþ i PaBEdlRbkbeday esrIPaB nigyutþ i Zm( enaHeLIy . karcuHj"meTAtamkarsg,t'sg, i nd* eXareXA ni genAsá at'esá {m enAcMeJHmuxBYkpþac'karkacsahavEdl:neZV ITaruNkmµ dl'Blrdðrab'mW unnak' mi nEmnCasnþ i PaBeT . Gu IEtørEtgGMJvnaveGaymansnþi PaB Edlmann&yza eKRtUvcuHj"meTAtambMNgrbs'xøÜn . snþ i PaBrbs'

BYkpþac'kar Caer]y> minxusBIsnþ iPaBenA~gKuk ßenA:qaexµ acenaHeLIy .enAmaneRKaHzñ ak'epSg>eT[t . BYkGñkcrcaEdlmaneKalbMNglÁ RtwmRtUv CYnkal yl'RcLM GMBIeKalbMNgénki c© crca ni gdMeNIrkarki c©crca . elIs BIenHeTAeT[t BYkGñ kcrcaRbCaZi betyü ßk* BYkÉkeTsbreTsxagki c© crcaEdlsuxci tþCYy~gkarcrca ~geBlmYyrMeBcenaH GacCYypþl'dl'BYkpþac'kar

nUvPaBRtw mRtUvtamc|ab'Cati ni gGnþrCati EdlBYkpþac'kar:n:t'bg'

edaysar karrMelaPkan'kab'rdð karrMelaPelIsi TÆ i mnusS ni gGMeBIeXareXAnana . Rbsi nebIeKKµ anPaBRtw mRtUvtamc|ab'EdleKRtUvkary"agxøaMgeTenaH BYkpþac'karminGacbnþkarRKb'RKgrdð edayKµ anTIbJ© b'enaHeLIy . dUecñ H BYkEdlKaMRTsnþ i PaB mi nKYrpþl'PaBRtw mRtUvtamc|ab' eTABYkenaHeT .

mUlehtusMrab;esckþIsgÇwm dUcEdl:nviPaKBImunrYcehIy BYkGñ kdw knaMRkumRbqaMg RbEhlCa

bg¡ Mci tþ gakeTArkki c© crca edaysarkarGs'sg¹w meTAelIkarts) URbCaZi betyü .b" uEnþ eKGacEkGarmµ N¾ Gs'kMlaMgGs´Tw kci tþenaH:n . rbbpþac'karmi nGac



- 21 -21

enAbnþKµ anTIbJ© b':neLIy . Blrdð Edlrs'enAeRkamrbbpþac'kar mi ncaM:c' enAEtTn'exSayenaHeT ehIyBYkpþac'kark*minRtUveKGnuJ¦ateGayenAkþab'GMNacrhUt:nEdr . elakGarIsþ Út (Aristotle) :nkt'sMKal'CayUrNas'

mkehIyza ÷ ²ççç rbbpþac'karmanGayuxøICagsæab&nnanaÉeT[tTaMgGs'çççTIbMputrbbpþac'karrs'enAmi n:nyUreT³ .6 rbbpþac'karCMnan'zµ Ik* manlk¡N;Tn'exSayenHEdr . eKGaceZV IeGaycMNucexSayTaMgenHkanÉtexSayeLIgehIyeBlenaH GMNacBYkpþac'karnw gRtUvEbkexÞcxÞ I . ‘enA~gCMBUkTI 4 eyIgnw gBi nitüemIlcMNucexSayTaMgenHeGay:nBi sþar .’

RbvtþisaRsþzµI>enH:nbgØajeGayeKeXIjBIPaBTn'exSayrbs'rbb

pþac'kar ehIybJ¢ ak'za BYkenHGacdYlrlM~gry;eBld*xøI . enAeBlEdl eKRtUvkareBl 10qñaM BIqñaM1980 eTA1990 edIm|ITMlak'rbbpþac'karkumµ únIsþ enARbeTsb"ULÚj(Poland)Ç rbbpþackarGalø W m"g'xagekIt (East Germany) ni geqkUsø Úva"KI(Czechoslovakia) :ndYlrlM ~gry;eBlEtb" unµ anGaTi tübueNÑaH .~gRbeTsEGlsava"d&r (El Savador ) ni gh< Úetma"La (Guatemala) ~gqñ aM1944

karts) URbqaMgnw gBYkpþac'kareyaZaRtUvkarEt 2GaTi tü . rbbeyaZad* xøaMgkøaénRBHecAGZi raCsah¾ énRbeTsGI ur"g'(Iran) :nRtUvcuHexSayEtb" unµ anExb"ueNÑaH .rbbpþac'karma"rkUs (Marcos) énRbeTshV IlIB¬ In(The Philippines) :ndYl rlM enAcMeJHmuxkMlaMgRbCaBlrdð ~gry;eBlEtb" unµ anGaTi tü~gqñ aM1986- rdðaPi :lGaemrik:nedaHédlHbg'ecalRbZanaZi btIma"rkUsPøam enAeBl

EdleKeXIjkMlaMgRkumRbqaMgelcecjeLIgxøaMg . karl|geZV IrdðRbharBI sMNak'BYktw gEtg ~gshPaBsUev[t~gExsIhaqñ aM1981 :nRtUvneya:y

6 GarIsþÚt (Aristotle)Ç neya:y Ç ERbsMrYleday tçGçsI unEkør (T.A. Sinclair )Ç (hamn'sVt [Harmond Sworth] mI udlesc [Middlesex]Ç RbeTsGg'eKøsÇ ni g :l'TIm&r [Baltimore]Ç ma"rIELn [Maryland] ; epnKUevn b) uk [Penguin Books] qñ aM 1975 [1962]’Ç

es[vePATI

5 CMBUkTI

12 TMB&rTI

231 ni gTI

232 .



- 22 -22

erIbRmHxÞb'Cab'~gry;eBlEtb"unµanézáb¨ ueNÑaH . taMgBIeBlenaHmk rdð nanaCaeRcIn EdlshPaBsUev[t:nRKb'RKgCayUrNas'mkehIyenaH k*:negIb eLIg ehIyk* :nÉkraCü~grvagb" unµ anézá GaTitü ni gExEtb" ueNÑaH .

KMni tcas'mYyEdlza

meZüa:yhi gSaEtgEtmanRbsi TÆPaBqab'rh&s ehIymeZüa:yGhi gSaEtgEtRtUvkareBlyUrGEgVg KW Cakaryl'RcLM . zV IebI eKRbEhlCaRtUvkareBlevlaeRcIn sMrab'karERbRbYl~gsæankarN¾ ni gsg<m karRbyuTÆEmnETnRbqaMgrbbpþac'kar CYnkal GacekIteLIg~gry;eBld* xøI tamry;karts)UGhigSa .

kic© crcami nEmnCaRckedIrEtmYy eRkABIkarbg,sRg<amy"aghinehac

ni gkarGs'sg¹w mcuHj"menaHeLIy . óTahrN¾ xagelI nig~gCMBUkTI 1 :nbgØajeGayeXIjza eKenAmanmeZüa:ymYyeT[tsMrab'GñkTaMgLayNaEdlcg':nsnþ iPaB ni g esrIPaB ÷ karerIbRmHneya:y .



- 23 -23

CMBUkTI3

eBlNaGMNacnwgmkdl;

karsMerc:nsg<mmYyEdlmanesrIPaBni gsnþ i PaB mi nEmnCakargay RsYleT . karenHtMrUveGaymaneTBekaslüd* eRCARCH xagyuTÆvi ZI karer[bcM CaGg<kar ni gEpnkar . sMxan´bMput karenHtMrUveGaymanGMNac . BYk RbCaZibetyüBu MGacmansg¹wmza nw grMlMrbbpþackar ehIyer[bcMeGaymanesrIPaBneya:y RbsinebIeKBu MGaceRbIR:sGMNacrbsxøÜnÉgpÞal´ eday

Rbsi TÆPaB .b¨ uEnþ etIeKGaceZV IkarenH:n tamEbbbTNaeTA / etIGMNacRbePTNaEdlRkumRbCaZi betyüRbqaMgGacRbmUlpþ ú M EdlmankMri tRKb´RKansMrab´rMlMrbbpþackar ni gbNþajeyaZa-b¨ Ulisd* TUlMTUlayrbseK / cMelIyeTA nw gsMNYrenH sæ i tenAelIkaryl´GMBIGMNacneya:y EdleKeRcInEtePøc .

karecHdw gGMBIGMNacneya:yenH

mi nEmnCakarlM:kTalÉtesaH

.

karBit CamUldðanxøH manlk¡N;samJ¦ ehIygayylĆaTIbMput .

erOgeRBgniTanGMBIm©as;sVaer]geRBgni Tanci nmYyEdler[ber[gedayelak lIv CI‘ Liu-Ji’ ~g



- 24 -24

stvtSTI 14 :nbJ¢ akyagRKbRKan GMBIkarmi nylnUvGV ICaGMNacneya:y .7 enA~grbbskþ i PUmi mYyénrC¢ kalCU‘ Chu’ manburscMNasmñ ak´ man

CIvi trsénA:nedaysarkarci J© w msVamYycMnYnEdlbMerIKat´ . Gñ kRsukehA

Katza ²CUkug‘ ju gong

’³ ‘m© assVa’ .Caer[gralRBw k CUkugekaHRbCu MsVaTaMgGs´ ehIybJ¢ aeGaysVaEdl casCageK dw knaMsVaTaMgLayeTAeLIgPñ M edIm|IRbmUlEpøeQInana . bTbJ¢aenaHKW sVanImYy>RtUvEtRbKleGayeTAtacasénHcMnYn 10PaKryénGV IEdl BYkvaRbmUl:n . sVaNaEdlmi nGnuvtþtambJ¢aenHeT nw gRtUvrMJtya¨geXareXA . sVaTaMgenaH:nTTYlrgeRKaHyägQW cab´ b¨ uEnþBuMh)anrG) UrTaM .

ézá mYy kUnsVamYy:nsYreTAsVaÉeT[tza ²etItacasenHCaGñ kdaM edImeQITaMgenaHEmneT /³ sVaÉeT[ttbza ²mi nEmneT ! edImeQITaMgenaHduHtamZmµ Cati ³ . kUnsVaenaH:nsYrteTAeT[tza ²ehtuGI V:nCaeyIgmi nGacebHEpøeQITaMgenaH edayKµ ankarGnuJ¦atBItaenH /³ . sVaÉeT[ttbza²:nÇ eyIgGaceZV I:n³ . kUnsVak* sYrCabnþeT[t ²ebIdUecñH ehtuGV I:nCa

eyIgKYrBw gEpÁ keTAelItaenH / ehtuGVI:nCaeyIgTaMgGsKñ aRtUvEtbMerIKat /³ .enAmuneBlkUnsVaenHni yaycb´ sVaÉeT[tTaMgGs´k* P\ak´xøÜneRBIt .dlyb´ggw t enAeBldw gzatacasedklg´lkeTAehIyenaH BYk

sVak*naMKñaruHerI ehIyrMlMRTugEdltacasdak´Xu MsVaTaMgenaH . vanaMKñ aRbmUl EpøeQITaMgGs EdlCUkugrkSaTuk~gXøaMg ehIynaMKñartcUléRBrhUt . enATI

bMput tacask*:nsøab´:tbgĆIvi t edaysarkarGtXøan .

7 er]genHEdlmancMNgeCIgedImza ²karRtYtRtaedayyuTÆvi ZI³ Rsg'ecjBIyUlIhSI (Yu-li-zi)

ni BnÆedaylIvCI (Liu-Ji) qñ aM1311-1375 bkERbedaysI udnIét EdlrkSa si TÆ i RKb'y"ag .yUlIhSICaeQµ aHEkøgkøayrbs'lIvCI.GtæbTERbsMrYlenHe:HBum¬pSayCaelIkdMbUg ~gRBw tþ i b&Rt eQµaH ²kardak'TNÐkmµGhi gSa ; dM Nw gBI vi Tüasæan Gal´ bW t GaM gsþaj ‘xaMRbI ud ma"saQUsi t’

ExS

4 elx

3 ‘rdUvRtCak' qñaM1992-1993’ TMB&rTI

3 .



- 25 -25

elak yU lIsuI‘ Yu-li-zi’ :neBalza ²GñkxøHenA~gelakenH RtYt RtamnusS edayeRbIyuTÆviZIbMPaneK mineyageTAelIeKalkarN¾Rtw mRtUveT .etIGñkTaMgenaHmi ndUctam© assVaenHeTß / Gñ kTaMgenaHmi ndw gGMBIkaryl´RcLM

rbs´xøÜnÉg

. dUecñ H enAeBlNaEdlRkumGñkEdlRtUveKe:kP\akxø ÜneLIgyuTÆvi ZIbMPanrbséKk* GsmanRbsi TÆPaBPøam .³

RbPBcaM)ac;nanaénGMNacneya)ay eKalkarN¾ enHKW gayRsYlyl´ . BYkpþackarRtUvkarCMnYyBIGñ k

EdleKRtYtRta . RbsinebIKµ anCMnYyenHeT eKk*Bu MGacRKbRKg nigbnþRbPBénGMNacneya:yrbséKeLIy .

RbPBnanaénGMNacneya:ymanCaGaT¥ ÷• GMNacGaC\aZr KW CaCMen]~gcMeNamRbCaBlrdð za rbbenH

manPaBRsbc|ab´ ehIyzaeKmankatBVkic© eKarBtambJ¢a

rbsGñkRKb´RKg .• ZnZanmnusS KW CacMnYn ni gsar;sMxanénmnusS ni gRkumTaMg

Lay EdleKarB eZVIshkar ßk* pþlCMnYydlGñkRtYtRta .• eTBekaslü nigcM eNHdw g EdlrbbenHRtUvkar edIm|IGnuvtþ

viZankarNamYy ehIyEdlpþleGayedaybuK<l ni gRkum mnusS EdleZV Ishkar .

• ktþaGrUbI y¾ KW CaktþaJk´B&nÆeTAnw gcitþsaRsþ ni gmenaKmviC¢ aEdlCMrujeGaymnusSeZV ItambJ¢a ni gCYyRTRTgGñ kRtYtRta .

• sm|tþ i ZnZan KW CakMri tEdlGñ kRKbRKg GacRtYtRta ni geRbI R:sdIZø I ZnZanZmµ Cati ZnZanhi rJ¦vtæ ú RbB&nÆesdð kic© ehIyni g óbkrN¾ sMrab´karTak´Tg nigkardw kCJ¢ Ún .



- 26 -26

• kardak´ eTas KW CakardakTNÐkmµ tamkarKMram ßk* Gnuvtþ mW ugmat´ eTAelIGñ kEdlmineZV ItambJ¢a nigmi neZV Ishkar edIm|IeGaymankarcuHj¨m nigshRbti btþ i karEdlrbbenH

RtUvkar

edIm|Irs´ ni gedIm|IGnuvtþvi ZankarrbséK .buEnþRbPBTaMgenH GaRs&yeTAelIkarTTYlykrbbenH eTAelIkarcuHj¨m ni gkareZV ItambJ¢ arbs´RbCaBlrdð ehIynigeTAelIshRbti btþ ikarrbs´ RbCaBlrdð ni gsæ ab&nnana~gsg<m . eKBu MGacZanaeGaymanlk¡N;TaMgGsenHrhUteTA:neT .

shRbti btþ i kar kareZV ItambJ¢ani gkarKaMRT nw gBRgw gRbPBGMNac

EdleKRtUvkar ehIynw gBRgIkGMNacénrdðaPi :lNamYy .pÞúyeTAvij karQb´shRbtibtþikarCamYyBYkpþac´kar BIsMNak´

RbCaBlrdð ni gsæ ab&nnana nw gbnæ yßk* RbEhlCapþacRbPBénGMNac Edl Gñ kRKbRKgBw gEpÁ k . Rbsi nebIKµanRbPBGMNacTaMgenaHeT GMNacrbs RkumRtYtRtanw gcuHexSay ehIyTIbMputnwgrlayedaysV &yRbvtþ i .

CaZmµ ta BYkpþac´karqabéjac eTAelIskmµ PaB ni gKMni tnanaEdl KMramkMEhgdllTÆPaBénkarcatEcgeRscEtci tþrbseK . dUecñ H BYkpþackar nw gKMramkMEhg dakTNÐkmµCnTaMgLayNa EdleZVIkUdkmµ ßmi nshkar .b¨ uEnþ karenHmi nEmncbEtRtw menHeT . karCi HCan ßk* GMeBIeXareXA mi nc|as CaGaceZV IeGaymankarcuHjm ßk* shkareLIgvijBIsMNakGñkP\ak´rlw k edIm|I

eGayrbbenHmandMeNIrkareTAmuxeT[teLIy .eTaHbI ImankarCi HCanyagNak* eday Rbsi nebIeKGacbnæ y ßk* pþacRbPBénGMNacTaMgenH:nyUr lTÆpldMbUg Gacbg,eGaymanPaBRsBi cRsBi l mi nc|aslas ni gPaBRcbUkRcbl~grbbpþackar . GV IEdlnw gekItmanyagc|asCabnþeT[tenaH KW karcuHzyGMNacrbsBYkpþackar . eRkaymk karBüÜr RbPBGMNacGaceZVIeGayrbbpþackarKaMg Kµ andMeNIrkar ehIy~gkrNItw g



- 27 -27

EtgEmnETn rbbpþackarnw gRtUvdYlrlM . GMNacrbsBYkpþackarnw grlt´ qab´ßk*el]n k* GaRs&yeTAelIkarbgÁ t´RbPBGMNac .

dUecñH kMriténesrIPaBßk* GMeBIpþac´karenAeRkamrdð aPi:lNamYy PaK

eRcInGaRs&yeTAelIkartaMgcitþrbs´RbCaBlrdð zaetIeKcg´:nesrIPaBdl kMritNa ehIyzaetIeKmancMNg´ nigsmtæPaBkMritNa edIm|ItTlnwgBYk pþackarEdlcgCi HCaneK .

pÞ úynw geyablCaTUeTA rbbpþackarBw gJkeTAelIRbCaBlrdð ni gsg<mEdleKkankab . dUcEdlGñ kR:C\neya:y xal dW c‘ Karl W Deutsch’:nkt´sMKalenA~gqñaM1953 ÷

²GMNacpþackarmankMri txøaMg EtenA~gkrNINaEdleKmi ncaM:ceRbI R:sGMNaceGayjw kjab . Rbsi nebIeKeRbIGMNacpþackarenaHCaRbcaMRbqaMgnw gRbCaBlrdð eKRbEhlCami nGacsæ i tenA~gGMNac:nyUreT . edaysar rbbpþac´karTaMgenHRtUvkarGMNac sMrabRKbRKgRbCaBlrdðeRcInCagRbePTrdðaPi:lÉeT[t rbbEbbenHRtUvkary"agxøaMg eGaymanTMlabéZV ItambJ¢ a

eK ~gcMeNamRbCaBlrdð . elIsBIenHeTAeT[t eKRtUvEtBwgEpÁkeTAelIkarKaMRTd* skmµ yägehacNas´ BIsMNakRkumRbCaBlrdðmYycMnYnZM ~gkrNIEdleKRtUvkar . 8

elak cn GUsÞIn ‘ John Austin’ GñkR:C\xagc|abĆatiGgéKøsenA stvtSTI 19 :ner[brabGMBIsæ ankarN¾ EdlrbbpþackartTlnw gRbCaBlrdð

Edlmi nsb|ayci tþ

.

elak

GUsÞIn:nBnül´za

Rbsi nebIRbCaBlrdð PaKeRcIntaMgcitþza nw grMlMrdð aPi:l ehIysuxcitþRTaMRTkarsg,tsg, i n edIm|IsMerckar

8 xaldW c (Karl W. Deutsch) ²sñameRbHenA~gzµ ³ enA~ges[vePAcgRkgeday xal eRhVdW rIk (Carl J. Friedrich) pþac´ karni ym ‘xaMRbIud ma"saQUsi t eragBum¬sakl vi Tüal&yhavad (Harvard, 1952) TMB&rTI 313-314 .





- 29 -29

Rta .11 karts) UGhi gSa:nRtUvRbCaBlrdð ykeTAeRbIR:s´ ~geBlxus>Kñ a CaTUeTA~gTV IbGasI u GaRhV ik Gaemri k GURsþalI ekaH:sI uhV i kTaMgLay ni gTI VbGW r¨ ub .

dUecñHktþasMxan'3 EdlkMNt'za etIeKGacRKb'RKg ßmi nRKb'RKgGMNacrdð aPi :l:ndl'kMri tNa KW ÷1- kMriténTw kcitþ RbCaBlrdð~gkarcg'dak'sMJZeTAelIGMNacrdð 2- kMri t kM laM g sæ ab&n ni gGg<karÉkraCnana rbs'Blrdð Edlcg'

dkRbPBGMNacecj ~geBlRsbKñ a ni g3- kMrit lTÆPaB RbCaBlrdðEdlGacdkkaryl'RBm nigCMnYy

rbs'eKBIrdðaPi :l .

mNÐlTaMgLayénGMNacRbCaFibetyü lk¡N;mYyénsg<mRbCaZi betyü KW vtþmanénGg<karßRkumeRkArdð aPi :l

EdlÉkraCdac'ecjBIrdð . Gg<karTaMgenH manCaGaT¥ RkumRKYsar sæ ab&nsasna smaKmvb|Zm( kø w bkILa vi Tüasæ anesdð kic© shCIB smaKmni sSi t KNbkSneya:y PUmi smaKmGñkrs'enACi txagKñ a køw bsYnc|ar Gg<kar siTÆ imnusS RkumePøg sg<mGkSrsi l|¾ nigRkumÉeT[t> . Gg<karTaMgenHmansar;sMxan'~gkarbMerIeKalbMNgxø ÜnÉg ehIyni gCYybMeBjesckþ IRtUvkar rbs´sg<mEdr .

elIsBIenHeTAeT[t Gg<karTaMgenHmansar;sMxanxagneya:y .

11 sUmGanes[vePA CIn sab (Gene Sharp)Ç neya:yénskmµPaBGhi gSa bUsþ ún (Boston) ; ptT&r saCi n (Porter Sargent) qñaM 1973 TMB&rTI 75 ehIyni ges[vePA ÉeT[tEdlmanóTahrN¾ CaRbvtþ isaRsþCaeRcIn .



- 30 -30

eKpþl'CamUldðanßevTi ka EdlRbCaBlrdðGacbeJ©j«TÆ iBl eTAelITisedA éndMeNIrvivtþn¾ rbs´sg<mTaMgmUl ehIytTl'nwgGg<karßrdð aPi :lNa Edl eKeXIjza :neZV IGV Ib"HJl' edayGyutþ i Zm( eTAelIplRbeyaCn¾ skmµ PaB

ni geKalbMNgrbs'eK

. BYkrs'enAÉeka Edlmi nEmnCasmaCi kénRkumNamYyenaH eRcInEtBu MGacman«TÆ i BlGI VxøaMgkøaeTAelIsg<m kM uzaeLIydl'rdð aPi :l ehIyc|as'CaKµ anGanuPaBGV IeTAelIrbbpþac'karesaHeLIy .

dUecñ H Rbsi nebIBYkpþac'karGacdkTukPaBsVy&tni gesrIPaBrbs'Gg<kar TaMgLayenH RbCaBlrdð k* :t'bg'CMnYytamenaHEdr . RbsinebIGg<karTaMgenHZøak'eTA~gkNþab´édrbs´rdðGMNac ßk*RtUvCMnYsedayGg<karepSgEdl

eKGacRtYt:n rbbpþackarGaceRbIGg<karTaMgenH eGayeTACi HCan'smaCik nana ni gEpñkNamYyénsg<menaH .

b" uEnþ Rbsi nebIeKGacrkSaßk* Tak'Tajykmkvi jnUvsV &yPaB ni gesrIPaBénsæ ab&nÉkraCsI uvi lTaMgenaH ‘eGaysæi tenAeRkAkarRtYtRtarbs'rdðaPi:l’sæab&nTaMgenaHnw gmanRbeyaCn¾ y"agxøaMgdl'karGnuvtþn¾ neya:yerIbRmH .

lk¡N;rYmmYyEdlman~góTahrN¾ GMBIkrNIrbbpþac'karEdl:nZøakcuHexSay KW karGnuvtþn¾ d* køahannigRsuHKñanUvneya:yerIbRmH edayRbCaBlrdð ni gsæ ab&nnanarbs'eK .

dUcEdlbJ¢ak'rYcmkehIy mNÐlGMNacTaMgenHCasæ ab&nRKwH Edl RbCaBlrdð eRbIR:s' edIm|Idak'sMJZßk* Tb'Tl'nw gkarRtYtRtapþac'kar . enA

~geBlGnaKt mNÐlTaMgenHnw gkøayeTACaEpñkmYyénrcnasm¬&nÆcMbgEdl eKBMuGackat'ecal:n sMrab'sg<mesrImYy edIm|Ikarts) UrMedaHeGay:neCaK C&y .

RbsinebIrbbpþac'kar:nTTYlC&yCMnH ~gkarrMlMßk* RtYtRtaGg<kar ÉkraCTaMgenaH BYkGñkRbyuTÆts) URtUvEtbeg, ItRkumsg<m ni gsæ ab&nÉkraCzµI>ßk* eZV Iy"agNaTak'TajGg<karEdlenAesssl' eGaycUlmkenAeRkamkarkan'



- 31 -31

kab'tamEbbRbCaZi betyüvi j . ~gOkasbdi vtþn¾ enARbeTshugRKI (Hungary) qñ aM1956-1957 RkumRbw kSaRbCaZibetyüCaeRcIn :nelcecjeLIg ehIy :nTaMgcab'édKñ aer[bcMCaRbB&nÆshB&nÆénsæ ab&nnanapg . ~gRbeTsb" ULÚj

enAcugTsvtS1980

BYkkmµ kr:nrkSaTuksaxashCIB²sUlIdarIZI³ (Solidarity

samK<I) mYycMnYnxusc|ab' ehIy~gkrNIxøH :nkþab'ykshCIBCapø Úvkar rbs'BYkkumµ úynIsþ:neT[tpg . karlUtlas'xagsæab&nEbbenH Gacman«TÆ iBlneya:yd*sMxan'>CaeRcIn .

CakarBitNas' TaMgenHBM uEmnmann&yza kareZV IeGayexSaynw grMlM rbbpþac'kar CakargayRsYleT ßzakarl|gNamYynwgsuTÆEt:neCaKC&y

enaHeLIy . karenHc|as'CaBMuEmnmann&yza karts) Unw gRbRBwtþeTAeday Kµ ankarxUcxat BIeRJHGñ kTaMgLayEdlenAEtbMerIBYkpþac'karnw gvayRbhar bkmkvij ~gkarRbw gERbgrbs'eK edIm|Ibg¡ MeGayRbCaBlrdðepþ ImeZVIshkar ni geZV ItambJ¢aeKeLIgvij .

b"uEnþ karyl' eXI jeRCARCHGM BI GM NacxagelI enH mann& yzakar:k'

Ebkénrbbpþac' kar KW CaRBw tþ i karN¾ EdlGacekI teLI g . CaBi ess rbbpþac'kar manlk¡N;c|as'las'mYycMnYn EdleZV IeGayrbbenHTn'exSay enAcMeJHmuxneya:yerIbRmHmYyEdleKGnuvtþy"agbi unRbsb´ . eyIgnw gBi ni tüEvk Ejklk¡N;TaMgenaHeGay:nBi sþar .



- 32 -32



- 33 -33

CMBUkTI4

rbbpþac;karmancMNucexSay

Caer]y> rbbpþac'karmanrUbPaBCarbbmi nexSay . Pñak'garsMgat'

eyaZa b" Ulis kMlaMgeyaZa Kuk mnI ÞrTaruNkmµ ni gRkumRbharCIvi t sæi t enAeRkamkarRKb'RKgrbs'mnusSd*manGMNacmYycMnYntUc . BYkpþac'kar Caer]y> eRbIR:s'RTBüsm|tþ i Cati manCaGaT¥ luykak' ZnZanZmµ Cati ni gkMlaMgpli tkmµ y"agx¢Hx¢ay ni gedIm|IbMeBjbMNgxøÜnÉg .

~gkareRb[beZ[b kMlaMgRbqaMgRbCaZi betyü Caer]y> hak'dUc

CaexSaysMebImNas' Kµ anRbsi TÆPaB ehIyKµ anGMNacGV ITaMgGs' . karyl' eXIjGMBIPaBxøaMgkøa tTl'nw gPaB«tGMNacEbbenH eZVIeGaykarRbqaMgBMuGac manRbsiTÆPaB .

b"uEnþsac'er]genHenAminTan'cb'sBVRKb'eT .

karsMKal;rkemIlEkgeCIgGaKIl (Achilles) er]geRBgmYy~gGkSrsi l|¾ Rkik (Greece)buraN :nbJ©aMgy"agbi un

Rbsb' eGayeKeXIjcMNucexSayénGV IEdleKzami nTan'exSay . GaKIlCaGñ kcM:MgmYyrUbEdll|IeQµ aHza Kµ annrNaGaceZV I V IeGayeKrbYs ehIyBMumandavNamYyGacmutEs|keK:neLIy . kalenACaTark mþayrbs'GaKIl:n



- 34 -34

ykkUneTAmuCTwk~gTenøTi BVmYyeQµ aHsÞ Ik (Styx) Edl:neZV IeGayEs|ksV i t kab'mi nmut . b" uEnþeKenAmanbJØamYy . edaysarmþayRtUvkan'EkgeCIgkUneBlmuCTw k edIm|IkM ueGayrsat'tamcrnþTw k Tw kTenøTi BVenaHBM u:nRCabcUleTA

karJrRtg'kEnøgEkgeCIgenHeT . enAeBlEdlGaKIleBjv&y eKhak'dUc CabursEdlKµ anGavuZsRtUvNaGaceZV IeGayrbYs:neLIy . b" uEnþ enA~gsRg<amRbqaMgnwgTIRkugRty (Troy) edayeZV ItambJ¢ arbs'mnusSmñ ak' 'Edldw gGMBIcMNucexSayenH TahansRtUvmYyrUb:n:j'RBYjtRmg'eTArkEkgeCIgGaKIlEdlKµanGI VkarBar EdlCakEnøgEtmYyEdlGaceZI VeGayGaKIlrbYs .rbYsenH:neZV IeGayGaKIl:t'bg'CIvi t . rhUtmkTl'ézá enH BaküGg'eKøs "Achilles’ heel" ‘EkgeCIgGaKIl’ :nRtUveKeRbI enAeBleKni yayGMBIcMNuc exSayrbs'mnusS Epnkar ßk*sæab&nNamYy EdleKKµ anmeZüa:ykarBar RbsinebIKUsRtUvvayRbharcMkEnøgenaH .

eKGacGnuvtþeKalkarN¾dUcKñ aenH eTAelIrbbpþac' 'kareXareXATaMgLay . eKGacQñHrbbenH:nedayqab'rh&s ehIyxUcxatti c RbsinebIeK

dw gc|as'GMBIcMNucexSay ehIyepþatkarvayRbhareTAelIEtcMNucexSayTaMgenaH .

cMNucexSayrbs;rbbpþac;kar cMNucexSayrbbpþac'karmanCaGaT¥ dUcteTA ;1- karbnæ y ßkarpÁ akshRbti btþ i kar BIsMNak'mnusS Rkum ni g

sæab&nTaMgLay EdleKRtUvkaredIm|IeGayRbB&nÆTaMgmUlmandMeNIrkar .

2- esckþ IRtUvkarß«TÆi BlénEpnkarcas' GacraraMgmineGayeK GnuvtþEpnkarzµ IEdlmi nsI usgVak'Kñ a .



- 35 -35

3- RbB&nÆkargarGackøayeTACaTMlab´ eZV IeGaykarERbRbYleTAtam sæankarN¾ zµ I> Bu M:nqab'rh&s .

4- buK<li k ni gZnZanEdl:nEbgEckeTAtamkargarbc© úb|nñ ehIy

enaHBu MGacpøas'bþÚrPøam> eTAtamesckþ IRtUvkarzµ I> .5- Gñ kenAeRkambg<ab' Edlxøacp<ab'ci tþecAhVaynaymi n:n RbEhl Caminh)aneZV Ir:ykarN¾ Bit ßk* eGayB&t( manRKb' 'sBV Edl BYkpþac'karRtUvkar edIm|IsMercci tþeGay:nRtw mRtUv .

6- menaKmvi C¢aGaccuHexSay ehIyCMen]ni gni mi tþrUbénrbbmYy RbEhlCaRtUvreg<aHreg< I .

7- RbsinebImenaKmvi C¢ aNamYymankMritxøaMg ehIyman«TÆ iBleTA elIGI VEdleKyl'za CakarBi t karRbkan'x¢ab'ykmenaKmvi C¢ aenH GacraraMgmi neGayeKcab'Garmµ N¾ eTAelIsæankarN¾ ni gesckþ IRtUvkarCak'Esþg .

8- RbsiTÆPaB nigsmtæ PaBénrdð :lEdlcuHexSay ßbTbJ¢aRtYt

RtahYsehtu GaceZVIeGayEpnkar ni gkarGnuvtþn¾ nanaBu MmanRbsiTÆPaB .9- TMnas'épÞ~g karRbkYtRbECg nigkarRbTUsþraypÞal'xø Ün Gacnw g

eZI VeGaymankarxUcxat ßk* sÞHkic© Rbti btþ ikarénrbbpþac'kar .10- bJ¦v&nþnignisiSt GacrMeCIbrMCYl~gkareqøIytbeTAtamsæan

karN¾ karKabsg,t' nigkarbRg,ab .11- saZarNCn bnÞab'BImYyry;eBl GacmanGarmµN¾ElgrvIrvl' mankarsgS&y ni gGacRbTUsþraynw grbbenH .

12- TMnas'xagCatisasn¾ vNÑ; vb|Zm( ni gtMbn' GacmankMri tkan' EtxøaMgeLIg .

13- fananuRkmGMNacénrbbpþac'kar EtgEtmi nsUvmansæ i rPaB ehIy



- 36 -36

CYnkal sæirPaBenHGacmankMritxøaMg . buK<lnImYy> minenA kan' 'tMENgdEdl> b"uEnþGaceLIgcuH ßk* RtUveKdkecjEtmþgehIyCMnYsedayGñ kepSgeT[t .

14- Epñ kxøHénRkumb" Uli s ßk* kmøaMgeyaZa RbEhlCaGaccat'kar edIm|IsMerceKalbMNgpÞal'xø Ün eTaHbICaRtUvRbqaMgnw grbbpþac'kar k*eday manCaGaT¥ kareZIVrdð RbharCaedIm .

15- RbsinebIrbbpþac'karenHzµIezµ ag eKRtUvkareBlevla edIm|IBRgw gxøÜneGay:nmaMmYn .

16- edaysarbJØamaneRcIn ehIyGñksMerckarmantic Epnkar

neya:ynana ni gkarGnuvtþn¾ xus RbEhlCaekIteLIgCajw k jab' .

17- RbsinebIeKcg'eC[svagBIeRKaHzñ ak'EbbenH ehIyrMElkkarRtYt Rta ni gkarsMercci tþeGayeTAGñ kdéTxageRkam karRtYtRtaelI GMNackMBUlRbEhlCaRtUvcuHGn'exSayeTAtamenaHEdr .

karvayRbhareTAelIcMNucexSayénrbbpþac;kar CamYynw gkardw gGMBIcMNucexSay Edlrbbpþac'karc|as'Caman Rkum

RbCaZi betyüRbqaMgGacriHrkmeZüa:ybMe:g ²EkgeCIgGaKIl³ edIm|IeGay RbB&nÆpþackarmankarEkERbxøaMg ßk* bMEbkrMlayRbB&nÆenaHEtmþg .

dUecñH eKGacmanesckþ Isnñi dð and* c|aslasmYy ÷ zV IebIeKmanrUbPaBxøaMgkøa rbbpþackarTaMgGssuTÆEtmancMNucexSaymYycMnYn karxVHRbsi TÆPaBépÞ~g karRbkYtQñ anIsbuK<l karxVHRbsi TÆPaBCasæab&n ni gTMnas´Kñ a~gcMeNamEpñkepSg>énrdð :l . cMNucexSayTaMgenH ~gry;eBlmYy Gac eZV IeGayrbbpþackarmi nsUvmanRbsiTÆPaB ehIyrgeRKaHBIkarERbRbYl nigBI



- 37 -37

karts) U EdleKer[bcMeLIgy"agc|aslas . rbbpþac'karc|asCaBuMGac :neCaKC&yeTAelIGV I>TaMgGs EdleKcg:nenaHeLIy . óTahrN¾ maneBl xøH sUm|IEtJkübJ¢apÞalrbs´GI uEtør k*RtUveKpÁi bTukecalEdr BIeRJHGñkEdl

enAxageRkam:nbdi esZ minRBmykeTAGnuvtþ . eBlxøH rbbpþackar RbEhlCa GacdYlrlMyagqab´rh&s dUcEdleyIg:nseg,teXIjrYcmk ehIy .

karenHminEmnmann&yza eKGacrMlMrbbpþackar:n edayKµ aneRKaHzñ akńigkarxUcxateT . viZankarnImYy>edIm|IesrIPaB nw gmaneRKaHzñ ak ehIy ni gkarQWcab´ RBmTaMgRtUvkareBlevlapgEdr . ehIyKµ anvi ZankarNa

mYy EdlGacZanaeGay:neCaKC&yd* qabrh&sRKbkal;eTs;enaHeLIy .b¨ uEnþ RbePTénkarts) UEdlepþateTAelIcMNucexSayénrbbpþackar EdleK dw gc|asenaH Gac:nTTYleCaKC&y CagKMeragts) UNaEdlRbQmmuxtTl CamYycMNucxøaMgénrbbpþackar . sMNYrenAeBlenHKW etIeKGaceZV Ikarts) U enHtamEbbNa /



- 38 -38



- 39 -39

CMBUkTI5

kareRbIR)as;GMNac

enA~gCMBUkTI 1 eyIg:nkt´sMKal´za karts) UtamkMlaMgeyaZaRbqaMgnw grbbpþackar Bu M:nvayRbhareTAcMkEnøgNaEdlrbbenHexSay b¨ uEnþ enARtg´kEnøgEdlrbbenHxøaMgCaTIbMputeTAvi j . enAeBlEdleKeRCIserIs eTARbkYttamkMlaMgT&B karp<tp<géRK]gGavuZ bec© keTsxageRbIGavuZCaedIm clnaRbqaMghak´dUcCa:ndakxøÜnÉgeGaycajéRb[beKrYceTAehIy . rbb

pþackarc|asĆaGacRbmUlpþú MZnZanEbbenH :neRcInCagBYkRbqaMgesÞ IrRKb kal;eTs; . eyIgk*:nBi eRKaHehIyEdr GMBIeRKaHzñ akénkarBw gEpÁ keTAelI kMlaMgbreTs sMrab´karrMedaHenH . enA~gCMBUkTI 2 eyIg:nBi ni tüemIl bJØaTaMgLay EdlJkB&nÆeTAnw gbJØaBw gEpÁ keTAelIki c© crca edIm|IkMcat rbbpþac´kar .

dUecñ H etIeKGacenAmanmeZüa:yNaeT[t EdlGacpþléGayRkum RbCaZi betyüRbqaMg nUvPaBmaneRb[b ehIyni gCYyeGayeKbMe:gcMNuc exSayénrbbpþackar / etIbec©keTsEbbNaEdlGacGnuvtþRTw sþ IénGMNac neya:y EdleyIgBi eRKaHenA~gCMBUkTI 3 / CMerIsepSgmYy KW neya:y erIbRmH .

neya:yerIbRmHmanlk¡N;dUcteTA ÷





- 41 -41

karrMlMecalGV I>TaMgGs' .karts)UGhi gSamanPaBsµ úKsµ ajxøaMgCag ehIymanvi ZIts) UeRcInEbb

CagkareRbIGMeBIhi gSa . ~gkarts) UenH eKeRbIGavuZxagci tþsaRsþ sg<mki c©

esdð ki c©

ni gneya:y edaymankarcUlrYmBIsMNakRbCaBlrdð ni gsæab&nepSg>~gsg<m . eK:ns<al´viZITaMgenH zaCa:tukmµ RbqaMg kUdkmµ karmi neZV IshRbtibtþ ikar Bhi kar karminsb|aycitþ ehIyni gGMNacRbCaBlrdð .dUcEdl:nkt´sMKalBImunrYcehIy rdðaPi :lTaMgGsGacRKbRKg:n Et enAeBlNaEdleK:nTTYlCMnYyBIRbPBGMNacepSg>rbseK EdleKRtUvkar ehIyEdlecjBIshRbti btþ i kar karcuHjm nigkareZV ItambJ¢ aBIsMNak

RbCaBlrdð ni gsæ ab&nnanaénsg<m . neya:yerIbRmH mindUckareRbI hi gSaeT KW CaGavuZEtmYysMrab´kat´pþacRbPBGMNacrbbpþac'karTaMgenaH .

GavuFnigvin½yGhigSa

kMhusmYyEdlyuTÆnakarneya:yerIbRmHBImun>:neZV I

KW karBw gEpÁ k eTAelIEtviZImYy ßBIr dUcCa kUdkmµ ni g:tukmµ ZM> . karBi t viZImaneRcInRbePTsMrab'Gñker[bcMyuTÆnakarRbqaMg ykeTAGnuvtþtamRtUvkar .

eK:ndw gc|as'GMBIvi ZIRbmaN 200Ebb ehIyenAmaneRcIneT[t .vi ZITaMgenHEckecjCa bIRkumZM> ÷ :tukmµ RbqaMgni gkarBnül'ENnaM karmi neZV IshRbtibtþ ikar ni gkareZV IGnþraKmn¾ . viZI:tukmµ RbqaMg ni gkarBnül' ENnaMedayGhi gSa KW kareZV I:tukmµ Cani mi tþrUb manCaGaT¥ karedIrCak|Ün ni gkarRbmUlpþ ú MKñaedaysáat'esá{m ‘manRbmaN 54vi ZI’ . karmi neZV Ishkar manbIRbePT ÷ k’ mi nshkarsg<mki c© ‘16vi ZI’Ç x’ minshkaresdð kic© manCaGaT¥ Bhi kar ‘26vi ZI’ ni gkUdkmµ ‘23vi ZI’Ç ni g K’ mi nshkar neya:y ‘38vi ZI’ . GnþraKmn¾Ghi gSatamEbbcitþsaRsþ ragkay sg<mkic© esdð ki c©





- 43 -43

eZV I dUcCa karedIrEckxitb&NÑ kare:HBum¬pSayedaysMgat´ karGtGahar karGg<úycuHenAtampøÚv . mnusSxøHBi:keZV Iskmµ PaBEbbenH elIkElgEt ~gkal;eTs;Bi essEmnETn .

vi ZIts)UGhigSaxøHeT[t tMrUveGaymnusSmñabnþeZVIki c© karepSg>CaZmµ tab¨ uEnþtamEbbbTepSgeT[t . óTahrN¾ eKGacnaMKñ acUleZV IkardUcZmµ ta eday mi neZV IkUdkmµ buEnþ edayectna eKnaMKñ aeZV IkaryW t> ßk* mi nsUveGaymanRbsiTÆPaBdUcZmµta . eKnaMKñaeZV I ²xus³edayectna eRcInCageBlmun> .xøHeT[tGackøayeTACa²QW ³ ehIy²minGac³eTAeZV Ikar~geBlNamYy ßk* eKGacbdi esZmi neZV Ikar . eKGacnaMKñ aeTAsURtZm( ~gRBHvihar enAeBlEdl

kareZV IEbbenH mi nRtw mEtbJ¢akGMBICMen]xagsasnaeT EtCaCMen]xagneya:y eT[t . eKGaceZV Iskmµ PaBedIm|IkarJrBYkekµ g>eGayputBIkareXasnarbs´rbbpþackar tamkarer[nsURtenApÞH ßk* tamsalaer[nlYclak´ . eKGac bdi esZmi ncUlCasmaCi kénGg<karEdlrbbpþac'kar²esñ I³ ßk*tMrUv ehIyEdl eKmincUledayesµ aHsµ &RK~geBlmun> . PaBRbhakRbEhlKñ aénvi ZITaMg

enH eTAnw gskmµ PaBZmµtarbs´RbCaBlrdð ehIynigkarERbRbYlbnþi cbnþ ÜcBI CIvPaBsBVdgrbséK GaceZVIeGaykarcUlrYm~gskmµ PaBrMedaHRbCaCati EbbenH kanEtgayRsYleLIgsMrab´GñkTaMgenaH .

edaysarkarts) UGhi gSa ni gGMeBIhi gSa manPaBxusKñayagxøaMg~gkarGnuvtþn¾ sUm|IEtGMeBIhi gSabnþ i c ~gOkasyuTÆnakarneya:yerIbRmH k*

Gacbeg, IteGaymanplvi :kEdr BIeRJHGMeBIhi gSaEtbnþ icenH GaceZV IeGay karts) UEkERb eTACaRbePTEdlBYkpþackarmaneRb[bCagd* xøaMgkøa ‘sRg<am eyaZa’ . vin&yGhi gSa KW Caktþad* sMxansMrabC&yCMnH ehIyeKRtUvEtRbkan´ eGayx¢ ab´ zV IebIBYkpþackarnigPñ akgarrbseKeRbIGMeBIeXareXA júHjgéGay manhigSaEbbNak*eday .

karRbkanýkvi n&yGhi gSaeGayCab ~gkartTlĆamYynw gKUbdi bkS



- 44 -44

higSa nw gsMrYleGayynþkarbYnyagsMrab´karpøasbþ Úr ~gkarts)UGhi gSaeGaymandMeNIrkareTAmux:n ‘vi PaKxageRkam’ . vin&yGhi gSa k* mansar;sMxanxøaMgNasEdrenA~gdMeNIrkarneya:yCUCi sU )‘ Jiu-Jitsu’ . enA~g

dMeNIrkarenH GMeBIeXareXAyagc|asRkELténrbbpþackar RbqaMgnw gBYk Ghi gSa nw gnaMeGaymanplvi :kbkRtLbeTABYkpþackarvi j eZV IeGaymankarmi nsb|ayci tþépÞ~génBYkpþac´kar ni gnaMeGaykarKaMRTBYkGhigSamankMri tkanÉtxøaMgeLIg ~gcMeNamRbCaBlrdð EdlZøabKaMRTrbbpþackarenaH.

buEnþ enA~gkrNIxøHeT[t eKRbEhlCami nGaceC[seGayputBIGMeBI hi gSamYykMri ttUc RbqaMgnw grbbpþackar . Garmµ N¾ mYremAni gkarsÁ brbb

enH GacnaMeGaymanGMeBIhi gSapÞúHeLIg . ßRkumxøHénBYkts)URbEhlCamincglHbgecalGMeBIhi gSa zV IebIeKylGMBIsar;sMxanénkarts) UGhi gSak* eday .~gkrNITaMgenH eKBu McaM:clHbgécalneya:yerIbRmHenaHeT . buEnþCakarcaM:c´ eKRtUvEbgEckskmµ PaBhi gSa eGaydacecjqá ayBIskmµPaBGhigSa . eKKYreZV IEbbenHtamEpñ kPUmi saRsþ RkumepSg> karkMNtéBl

evla nigtambJØanImYy> . Rbsi nebImindUecñaHeT GMeBIhi gSaGacmanpl vi :kyägxøaMgeTAelIkareRbIR:sneya:yerIbRmH EdlCaóbkrN¾ d* xøaMgkøasMrab'QaneTArkeCaKC&yeGay:neRcInCag .

Rbvtþ isaRsþ:nbgØajeGayeXIjza enAeBleKKi teRKagTukCamunzanw gmankar:tbgĆIvi tni grbYsenA~gneya:yerIbRmH karxUcxatTaMgenaH

mankMritticCagqáayBIkarxUcxat~gsRg<ameyaZa . elIsBIenHeTAeT[t karts) UEbbenH Bu M:nnaMeTArkkarkab´sMlab´Kña ni gGMeBIeXareXA edayKµ anTIbJ© bénaHeLIy .

karts) UGhi gSatMrUveGayman ehIyeRcInEteZV IeGayman karQb ‘ß karTb´s,at’ xøacrdð aPi:lni gskmµPaBCi HCanhi gSa . karQbxøac ß karTb´s,atkarP&yxøac KWCaktþasMxan´~gkarrMlMGMNacBYkpþackar Edlman



- 45 -45

eTAelIRbCaBlrdð TUeTA .

karebIkcMh PaBsMgat; nig\riyabfRtwmRtUv PaBsMgat kare:kR:s ehIyni gkarXubXi tKñaCasMgat´ :nbeg, It

CabJØad* lMM:ksMrabclnaEdleRbIskmµ PaBGhi gSa . Caer]y> eKmi nGac lakeGayCi t mi neGayb¨ Uli s ni gPñakgarsMgat´dw gGMBIeKalbMNg nigEpnkareT . tamkaryléXIjrbsćlnats)U PaBsMgat´mi nRKanEtCab\sKl´énkarP&yxøaceT EtCaktþaEdlCYybEnæ meTAelIkarP&yxøac Edl

eZV IeGayxUcsµ artIts) U ehIybnæ ycMnYnmnusSEdlGaccUlrYm~gskmµ PaBNamYy . PaBsMgaténHk* GacCYybEnæmeTAelIkarsgS&y nigkarecaTRbkan Kñ a Caer]y> minsmehtusmpl ~gcMeNamclnats) U GMBIzaetInrNaCaPñ akgarsMgatésu IbkarN¾ eGayKUbdibkS . karenHRbEhlCaGacb¨HJl dllTÆPaBrbsćlnats) U ~gkarRbkan´x¢abnUvGMeBIGhi gSa . pÞúyeTAvi j

karebIkcMheGayeKdw gGMBIeKalbMNgni gEpnkarénkarts) U minRtw mEtmanpllÁ eTAvi jeT b¨ uEnþnw gCYyeGayeKeXIjza EmnETneTA clnats) UmankMlaMgxøaMgkøaCaTIbMput . tamkarBi t bJØaenHsµ úKsµ ajCagGV IEdleK:nni yayxagelI ehIymanskmµ PaBts) UmYycMnYnZM EdltMrUveGaymankarlak:Mg . eK RtUvkareGaymankarvi PaKd* eRCARCHmYy ~gcMeNamGñ kTaMgLayNaEdlyl dw gc|as´ GMBIzamBlénkarts) UGhi gSa ehIynigmeZüa:yrbsBYkpþackar sMrab'kartamdanesI ubGeg,t enA~gsæ ankarN¾ Bi essNamYy .

kare:HBum¬pSBVpSayCasMgat kareRbIR:svi TüúpSaysMelgeRkAc|ab ehIynigkarRbmUlykB&t(mansMgatGMBIRbtibtþikarrbs´rbbpþac´kar KWCaskmµPaBmYy~gcMeNamskmµPaBBiessmYycMnYntUc EdltMrUveGaymanPaBsMgatĆaTIbMput .



- 46 -46

karRbkan´x¢ abńUv«ri yabzRtw mRtUv ~gskmµ PaBGhi gSa KW CakarcaM :c~gRKbdMNak'karénTMnas . ktþaxøH dUcCa karminP&yxøac ni gkarRbkan x¢ abńUvvi n&yGhi gSa KW CakarcaM:cRKbeBlevla . eKRtUvcgcaMza Caer]y>

eKRtUvkarcMnYnmnusSyageRcIn edIm|IEkERbGI VmYy . b¨ uEnþ eKGacRbmUlGñ k EdleKTukci tþeGay:neRcInEbbenH Ettamry;karRbkanx¢ abńUv«riyabzx¬gx¬sRtwmRtUv ~gclnats)U .

karERbRbYlRKwHGMNac Gñ kyuTÆsaRsþRtUvEtcgcaMza enA~gTMnasÉdleKGnuvtþneya:yerI

bRmH TIlants) UmankarERbRbYlmi nQb´Qr edaysarKUbdibkSnw geZV I skmµ PaBtbtKñ aeTAvijeTAmk «tQb'Qr . Kµ anGI VEdlsæ itenAnw gz,l enaHeT . TMnakTMngGMNacrvagPaKITaMgBIr nw gmankarERbRbYlyägqab´ rh&sCani c© . karenHekItmaneLIg edaysarBYkRbqaMgenAEtbnþkarTb´Tl´

edayGhigSa zV IebIPaKIm¡ageT[tecHEtbRg,abCiHCan'EbbNak*eday .karERbRbYlénkMritGMNacrbsPaKIRbkYtTaMgsgxag enA~gkal;eTs;TMnasÉbbenH RbEhlCaxøaMgCagehIyel]nCagTMnas'hi gSa ehIy nw gCMrujeGayecjCalTÆplEbøk> Edlmann&yxø w msarneya:yeRcIn .edaysarkarERbRbYlTaMgenH skmµ PaBBi essNamYyrbs´Rkumts)U RbEhl CamanplEvgqáay EdlGaceZV IeGayPaKINamYy kanEtmaMeLIgßk* cuHexSay .

elIsBIenHeTAeT[t tamry;skmµ PaBrbseK RkumGhi gSaRbEhlCanw gman«TÆ i BlxøaMgeTAelIkarekIneLIg ßk* cuHzyénkMlaMgbdi bkS . óTahrN¾ Rkumts) UGhigSad*manvi n&yni gesckþIkøahan ~gkarRbQmmuxGMeBIeXareXA rbs´BYkpþackar GaceZV IeGaykgTahanni gGñ kKaMRTBYkpþackar manGarmµ N¾ mi nRsYl mi nsb|ayci tþ ehIyGackøayeTACaRkumEdlBYkpþackarElgTuk



- 47 -47

ci tþ:n ehIyenA~gkrNIxøaMgEmnETn GacnaMeGaymankarbHe:répÞ~g .karRbqaMgEbbenH k* GacnaMmknUvkarpþnÞaeTaskan'EtxøaMgeTAelIrbbpþackar BIsMNakGnþrCati Edr . elIsBIenHeTAeT[t karGnuvtþn¾ neya:yerIbRmH

d*eQø{sév

d*manvi n&y

GacCMrujeGaymankarcUlrYm~gclnats) UkanÉt eRcIneLIg> BIsMNakGñ kEdlCaZmµ taKaMRTBYkpþac´kar ßk* CaTUeTA enACaGBüaRkwt~gTMnasénH .

ynþkarbYny:agsMrab;karERbRbYl karts) UGhi gSanaMmknUvkarERbRbYlbYnyäg . ynþkarTImYy:nekIt

maneLIg büEnþyägkRm . enAeBlEdlTwkcitþsmaCikénRkumpþac´karBuHkeRJ¢al edaysareKeXIjTuk¡evTnaBIkarCi HCanéTAelIBYkRbqaMgGhi gSad* køahan ßk* eKERbcitþyl'za buBVehtuénkarts) Umanlk¡N;Rtw mRtUv Gñ kTaMgenaHGacnw gTTYlyk:nnUveKalbMNgrbsRkumts) U . ynþkarenHmaneQµ aH

ehAza

karbþ ÚrRkum . zV IebIkrNIénkarbþ ÚrRkum

eTArkkarts) UGhi gSa :nekIt maneLIg RBw tþ i karN¾ enHkRmNas ehIyenA~gTMnasCaeRcIn karenHmi nekIt maneLIgeT ßk* ekItmaneLIgEtbnþi cbnþ Ücb¨ ueNÑaH .

GV IEdlekIteLIgCajw kjy KW karts) UGhi gSa:npøasbþ ÚrsæankarN¾ TMnas´ ni gsg<mdl´kMri tmYyEdlBYkpþackar Bu MGaceZVIGV IeTAtamcMNgci tþdUc eBlmun . enHKW Cakarpøasbþ ÚrJkB&nÆnw gGMNacénPaKITaMgBIrEdlbeg, IteGay manynþkarTaMgbIeT[t ÷ kareyaKyl karbg¡ MedayGhi gSa ni gkarEbkEx\k .etIynþkarNamYynw gekItmaneLIgenaH GaRs&yeTAelIkarERbRbYlénTMnak´TMngGMNac EdleZV IeGayBYkRbCaZi betyümaneRb[b .

Rbsi nebIbJØaCakÉsþgNamYyminEmnCabJØasMxanNasNaeTenaHBYkpþackarmi ncatTukkarTamTarrbs´RkumRbqaMg enA~gyuTÆnakard*mankMri t





- 49 -49

BYkpþackarBu MGacRKbRKgeK:nTalEtesaH . rdð:lrbsBYkpþackarbdi esZ mi nRBmeZV ItambJ¢ azñakdw knaM . Tahan ni gbUli srbsBYkpþackarnaMKñabHe:r . RbCaBlrdð ßGñkEdlZøabKaMRTrbbpþackar RbkasminTTYls<al´

BYkdw knaMpþac´kar edayGHGagza BYkenHBu Mmansi TÆ i RKbRKgTalEtesaH .dUecñ H CMnYy ni gkareZV ItambJ¢ aBImunk* GsmaneTAEdr . ynþkarTIbYnénkarERb RbYl karEbkEx\k énRbB&nÆpþac´karmanlk¡N;eBjelj EdleZV IeGayrbb pþackarKµ anTaMgkMlaMgsMrabcuHjm . rbbenH:nmkdleBldYlrlMEbkEx\k .

~gkarer[bcMeGaymanyuTÆsaRsþsMrabkarrMedaH eKKYrEtcgcaMynþkar TaMgbYnenH . CYnkalynþkarTaMgenHcabdMeNIrkaredayÉkÉg . buEnþ

kareRCIserIsykynþkarmYyßeRcIn mkeZV ICaeKalsMrab´karpøasbþÚrenA~gTMnas nw gGaceZV IeGayeKmanlTÆPaBer[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþBi ess sMrabGnuvtþ .kareRCIserIsykynþkarNamYy nw gGaRs&yeTAelIktþaCaeRcIn manCaGaT¥ kMri tGMNacénRkumTaMgLayEdlRbkYtKñ a «ri yabz ehIyni geKalbMNgénRkumEdleZVIkarts) UGhigSa .

\Ti§BlRbCaFibetyüénneya)ayerIbRmHpÞ úyeTAnw gGMeBIhi gSa EdlBRgw gGMNacmnusSEtmYyRkum kareRbI

meZüa:yts) UGhi gSa nw geZV IeGaysg<mneya:y manlk¡N;RbCaZi betyü .Epñ kmYyén«TÆi BlRbCaZi betyüenH manlk¡N; Edlmi nGnuJ¦at

eGaymanGMeBIeXareXA . KWza pÞúyeTAnwgmeZüa:yeyaZa meZüa:y Ghi gSaenH Bu M:npþlnUvóbkrN¾ sMrabCi HCanGñ kenAeRkambJ¢ arbsKN;dw knaM EdleKGacbgV i leGayRbqaMgnw gRbCaBlrdð edIm|IbegI ,tßbnþrbbpþackar enaHeT. BYkGñkdwknaMclnaneya:yerIbRmH GaceRbI«TÆi Blni gdak´sMJZ eTAelIGñ kedIrtam b¨ uEnþeKmi nGaccabGñ kTaMgenaHeTAdak´Kuk ßRbharCIvit



- 50 -50

enAeBlEdleKCMTas´ ßk*eKeRCIsykemdw knaMÉeT[tenaHeLIy .Epñ kmYyeT[tén«TÆi BlRbCaZibetyüenHKW manlk¡N;vi C¢man . KW

mann&yza karts) UGhi gSanw gpþldlRbCaBlrdðnUvmeZüa:yts) UmYy Edl

eKGacykeTAeRbIedIm|IkarJresrIPaBrbséK

tTlnw grbbpþackarNamYy .xageRkamenH KW Ca«TÆ iBlRbCaZi betyülÁ mYycMnYnénkarts) UGhi gSa ÷• bTBi esaZn¾ ~gkarts)UGhi gSanaMeGayRbCaBlrdðmankarTukci tþ

eTAelIxø ÜnÉg ~gkartTlCamYynw g karKMramnigsmtæ PaBbRg,abTaMghi gSa .

• karts)UGhigSapþlńUvmeZüa:ysMrab´karmineZVIshkarni gkar

erIbRmH EdlRbCaBlrdð GaceRbI sMrab'Tb´Tlńw gkarRtYtRta edayKµ anRbCaZibetyü BIsMNak´rbbpþac´karNamYy .

• enAcMeJHmuxkarRKb´RKgtamkarCi HCan´ eKGaceRbIkarts)UGhigSa sMrab´hatér[nGnuvtþesrIPaBRbCaZi betyü dUcCaesrIPaBxagkarni yay esrIPaBxagkarpSBVpSay Gg<karÉkraC

nigesrIPaBénkarRbCu MKñ a .• dUcEdl:nEvkEjkBIelI karts) UGhi gSaGacCaCMnYyyagxøaMg

dlkarrs´ranmanCIvi t karbeg, IteLIgvi j ni gkarBRgw génRkum ÉkraC ni gsæab&nnanaénsg<mmnusS . TaMgenHsuTÆEt manplRbeyaCn¾ sMrab´lTÆ i RbCaZi betyü edaysarktþaTaMg

enH

manlTÆPaBRbmUlpþ ú MGMNacRbCaBlrdð ehIydakkMri teTA elIGMNacrbsBYkNaEdlcgkøayeTACaBYkpþackar .• karts) UGhigSaGacpþlCameZüa:y EdlRbCaBlrdðGaceRbI

edIm|IbeJ© jGMNacRbqaMgnw gkarCiHCan´ tamry;skmµPaBbÜlisnigeyaZaénrdðaPi:lpþackar .

• karts)UGhigSaGacpþlĆaviZankarepSg> EdlRbCaBlrdð





- 52 -52





- 54 -54

karenHCaer]y>manKuNvi btþ i mYycMnYn . Cajw kjab´ Rkumts)URbCaZi betyü Bu M:nKi tKUreGay:ndi tdl´ GMBIkartbtd* eXareXAénrbbpþackareT emøaHehIy eKrgeRKaHyagdMNM ehIykarts)Uk* rlMeTAEdr . CYnkal karEdl

Kµ anEpnkareRKagTukCamunrbsBYkRbCaZibetyü

:nbNþaleGaykarsMerc ci tþsMxan>ekIteLIgCayzaehtu EdlnaMeTArkplvi :kyägxøaMg . sUm|IEt enAeBlEdlrbbCiHCan´:nRtUvdYlrlM karEdlKµ ankarer[bcMCaEpnkarGMBIEbbbTbþ ÚreTArklTÆ i RbCaZi betyü :nnaMeTAeGayrbbpþackarzµ ImYyeT[tekIt maneLIg .

karerobcMCaEpnkarCak;EsþgenAeBlGnaKt skmµ PaBRbCaBlrdð EdlKµ ankareRKagTuk nw gc|as

CaedIrtYsMxan´~gkarbHe:rRbqaMgnw grbbpþackar . b¨ uEnþ «LÚvenHeKGacKi t KUr GMBImeZüa:ynanaEdlmanRbsi TÆPaBCaTIbMputedIm|IrMlMrbbpþackar vi PaK

emIleBlevlaEdlsæankarN¾ neya:yni gGarmµ N¾ RbCaBlrdð nw geLIgdl´kMri t nigeRCIserIsreb[bepþ ImyuTÆnakar . eKRtUvkareGaymankarKi tKUrd* hµ tćt edayEpÁkeTAelIkarvaytM élsæankarN¾ CakÉsþg ni gGMBIlTÆPaBrbs´RbCaBlrdð edIm|IeRCIserIsykmeZüa:yNaEdlsmRsbeTAtam kal;eTs; ehIymanRbsi TÆPaBkarts)UykesrIPaB .

RbsinebIeKcg:nsMercGV ImYy eKKYrEter[bcMCaKMeragkarzaetIeKRtUv eZV Iskmµ PaBGV IxøH . RbsinebIeKalbMNgenaHsMxandlkMritNa plvi :k énbraC&yk*Zá n´Zár ehIykarer[bcMCaEpnkark* mansar;sMxan´ eTAtamkMri t enaHEdr . karer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ nw gCYyeGayeKeRbIR:sZnZanEdleKGacRbmUl:n edaymanRbsi TÆPaBCaTIbMput . enHKW CaplRbeyaCn¾ Bit CaBi ess sMrabclnaRbCaZibetyü EdlmankarxVHxatZnZan ehIy



- 55 -55

ni geRKaHzñ akÉdlGñ kKaMRTRtUvRbQmmux ~gkarrMlMrbbpþackard* xøaMgkøa .pÞ úyeTAvi j rbbpþackarCaZmµ tamanRTBüsm|tþ i kMlaMgCaRkum ehIyniglTÆPaBeRcIn~gkareRbIGMeBIeXareXA .

²karer[bcMCaEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ³

TIenH mann&yza karKi tKUrer[bcM Caskmµ PaBmYycMnYn EdlGacEkERbsæankarN¾ bc© úb|nñ eTArksæ ankarN¾ GnaKtEdleKcg:n . sMrab'karBi PakSaenAeBlenH karenHmann&yzaBI rbbpþackareTAGnaKtRbB&nÆRbCaZi betyü . EpnkaredIm|IsMercnUveKalbMNgenH CaZmµ ta mankarer[byuTÆnakarCaeRcIn EdlnwgRtUvGnuvtþtamlMdab lMeday ehIyni gkarer[bcMCaskmµ PaBnanaÉeT[t sMrab´BRgw gRbCaBlrdð

ni gsg<mEdleKCi HCan´ ehIyni gedIm|IeZVIeGayrbbpþackarcuHexSay . cUrkt´ sMKalza eKalbMNgenAeBlenH minEmnRKanEtrMlMrbbpþackarbc© úb|nñ eTKW manEzmTaMgkarer[bcMeGaymanRbB&nÆRbCaZi betyüpgEdr . yuTÆsaRsþ cMbgmYyEdldakkMriteKaledA Rtw mEtrMlMrbbpþackarbc©úb|nñ GacmaneRKaHzñ ak´ edaysarrbbpþackarmYyzµ IGacekItmaneLIg eRkayBIrbbpþac'karcas'

dYlrlM .

]bsKÁkñúgkarerobcMEpnkar Gñ kKaMRTesrIPaBxøHenA~gBiPBelakenH Bu M:neRbIR:ssmtæPaB

rbséKeGayeBjelj edIm|IedaHRsaybJØa zaetIeKGacsMerc:nkarrMedaHtamEbbNa . Gñ kTaMgenaHkRm nwgylGMBIsar;sMxanCaTIbMputénkarer[b cMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþedayRbugRby&tñ munnw geKecjeZV Iskmµ PaB . dUecñHehIy :nCaeKesÞ IrEtBu M:ner[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþenHTalÉtesaH .

ehtuGVI:nCamnusSEdlmankaryleXIjEvgqá ay ~gkarTamTar esrIPaBneya:ymkCUnRbCaBlrdð kRmer[bcMeGaymanEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ



- 56 -56

edIm|IsMerctameKaledA / KW CakarKYreGaysþay Cajw kjy mnusSCaeRcInelIslubenA~gRkumRbCaZi betyüRbqaMg Bu M:nylc|asGMBIesckþ IRtUvkar eGaymankarer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ ßk* Bu MmanTMlaber[nsURtxagkarKi ttam

k|ÜnyuTÆsaRsþ

. enHKW Caki c© karlM:k . edaysarBYkpþackartamrukKYnCadrab nigedaysarkarTTYlxusRtUvd* elIslubCaer[graleBlevla Gñkdwk naMRkumts) U Caer]y> Bu MmansuvtæiPaB ßeBlevla edIm|IbNþúHbNþalkarKi t tamk|ÜnyuTÆsaRsþenHeT . emøa¨HehIyTMlabZmµ tarbséKenaH KW RKanEt beJ© jRbtikmµ eTAelIGI VEdlrbbpþackarp© úgepþ Im . krNIenH RkumRbqaMgEtgEtsæi tenA~gsæ anPaBkarJr rkSaTuknUvesrIPaBEdl:nsMercrYcehIy ßk*

GacTbbnæ yel|}nénkarRtYtRtarbs´BYkpþackar ßk*bg,begI ,tCabJØasMrab´ Epnkarzµ I> Edlrbbpþac´kardakGnuvtþ .

buK<lenARkumxøHeT[t RbEhlCami nylGMBIesckþ IRtUvkareGaymanEpnkarEvgqá ayTUlMTUlaymYy sMrabclnarMedaHenHeT . eKmanKMni tyäggayRsYlza Rbsi nebIeKRKanEtRbkaneGayx¢ abnUveKalbMNgrbseK ehIy

RTaMts)UeGay:nyUrbnþ iceTA eKnw g:nTTYleCaKC&ytamEbbNamYy . Gñ k xøHeT[tsnµ tza RbsinebIeKRKanEtrsénAeTAtameKalkarN¾ nigótþmKti rbséK enAcMeJHmuxkarlM:kTaMgLay eK:neZV IGI V>TaMgGs´ EdleKGac eZV I:nrYceTAehIy . karGnuvtþn¾ eKalbMNgmnusSZm( nigkaresµaHRtgeTA elIótþmKti KW CakarKYreGaysresIrEmnehIy b¨ uEnþenAmankarxVHxatxøaMg

NassMrabkarbJ© b´rbbpþackar ni gkarTTYl:nesrIPaB .BYkGñ kRbqaMgnwgrbbpþackarepSgeT[t RbEhlCaylyäggayzaRbsi nebIeKeRbIGMeBIhi gSaeGay:nRKbRKan´ esrIPaBnw gmkdl . buEnþ dUc Edl:nkt´sMKalrYcmkehIy kareRbIGMeBIhi gSa mi nEmnCakarZanaeGay maneCaKC&yeT . CaCagkarrMedaH meZüa:yhi gSaGacnaMeTArkbraC&y esaknadkmµ d* segVK ßk*plvi :kTaMgBIr . ~gkrNICaeRcIn rbbpþackar



- 57 -57

manlTÆPaBeRcInsMrabkarts)Uhi gSa ehIyBYkRbCaZi betyükRmmaneRb[b elIBYkpþackarxagkMlaMgeyaZaNas´ .

enAmanskmµ CnmYycMnYneT[t EdleZV Iskmµ PaBeTAtamGV IEdleKman

Garmµ N¾ zaeKKYreZV I

. buEnþmeZüa:yTaMgenH minRtw mEtbJ¢ akeGayeKeXIjGMBIkareGaytMéleTAelIxøÜnÉghYsehtueBkeTenaH KW EzmTaMgBu M:npþlnUv karENnaMNamYy sMrabér[bcMeGaymanKMeragkarcMbg edIm|IrMedaH .

skmµ PaBEdlsæ i tenAelI²KMni tlÁ ³rbsbuK<lNamñ akenaH k* mankMri t ti ctYcEdr . GV IEdleKRtUvkar KWskmµ PaBEdlBw gEpÁ keTAelIkarKi tKUryäghµ tćt GMBI²CMhanbnþbnÞab´TaMgLay³ EdleKRtUvkaredIm|IrMlMrbbpþackar .

RbsinebIKµ ankarvi PaKtamyuTÆsaRsþ Gñ kdw knaMkarts) U Caer]y> mi ndw gzaetI CMhanbnþbnÞabenaHKYrCaGVIeT BIeRJHeKBu M:nKi tKUreGay:nhµ tćt´ GMBI CMh)anbnþbnÞabć|aslas sMrabeTArkeCaKC&y . karEbkR:C\a ni gKMni t lÁ >suTÆEtCaktþasMxan´ buEnþeKRtUveRbIktþaTaMgenaH edIm|ICMrujeGaysæanPaByuTÆsaRsþkMlaMgRbCaZibetyümandMeNIrkareTAmux .

edayeKdw gyagc|asGMBIskmµ PaBCaeRcInEdleKGacGnuvtþRbqaMgnw grbbpþackar ehIyedaysareKminGacsMercza eKepþ ImeZV IGV IenAeBlNaenaHGñ kxøHeGayeyablza ²catkareZV Iskmµ PaBTaMgGs~geBlCamYyKñ a³ . KMni t enHRbEhlCamanRbeyaCn¾ b¨ uEnþeKBu MGacGnuvtþ:neT CaBi ess Rbsi nebI clnats)UenaHenATnéxSay . elIsBIenHeTAeT[t viZankarEbbenH BuM:n

pþlnUvkarENnaMGMBITIkEnøgEdleKepþ Im

Epñ kEdleKKYrepþatkarxMxñ HExñ g

ehIy ni greb[beRbIR:sZnZanEdleKmi nsUvman .buK<lni gRkumÉeT[tRbEhlCayl´ GMBIkarcaM:céGaymanEpnkar

xøH b¨ uEnþGñ kTaMgenaHKi t:nRtw mEtEpnkarry;eBlxø I ßyuTÆvi ZIeKal . eKRbEhl Caminylza Epnkarry;eBlEvgCakarcaM:c ßCakareKGaceZV I:neLIy .CYnkal eKRbEhlCaminGacKi t ehIyvi PaKeTAtamk|ÜnyuTÆsaRsþ beNþay



- 58 -58

eGayxYrk|aleKrMxanCajw kjabedaybJØaminsMxan´ ehIyCabrvlńw gtbt eTAnw gGMeBIKUbdi bkS CaCageZV Iskmµ PaBp© úgepþ Im . edaysareKcMNayzamBl eRcIneBk eTAelIskmµ PaBry;eBlxø I Gñkdw knaMTaMgenaH Caer]y> Bu M:n

BicarNari Hrkvi ZankarCaCMerIsÉeT[t EdlGactMrgkarxñ HExñ gCaTUeTA edIm|I eGayqabeTAdlTIedAenaHeLIy .krNIÉeT[tEdlGacekIteLIgEdrenaH KW clnaRbCaZi betyüxøH mi n

eZV IEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþBisþaredIm|IrMlMrbbpþac´kareT eKsuxci tþepþatGarmµN¾ eTA elIbJØaPøam> edaysarbuBVehtuepSgeT[t . ~gci tþrbséK eKBu MmanCMen]za karxMxñHExñ grbséKGacbJ© brbbpþac´kar:neLIy . dUecñHehIy karer[b

cMCaEpnkarsMrabéKalbMNgenH :nRtUveKcatTukza Cakarbg¡ateBl ßk* CakarBu MmanRbeyaCn¾ . GñkEdlts) UedIm|IesrIPaB tTlnw grbbpþackar eyareXA Caer]y> eBIbRbTHnw gkMlaMgeyaZanigb¨ Uli sd* sMebIm EdleZV I eGayeKyl´za BYkpþackarGaceZV IGV ITaMgGstamcMNg´ . edayeKxVHesckþ I sg¹w mBi tR:kd GñkTaMgenaH enAEttTlRbqaMgrbbpþackar edaysarbuBV

ehtusIlZm( ßRbvtþ i saRsþ . zV IebIeKmi nTTYlsarPaBk*eday RbEhlCaeK Bu MEdlTTYls<al~gxø ÜneKpÞalza skmµ PaBTaMgLayhakdUcCaKµ ansg¹w m .dUecñHehIy cMeJHGñkTaMgenH karer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþBi sþarsMrabeBl Evgqá ay Bu Mmann&yxø w msarGI VeT .

karBu M:neZV IEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþenH Caer]y> pþlnUvplvi :kd*ZánZá r ÷

kMlaMgeKcuHexSay skmµ PaBeKBu MmanRbsi TÆPaB zamBlxatbgeTAelIbJØatUctac eKmi neRbIPaBmaneRb[b eBlsæankarN¾huceGay ehIykareZV I Bli kmµ NamYyBu M:nplRbeyaCn¾ . Rbsi nebIBYkRbCaZi betyümi neZV IEpnkar tamyuTÆsaRsþeTenaH eKRbEhlCaBuMGacsMercbMNgrbséK:neLIy .

kareRCIserIsykskmµ PaBcMruHmYycMnYn EdlKµ anEpnkareGay:nRtw mRtUv nw gmi nCYyCMrujeGaykarxñ HExñ gts) UmandMeNIreTAmuxekIteLIy . pÞ úyeTAvi j



- 59 -59

karenHRbEhlCabeNþayeGayrbbpþackarbeg, InkarRtYtRtani gGMNacrbs' eKeTAvi jeT .

KW CakarKYreGaysþay BIeRJHkarEdleKkRmer[bcMeGaymanCaEpnkar

sMrabrMedaH

eGay:nBi sþarRtw mRtUv

:nCYyeZV IeGayrbbpþac'karbgØajrUbPaBmaMTaMCagkarBi tEmnETn . BYkenHGacmanCIvi trsenArab´qñaM ßk*rabTsvtS elIsBIry;eBlEdleKKYrnw grs´ .

BaküeBcn_bYnsMxan;²kñúgkareFVIEpnkaryuT§saRsþedIm|ICYyeGayeyIgKittamk|ÜnyuTÆsaRsþ karyl'eGayc|as' 'GMBI

ni ymn&yénBaküCamUldð anbYn KW CakarcaM:c' .yuTÆsaRsþcMbg ; KW CaeKalKMnit EdledIrtYCaktþaTMnak'TMng nig

cat'EcgGMBIkareRbIR:s'ZnZan EdlRkummYymanTaMgGs' ‘esdðkic© mnusS Tw kcitþ neya:y ni gGg<PaBnanaCaedIm’ sMrab'sMedAeTArkkarsMercbMNg

enA~gTMnas'mYy .yuTÆsaRsþcMbg CamYynw gkarykci tþTukdak'eTAelIeKalbMNgrbs' Rkum ni gZnZan sMerceRCIserIsykvi Zankar ‘dUcCa kareZV IsRg<ameyaZatam EbbsamJ¦Zmµ ta ßk* Cakarts) UGhi gSa’ sMrabGnuvtþ~gkaredaHRsayTMnas' .~gkareZV IEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþcMbgenH Gñ kdw knaMRkumts)U RtUvvaytémøni geZV I Epnkarza etIeKnw gdak'sMJZ ni g«TÆi BlEbbNaeTAelIKUbdi bkS . elIs BIenHeTAeT[t yuTÆsaRsþcMbg manrYmTaMgkarsMercci tþGMBIkal;eTs;smRsb ni gkarkMNt'eBlevla sMrab'epþ ImyuTÆnakardMbUg ni gbnþbnÞab' .

yuTÆsaRsþcMbger[bcMCaRKw H sMrab'eRCIserIsyuTÆsaRsþxø I>bEnæ meT[t sMrab'karts) U . yuTÆsaRsþcMbgk* sMercEdr GMBIkarEbgEckki c© kareTARkum NamYy nigEbgEckZnZaneGayeKykeTAeRbIR:s'sMrab'karts) UenH .



- 60 -60

yuTÆsaRsþ ; KW CaKMnitGMBIreb[bykeCaKC&ysMrab'eKalbMNgNamYy enA~gki c© ts) U tamkarGnuvtþn¾ ~grgVg'yuTÆsaRsþcMbg EdleKeRCIserIs .yuTÆsaRsþmankarJkB&nÆeTAnw gkarsMercci tþ zaetIeKKYrebIkkarRbyuTÆNamYy

EdrßeT

enAeBlNa

tamvi ZIEbbNa ehIyni greb[beZV IeGaymanRbsi TÆPaBCaGti bri ma ~gkarts) UedIm|IGV ImYyenATIbJ© b' . eK:neRb[beZ[byuTÆsaRsþ eTAnwgKMnitrbs'si l|krenA~gxYrk|al ÉEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ CaKMnUsrbs' sæ abtükrenAelIRkdas .12

yuTÆsaRsþGacrabbJ© Úlkarxñ HExñ gbeg, IteGaymansæ ankarN¾ yuTÆsaRsþ d*manRbeyaCn¾ rhUtdl'kMritmYyEdlKUbdibkSGacemIleXIjy"agc|as'za

kartTl'KñaedaycMh nw gnaMeGayeKbraC&y emø "aHehIy eKcuHcajedayBuM caM:c'ttaMg . RbsinebIeKenAEtcg´tTl´ sæankaryuTÆsaRsþd*lÁ enaH nw gc|asCaCYyeGayGñ kRbqaMgQñ H~gkarts) U . yuTÆsaRsþk* Jk'B&nÆpgEdrCamYynw gkareZI Vy"agNa edIm|IykC&yCMnHEdleK:nTTYlehIyenaH eTAeRbI R:s'CabnþeT[t .

sMrabdMeNIrénkarts) U EpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ KW CaKMni tRKw HGMBIreb[bBRgIk bMEbkecjCayuTÆnakar nigGMBIzaetIEpñ knImYy>TaMgenaH cUlrYmsI usgVak'Kñ aEbbNa edIm|ICMrujeTArkkarsMerceKalbMNgrYm . karenHTak'TgeTAnw gkarbi unRbsb'~gkarcat'taMgRkumskmµ eGayGnuvtþRbti btþ i kartUc>Cabnþ .kareZV IEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþEdllÁ RtUvKi tKUrGMBIesckþ IRtUvkar edIm|IeCaKC&y

~gkarGnuvtþn¾meZüa:yNamYy~gkarts) U . meZüa:ynImYy>manesckþ I RtUvkarxusBIKñ a . b"uEnþ karRKan'EtbMeBj²esckþIRtUvkar³ enHBu MTan'RKb'RKan' eT edIm|IeGayc|as'za:neCaKC&y . eKRtUvkarmanktþaepSg>eT[tCabEnæ m .

~gkarer[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþ BYkRbCaZi betyü RtUvkMNteKalbMNg

12

rUbW t

hi lvI u (

Robert Helvey)

Tak'TgedaypÞal'ézá19ExsIhaqñaM1993

.



- 61 -61

nanaeGayc|as'las' ehIysMercza etIeKnw gvas'kMri tRbsiTÆPaBénkarxMxñ HExñ gedIm|IeCaKC&yenaH tamEbbNa . kareZV IEbbenH nw gGnuJ¦ateGayGñk yuTÆsaRsþdw gc|as'GMBIGV IEdleKRtUvkar edIm|IsMerceKalbMNgnImYy> . kartMrUv

eGaymanPaBc|as'las'EbbenH

k* Caktþad* sMxan'~gkarer[bcMEpnkar yuTÆvi ZI enaHEdr .eKeRbIyuTÆvi ZInigviZankar ~gkarGnuvtþn¾ yuTÆsaRsþ . yuTÆvi ZI Tak'Tg

eTAnw gkareRbIR:s'kMlaMgRkumy"agbi unRbsb' edIm|ITak'TajykeRb[b enA~gsæankarN¾ tUcNamYy . yuTÆvi ZI KWCaskmµPaBxø ImYy EdleKeRbIsMrab'eGay :nsMerceKalbMNgtUcmYy . kareRCIserIsykyuTÆvi ZINamYy GaRs&y

eTAelIKMnitza etIeKGaceRbIR:s'ZnZanEdleKmanEbbNa edIm|IeGaymanRbsiTÆPaB ~gdMNak'kard* xø INamYy ~gkarGnuvtþn¾ yuTÆsaRsþenH . edIm|I eGaymanRbsi TÆPaBx¬s' eKRtUveRCIserIsyuTÆvi ZI ni ger[nreb[bGnuvtþNaEdl GacCYyeGayeKsMerc:n nUveKalbMNgyuTÆsaRsþ . plEdl:nBIyuTÆvi ZI Edlmi nCYyeGayeK:neCaKC&y~geKalbMNgyuTÆsaRsþ RbEhlCa enATI

bMput køayeTACakarxatbg'zamBlRkum .dUecñ H yuTÆvi ZIJk'B&nÆnw gskmµ PaBd* xøIEdlRsbeTAnw gyuTÆsaRsþTUeTA k*dUcCa yuTÆsaRsþEdlsmRsbeTAnw gyuTÆsaRsþcMbgEdr . yuTÆviZIEtgEt P¢ab'eTAnwgkarRbyuTÆpÞal' enAeBlEdlyuTÆsaRsþrYmbJ©ÚlTaMgKMnitTUlMTUlay . eKyl'za yuTÆvi ZIRKanÉtCaEpñkmYyényuTÆsaRsþTUeTAsMrab'sRg<am

ßk*CavK<mYyényuTÆnakarNamYyEtb¨ ueNÑaH

.

eRb[beZ[beTAnw gyuTÆsaRsþ eK eRbIyuTÆvi ZIsMrab'eBlxø ICag ßk* ~gEpñ ktUcCag ‘TIkEnøg sæ ab&nNamYy CaedIm’ßk*CamYymnusStic ßk* sMrab'sMercvtæ úbMNgbnÞabbnSM . enA~gskmµ PaBGhi gSa karxusKñ arvageKalbMNgrbs'yuTÆvi ZI ni geKalbMNgrbs'yuTÆsaRsþ RbEhlCaGacGaRs&yelIkarsMercza etIskmµPaBEdleKeRCIserIsmaneKalbMNgtUcßZM .



- 62 -62

eKeRCIserIskarvayRbharedayeRbIyuTÆviZI edIm|ICYyeGay:nsMerc eKalbMNgyuTÆsaRsþ . karRbyuTÆedayeRbIyuTÆviZI KW CaóbkrN¾ rbs'Gñk yuTÆsaRsþsMrab'beg, IteGaymansæ anPaBlÁ RbesIr sMrab'karvayRbharpþac'

RB&RteTAelIbdi bkS

.

dUecñ H

GñkEdlTTYlxusRtUvxager[bcMEpnkar

ni gGnuvtþ yuTÆvi ZI RtUvEtmaneTBekaslüxagkarvaytémøsæankarN¾ ehIyeRCIserIs vi Zankard* smRsbCaTIbMputsMrab'yuTÆnakar . Gñ kTaMgLayÉeT[tEdlcUl rYm~gRbtibtþ ikar RtUvTTYlkarbNþ úHbNþalGMBIkarGnuvtþn¾EbbbT EdleK eRCIserIs ni gvi ZankarTaMgenaH .

vi Zankar ; ni yayGMBIGavuZ ßk* óbkrN¾ sMrab'skmµ PaBNamYy .

~gkrNIEbbbT sMrab'karts) UGhi gSa óbkrN¾ TaMgenaHmanCaGaT¥ skmµ PaBmYycMnYn ‘dUcCa EbbbTCaeRcInénkareZV IkUdkmµ Bhi kar karmineZV Ishkar neya:y’ Edl:ner[brab'~gCMBUkTI 5 . ‘sUmemIlóbsm& ¬nÆ’ .

karer[bcMeGaymanEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþmYy EdlmankarTTYlxusRtUv ni gmanRbsi TÆPaB GaRs&yeTAelIkarKi tKUryaghµ tćt~gkareRCIserIsyk

yuTÆsaRsþcMbg yuTÆsaRsþ yuTÆvi ZI ni gvi Zankar .emer[nsMxan'énkarBiPakSaEvkEjkenH KWeKRtUveRbIbJ¦a~gkareZVIEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ edIm|IerIbRmHecjBIrbbpþac'kar . karEdleKBu M:neZV IEpnkar tamEbbQøasév GacnaMeTArkmhnþray enAeBlEdlkareRbIR:s'R:C\ad* manRbsi TÆPaB ~gkarer[bcMCapø ÚvtamyuTÆsaRsþedayeRbIR:s'ZnZanEdleK

mand*bi unRbsb'

nwgCMrujeGaysg<mQaneTArkesrIPaB

ni gRbCaZi betyü

.





- 64 -64

rdðaPi:l eyaZa vb|Zm( sg<m neya:y ci tþsaRsþ esdð kic© ehIynigGnþrCati . eKGacer[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþ:nsMrabEtkrNIts)U ehIyni gmUldðanénkarts) UEdlmanlk¡N;c|aslas´ .

CakarsMxan´

dMbUgGñkdw knaMRbCaZibetyü

ni gGñ keZVIEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþRtUvvi PaKGMBIeKalbMNgnana ni gsar;sMxanénbuBVehtu . etIeKalbMNgTaMgenH smRsb ehIytMrUveGaymankarts) Ud* xøaMgkøaEmnß / karsMercGMBI eKalbMNgEmnETnénkarts) U KWCakarcaM:c´ . eyIg:nEvkEjkrYcehIy za karrMlMrbbpþackar ßk* karbeNþjempþackarbc© úb|nñ ecjBIGMNacBu MRKb´RKanéT . eKalbMNgénkarts) UEbbenH RtUvmankarbeg,IteGaymansg<m

esrI Rsbnw geKalkarN¾ rdð aPi :lRbCaZibetyümYy . karylć|asGMBI cMNucenH nw gmanGanuPaBeTAelIkarer[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþcMbg ni gyuTÆsaRsþ CabnþbnÞabÉeT[t .

CaBi ess GñkeZV IEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ RtUveqø IysMnYrsMxan´> dUcCa ÷• etIóbsK<GV IEdlraraMgmi neGayeK:nTTYlesrIPaB /• etIktþaGV IxøHEdlnw gCYyeGay:nTTYlesrIPaB /• etIrbbpþackarmancMNucxøaMgNaxøH /• etIcMNucexSayrbsrbbpþackarmanGVIxøH /• etIcMNucexSayénRbPBGMNacrbbpþackarmandlkMri tNaEdr /• etIcMNucxøaMgénRkumRbCaZi betyü ni gRbCaBlrdðCaTUeTAman

GV IxøH

/• etIRkumRbCaZi betyümancMNucexSayGV IxøH / ehIyeKedaHRsay

cMNucexSayTaMgenaHEbbNaeTA /• etIPaKIÉeT[tmanCMhryagNaEdr / PaKIÉeT[tenHBu MTanJkB&nÆ

nw gTMnaseT b¨ uEnþeKRbEhlCa:nCYy ßk* RbEhlCaCYyrbb pþackar ßk* clnaRbCaZi betyü . Rbsi nebIdUecñHEmn etIeKGac



- 65 -65

CYytamEbbNaEdr /

kareRCIserIsmeFüa)ay enA~gyuTÆsaRsþcMbg GñkeZV IEpnkarRtUveRCIserIsykmeZüa:yts) U

sMxan´> sMrabeRbIR:s~gTMnas´ . eKRtUvvi PaKemIlKuNsm|tþ i nigkarxVHxaténCMerIsTaMgLaysMrab´karts)U manCaGaT¥ karc|aMgtTl´tamkMlaMgeyaZa kareZV IsRg<amqµ k´éRB neya:yerIbRmH ßk* meZüa:yÉeT[t .

~gkareRCIserIsenH Gñ keZV IyuTÆsaRsþRtUvBi carNasMnYrxøHdUcxageRkam ÷

etIBYkRbCaZi betyümansmtæPaBeRbImeZüa:yenHEdrßeT / etImeZüa:y EdleRCIserIsenH nwgeRbIkMlaMgRbCaBlrdðEdleKCiHCanÉdrßeT / etImeZüa:yenH epþateTAelIcMNucexSayénrbbpþackar ßk* CakarvayRbhar eTAelIcMNucxøaMgrbséK / etImeZüa:yTaMgenaH nwgCYyeGayRkum RbCaZi betyümankarTukci tþelIxøÜnÉgkanÉtxøaMg ßk*meZüa:yTaMgenaHtMrUv

eGaymankarBwgEpÁkeTAelIPaKITIbI

ßk*CMnYyBIbreTs

/ etIkareRbIR:s´meZüa:yEdleRCIserIsenaH manRbvtþi bTBi esaZn¾ EbbNaxøH ~gkarrMlM rbbpþackar / etImeZüa:yTaMgenaH nw gbeg, Inßk* bnæ ykarxUcxat ni gmhnþray EdlGacekItmaneLIg ~gkarRbqaMgtTlenAézá muxEdrßeT / Rbsi nebIeKsnµ t za eK:neCaKC&y~gkarrMlMrbbpþackar etImeZüa:yts) UEdleK:neRCIs erIs nw gman«TÆ iBlEbbNaeTAelIRbePTrdð aPi :lzµ I Edlnw gelcecjBI karts) U / eKRtUvEteC[svagskmµPaBRbePTNamYy EdlBu MmanRbeyaCn¾ enA~gyuTÆsaRsþcMbgEdleKer[bcMeLIg .

~gCMBUkmun> eyIg:nEvkEjkza neya:yerIbRmHpþlńUvkarmaneRb[byägxøaMg eTAelImeZüa:yts) UÉeT[t . BYkGñkyuTÆsaRsþRtUvBi ni tüemIl sæ ankarN¾ TMnasrbseKehIysMerc zaetI neya:yerIbRmHnw gpþlnUvcMelIy





- 67 -67

RKgtamkarsg,t´sg, i n:nedaygay . karERbRbYléntulüPaBGMNacEbb enH enATIbMput nwgRbEhlCaeZV IeGaymankarksagsg<mRbCaZibetyümYy EdlrwgmaM .

CMnYyBIeRkA CaEpñ kmYyénkarer[bcMyuTÆsaRsþcMbg karvi PaKeTAelItYnaTIénRkum

ts) Uxag~g nigsMJZBIxageRkA edIm|IrMlMrbbpþackar KW CakarcaM:c´ . ~gkarEvkEjkenH eyIg:nBnül´rYcehIyza kMlaMgsMxan´énkarts)URtUvEt

ecjBIépÞ~g . RbsinebIeK:nCMnYyGnþrCati CMnYyenaHnwgCMrujeGay karts) UépÞ~g mankMri txøaMgbEnæmeTAtamenaHEdr .

edIm|ICakarbEnæ md* KYrsmmYy eKGaceZV Ikarxñ HExñ gRbmUlpþ ú Mmti GnþrCati eGayRbqaMgnw grbbpþac´kar enA~gbuBVehtumnusSZm( sIlZm( ßk* sasna .eKGacxñ HExñ geGaymankardakTNÐkmµ eTAelIrbbpþackar xagkarTUt neya:y

ni gesdðkic© BIsMNakrdðaPi :lnanani gGg<karGnþrCati . TNÐkmµ TaMgenaHGacmanRTg´RTayCaesdðki c© karQb´pþleRK]gsJVvuZeyaZa karbnæ ykMri t TTYls<al´xagkarTUt ßk* pþaccMNgTUtTaMgRsug karhamXatmineGaymanCMnYyesdð ki c© ni gkareZVIvi nieyaKenA~gRbeTspþac´kar karbeNþjrdð aPi:l pþackarBIGg<karGnþrCati nana ni gBIEpñ kepSg>énGg<karshRbCaCati . elIs BIenH eKGacpþlCMnYyGnþrCati dUcCa karRTRTgxagluykak ni gTUrKmnaKmn¾ eTAeGayBYkRbCaZi betyüedaypÞal' .



- 68 -68

karerobcMyuT§saRsþcMbgbnÞab´BIkarviPaKemIlsæankarN¾ kareRCIserIsmeZüa:y ehIyni g

karsMercGMBItYnaTIrbsĆMnYybreTsrYcehIy Gñker[bcMyuTÆsaRsþcMbg nw gRJgGMBIEbbbT EdleKnw geRbI~gkarts) U . Epnkard* TUlMTUlayenH nw gni yaytaMgBI IsæankarN¾ bc© úb|nñ eTAdl´karrMedaH ni gRbB&nÆRbCaZi betyü~geBlGnaKt . ~gkarer[bcMyuTÆsaRsþcMbgenH GñkeZVIEpnkarRtUvEtsYrxøÜnÉgnUvsMnYrmYycMnYn . sMnYrTaMgb¨ unµ anxageRkamenH ‘manlk¡N;minTUeTA dUcsMnYrBImun’ TakTgnwgkarBicarNaEdleKRtUvkar ~gkarer[bcMyuTÆsaRsþ

cMbg edIm|Ikarts) Utamry;neya:yerIbRmH .

• etIeBlNaeTAEdllÁ RbesIrsMrabeKepþ Imkarts) UEdlnw gmanry;eBl yUrGEgVg /

• etIRbCaBlrdð EdleKCi HCan GacBRgw gkarTukci tþelIxø ÜnÉg ni gRbmUl

pþ ú MkMlaMgRKbRKan´

edIm|IeZV Iskmµ PaBtTlnw grbbpþackar

yägehac Nask* mankMri tbnþ i cbnþ ÜcCaelIkdMbUgEdrßeT /• etIeKGactMeLIglTÆPaBrbsRbCaBlrdð tamEbbNa sMrab'karGnuvtþn¾

meZüa:ymi neZV Ishkar ni gerIbRmH eTAtamdMeNIrkareBlevla nigbTBi esaZn¾ /

• etIeKalbMNgényuTÆnakarxøI> CabnþbnÞab´ manGVIxøH sMrab´RKbRKgsg<mtamEbbRbCaZi betyü ni graraMgrbbpþackar /

• etIeKmansæ ab&nÉkraC EdlrYcBIkNþab´édrbbpþac´kar ehIyEdl eKGaceRbI~gkarts)UedIm|IesrIPaBEdrßeT /

• etIsæab&nEbbNamYyenA~gsg<m EdleKGacrMedaHecjBIkarRtYt RtarbsBYkpþackar ßk* zaetIsæ ab&nEbbNaEdleKRtUvbeg, ItCazµ I edIm|I



- 69 -69

bMeBjesckþ IRtUvkar ehIyni gbeg, IteGaymanbri yakasRbCaZi betyü eTaHbICarbbpþackarenAEtmanCabnþ /

• etIeKGacBRgw gkMlaMgépÞ~génRkumGñ kts) UtamEbbNa /•

etIeKGacbNþ úHbNþalGñkcUlrYmskmµ PaBtamEbbNa

/• etIeKRtUvkarZnZanEbbNaxøH ‘luykak eRK]gsmÖar;CaedIm’ sMrab´ karts) UBIedImdlcb /

• etIeKGaceRbIni mi tþrUbEbbNamYy EdlmanRbsiTÆPaBCageKbMput ~gkarRbmUlpþ úMRbCaBlrdð /

• etIeKGaceZV IeGayRbPBénGMNacrbbpþackarcuHexSaybnþ i cmþg> rhUt

dlGsEtmþg tammeZüa:yRbePTNa ni g~gdMNak'karNaxøH /• etIRtUveZV IEbbNa edIm|IeGayRbCaBlrdð EdlegIbRbqaMgtTl´ Gac

RkajeZV IkarerIbRmHpg ehIyni gRbkan´x¢ abńUvvi n&yGhi gSapg /• etIsg<mGacbnþkargar edIm|IbMeBjesckþ IRtUvkarCamUldðanrbséK

enA~gdMNak'karénTMnas´tamEbbNa /• enAeBlEdlC&yCMnHkMBugQanmkdl etIRkumts) URbCaZi betyüGac bnþkarksagsæ ab&nCamUldð an eGaysg<meRkayrbbpþackartamEbb

Na edIm|IeZV IeGaykarqøgBIrbbmYyeTArbbmYy:nrlUn /

eKRtUvEtcgcaMza manEpnkareRcIn EdleKGacer[bcMGnuvtþeLIg edIm|I

erIbRmHBIrbbpþackar . karts) UnImYy> edIm|IrMlMrbbpþackarni ger[bcMCaRbB&nÆRbCaZi betyü nw gmanlk¡N;xus>Kñ a . Bu Mmansæ ankarN¾ BIrdUcKñ aebHbi TenaHeLIy . rbbpþac´karnImYy> nw gmanlk¡N;BiessxøH ehIy smtæPaBrbs´Blrdð EdlTamTaresrIPaB k* manlk¡N;xusKñaEdr . GñkeZV IEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþcMbgedIm|Ikarts) Utamneya:yerIbRmH RtUvmankaryldw geGay:nc|as´ mi nRtw mEtGMBIsæ ankarN¾ TMnasŃamYyCaBi esseT KW eKRtUv





- 71 -71

eBlEdleK:neZV Ikarvi PaKd* hµ tctéLIgvij ehIyer[bcM ni gGnum&tEpnkar yuTÆsaRsþcMbgzµIEdlRtw mRtUv .

karerobcMEpnkaryuT§saRsþsMrab;yuT§nakar eTaHbICayuTÆsaRsþcMbgEdleK:ner[bcMehIyenaH manlk¡N;lÁ

RbesIrGacrMlMrbbpþackar ni gelIktMekIgRbCaZi betyü:nk* eday k* yuTÆsaRsþ cMbgEtmYyminGacGnuvtþedayxø ÜnÉgeT . eKRtUver[bcMeGaymanyuTÆsaRsþ CakEsþg edIm|Ier[bcMCayuTÆnakarsMxan´> ~gkareZV IeGayGMNacBYkpþackar

cuHexSay . yuTÆsaRsþTaMgenH nw gmanrYmbJ© Úl nigbMPøW eGaymanyuTÆviZImYycMnYn EdleKer[bcMeLIg edIm|IvayRbhareGay:nxøaMgeTAelIrbbpþackar .eKRtUvEteRCIserIsyuTÆviZI ni gmeZüa:yCakEsþgTaMgLay eGay:nhµtct edIm|IeGayyuTÆvi ZITaMgenaH sMerc:nnUveKalbMNgényuTÆsaRsþNamYy .enA~gCMBUkenH eyIgnw gBi eRKaHEtGMBIkMrityuTÆsaRsþ .

Gñ kyuTÆsaRsþEdleZV IEpnkarsMrabýuTÆnakarsMxan> k* dUcCaGñker[b cMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþcMbgEdr RtUvmankaryléXIjeGayc|aslasGMBI lk¡N;nigEbbbTénRbti btþ ikar EdleKeRCIserIssMrab´karts) U . dUc emT&BEdlRtUvylGMBIrcnasm¬ &nÆénkgkMlaMg yuTÆvi ZI lk¡N;BRgayT&BeRK]gsJVvuZ niglk¡N;PUmisaRsþCaedIm edIm|Ier[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþeyaZaGñ ker[bcMEpnkarsMrabńeya:yerIbRmH k* RtUvyleGayc|asGMBIRbePT nigeKalkarN¾ yuTÆsaRsþénkarts) UGhi gSaEdr . buEnþeTaHCayagenHkþ I kar ecHdw gGMBIkarts) UGhi gSa karykcitþTukdakeTAelIesckþIesñITaMgLayenA~ges[vePAenH ehIynigcMelIyeTAelIsMnYrTaMgLayEdlecaTsYrenATIenH Bu MEmnCakarbeg, It:nyuTÆsaRsþedayÉkÉgeT . karer[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþedIm|Ikar ts) U enAEttMrUveGaymanKMni técñ RbDitEdlRbkbedaykardw gylć|aslas





- 73 -73

R:smeZüa:yNa edIm|IeZV IkarsMerccitþnana ni gkarTak´TgKña ehIypþlCakarENnaMdlGñ kts) UTaMgLay ni gRbCaBlrdðCaTUeTA enAeBlEdleKkMBugts) U /

• karpSBVpSayB&t(manGMBIkarts) U eTAeGayRbCaBlrdð eTAkgkMlaMgrbbpþackar ehIyni gRbB&nÆB&t( manGnþrCati . r:ykarN¾ ni gkarGHGagGV ImYyKYrEtmanlk¡N;Bi tCakEsþgCanic© . karni yay bMepø Is nigkarGHGagedayKµ anmUldð an nwgeZV IeGayCMen]eTAelIRkum ts) UcuHexSay .

• EpnkarnanasMrabskmµPaBBRgwgkarTukci tþxøÜnÉg karGbrM esdðki c©

nigneya:y edIm|IbMeBjesckþ IRtUvkarrbsRkumts) U enAeBltTl´ Kñ amkdl . KMeragkarTaMgenHGacGnuvtþ edayGñ kEdlBu MmankarJk´B&nÆedaypÞalCamYynw gskmµ PaBTaMgLayénRkumts) U .

• karsMercGMBIRbePTCMnYybreTs EdleKRtUvkar~gkarKaMRTyuTÆnakar NamYy ßk* karts) UrMedaHCaTUeTA . etIeKGacRbmUlCMnYyBIeRkAeGay

manRbsiTÆPaBxøaMg tamEbbNa ehIyeRbIR:stamEbbNa edIm|I ku MeGaykarts) UépÞ~gBw gEpÁ keTAelIktþaBIeRkAEdlmi nc|aslas / eK RtUvRbugRby&tñ zaetIRkumxageRkANamYyEdlGacCaCMnYyRtw mRtUv c|aslas dUcCa Gg<kareRkArdð aPi:l ‘clnasg<m Rkumsasnaßneya:y RkumshCIBCaedIm’ rdðaPi:lbreTsnana ßk* Gg<kar

shRbCaCati ni gGg<PaBepSg>rbseK .elIsBIenHeTAeT[t Gñ ker[bcMkarts) U RtUveGaymanvi ZankarrkSasNþab Zñ ab´ ni gbMeBjesckþIRtUvkarxagTMnak´TMngsg<mrbskgkMlaMgxøÜn enAeBl eZV Ikarts) U tTlnw gkarRtYtRtarbs´BYkpþackar . karenHmi nRKanÉtbeg, It eGaymanrcnasm¬ &nÆRbCaZi betyüÉkraCCaCMerIsepSg>eT[t ni gbMeBjesckþ I RtUvkarEmnETneT KWnw gCYybnæytémøénkarGHGagNamYy Edlza eKRtUv



- 74 -74

eZV IkarbRg,abyägeXareXA edIm|Iku MeGaymanPaBRcbUkRcbl´ ni gsæ ankarN¾ Kµ anc|ab´TMlab´ ‘EdlBYkpþackarni ymeRbI’ .

karpSBVpSayKMnitmineFVIshkar edIm|IeGay:nneya:yerIbRmHd* eCaKC&ymYyRbqaMgnw gGMeBIpþac´kar

karylc|asrbs´RbCaBlrdð GMBIKMni tmi neZV Ishkar KW CakarsMxan . dUc Edl:nbgØaj~ger]g²m© as´sVa³‘sUmGanCMBUkTI 3’ eKGacylGMBIeKal KMnitenHyaggayRsYl ; RbsinebIeKmancMnYnGñkeRkambg<ab´RKb´RKanEdl

bdi esZ mi nRBmeZV IshkareGay:nyUr RbqaMgnw gkarCi HCan´ RbB&nÆpþackar nw gRtUvcuHexSay ehIyTIbMputRtUvEtdYlrlM .

Gñ kEdlrsenAeRkamrbbpþackarRbEhlCa:ndw g»GMBIKMnitenH BI RbPBepSg> . eTaHCayägNak* eday kMlaMgRbCaZi betyüKYrEter[bcM pSBVpSay eZV Iya¨gNaeGayRbCaBlrdðTTYlykeKalKMni tmi neZV Ishkar

enH

.

eKKYrEtpSBVpSayer]g²m© as´sVa³

ßk*er]gNaÉeT[tEdlmanlMnaMxø w m sardUcKñ aenH ~gcMeNamsg<mmnusS . eKGacgayyler]gni TanEbbenH .enAeBlEdleKTTYl:nnUvKMni tmi nshkarCaTUeTAenHehIy RbCaBlrdð nw gGacylGMBIxøw msarénkarGMJvnav su MeGayeKGnuvtþkarmi neZVIshkarCamYy nw gBYkpþac´kar . GñkTaMgenaHGacmanKMni tp©úgepþ ImCaRbePTepSg>énkarmineZVIshkar enA~gsæ ankarN¾ zµ I> .

zV IebIkarpSBVpSayKMnit B&t( man ni gbJ¢ akarepSg>sMrabkarts) U mankarlM:k enA~grbbpþackar Caer]y> Gñ kRbCaZi betyüGaceZV Ikic© karTaMgenH:n . sUm|IEtenAeRkamrbbNasI u‘ Nazi’ ni gkumµ úynIsþ BYkts) UenAEtmanlTÆPaBTak´Tg mi nRtw mEtKñ aÉgÉeT[t>eT KW Tak´TgTaMgRkumsaZarNCnTUlMTUlay tamry;kare:HBum¬pSaykaEst xi tb&NÑ es[vePA edaylYclak



- 75 -75

ehIybunµ anqñaMeRkayenH eKGacecjpSayCaExSGatsMelg nigrUbPaBEzm eT[tpg .

edaysareK:neZV IEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþTukCamunenaH eKGacer[bcM ehIy

pSBVpSaykarENnaMTUeTAd*manRbsi TÆPaB

sMrabkarts) U . karENnaMTaMgenHGacni yayGMBIbJØa ni gsæanPaBnana EdlRbCaBlrdð KYreZVIkarRbqaMgni gQbéZV Ishkar ehIyni greb[beZV Iskmµ PaBTaMgenaH . dUecñH eTaHbICakarTak´TgBIRkumGñkdw knaMRbCaZi betyü:nRtUveKkatpþac´ ehIyeKBu MGac:nTTYlkarENnaMc|aslasNamYyCabnþeT[tk* eday RbCaBlrdð nwg:ndw greb[bcat´karGMBIbJØasMxan´>rYceRsceTAehIy . karENnaMTaMgenHnw gman

bJ© ÚlpgEdr nUvreb[bBi nitüemIl²karENnaMRkumts) U³EkøgkøayNamYy Edl GacecjBImCÄdð anb¨ Uli s EdleKer[bcMeLIg edIm|Ibeg, ItCakarjúHjgeGay Rkumts) Utbtxus .

karb®gáabnigviFankarTb;Tl;Gñ ker[bcMyuTÆsaRsþRtUvviPaKemIlkareqøIytb ni gkarCi HCanEdlGac ekItmaneLIg CaBi ess kMri thi gSaénrbbpþackareTAelIskmµ PaBnanarbs Rkumts) URbCaZibetyü . CacaM:c´ eKRtUvsMercGMBIreb[bTb´Tl´ tbt ßk* eC[svagkarbRg,abEdlkanÉtxøaMg edaymi ncuHjm . eyageTAtamyuTÆvi ZI sMrabkal;eTs;nImYy> eKRtUvecjesckþ IRBmand* smrmüeTARbCaBlrdð ni gGñ krYmts) U GMBIGMeBIbRg,abbEnæ mBIsMNakBYkpþackar edIm|IeGayGñkTaMgenaHdw gGMBIeRKaHzñak´énkarcUlrYm~gkarts) U . Rbsi nebIkarbRg,abmankMri txøaMgkøa eKKYrer[bcMeGaymanCMnYyeBTüenARbcaMkarsMrab´Gñkts) UEdlrgrbYs .

eday:nKi tTukCamunGMBIkarbRg,ab Gñ kyuTÆsaRsþRtUvKi tKUrGMBIkareRbI yuTÆvi ZI ni gmeZüa:ynana EdlGacCYyeGay:nsMercvtæ úbMNgényuTÆnakar



- 76 -76

ßk* karrMedaH Edlnw geC[svagßk* mankarbRg,abd* ti cCaTIbMput . óTahrN¾ kardEgØk|Ün:tukmµ tampø Úvzñ lRbqaMgnw grbbpþackartw grw ug RbEhlCaeZV IeGay mankarrMeCIbrMCYlci tþ b¨ uEnþGMeBIenH k* GacnaMmknUvkar:tbgĆi vi t:tukrrab´

JnnakÉdr . eTaHCayägenHk* eday karxUcxatyägxøaMgrbs´BYk:tukr ~gkrNIenH RbEhlCaBu M:nbEnæ mkarKabsg,tbEnæ m eTAelIrbbpþackar CaCagkarenApÞH kareZV IkUdkmµ ni gGMeBImi neZV IshkarBIsMNakmRnþ Irdðkar JseBjRsukenaHeT .

RbsinebIeKRtUvkareGaymanskmµPaBbg,ehtu EdlGacnaMeGaymankarxUcxatxøaMg enA~geKalbMNgyuTÆsaRsþNamYyenaH eKRtUvEtKi tKUr

eGay:nhµ tctGMBIplvi :k ni gplcMeNjBIskmµPaBenH . etIRbCaBlrdð ni gRkumGñ kts) Unw gRbkanvi n&y ni g«ri yabz Ghi gSaenA~gkarts) UEbbenH:nEdrßeT / etIeKGacTbTlnw gkarbg,ehtueGaymanGMeBIhi gSa:nEdrßeT /Gñ ker[bcMRtUveZV IEpnkarGMBImeZüa:yEdleKGacGnuvtþ edIm|IrkSavi n&yGhi gSani grkSakarts)U enAcMeJHmuxGMeBIeXareXA . etIeKGaccatvi Zankarnana

dUcCa karRbkassnüa esckþ IEzøgkarN¾neya:y xi tþb&NÑGMBIvi n&y reb[b dw knaM:tukmµ kareZV IBhi karBIsMNakmnusSni gRkumEdlKaMRThi gSa :nEdr ßeT / emdw knaMTaMgLayKYrEtcgcaMCani c© GMBIvtþmanén²BYkPñakgarbg,ehtu³Edlmanebskkmµ júHjgeGayBYk:tukreRbIGMeBIhigSa .

karRbkan;EpnkaryuT§saRsþeGayx¢ab;enAeBlEdleKmanEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþd*lÁrYcehIyenaH BYkkMlaMg

RbCaZi betyüBu MKYrEbkGarmµN¾ edaysarEtkarpøas´bþ Úrbnþ i cbnþ ÜcrbsBYk pþackarEdlGaceZV IeGayeKcggakerBIyuTÆsaRsþcMbg ni gyuTÆsaRsþsMrab´ yuTÆnakarBiessNamYyeT . kargakerenHnw geZV IeGayeKepþatGarmµ N¾ eTA



- 77 -77

elIskmµ PaBZM>énbJØami nsMxaneTAvi j . eKmi nKYrbeNþayeGayTw kcitþ~geBlPøam>enaH ‘dUcCakarrMeCIbrMCYlci tþedaysarGMeBIeXareXAzµ I>rbsBYk pþackar’ bEgVrGarmµ N¾ rbsRkumeGayXøatecjBIyuTÆsaRsþcMbg ni gyuTÆsaRsþ

yuTÆnakareT . GMeBIeXareXAEdlBYkpþackarRbRBw tþeLIg RbEhlCaedIm|Ibg,ehtu eGaykMlaMgRbCaZibetyülHbgécalEpnkarEdleK:ner[bcM d* lÁTukrYcmkehIy ehIyEbreTAeRbIGMeBIhigSa edIm|IeGayBYkpþackar:nC&yCMnHkanÉtgayRsYl . Rbsi nebIeKylzakarEvkEjkCamUldðanmanlk¡N;smrmüehIy muxgarrbs´RkumKaMRTRbCaZi betyü KW cabGnuvtþBI dMNak'karmYyeTAdMNak'karmYy . CakarBi t karERbRbYlxagyuTÆvi ZI ni g

eKalbMNgtUc> nw gGacekIteLIg ehIyGñ kdw knaMBUEkEtgEteRt[mxøÜnCani c© edIm|ITajykplRbeyaCn¾eTAtamkal;eTs; . eKmi nKYrylRcLMGMBIkarEk éxTaMgenH CamYynwgeKalbMNgTaMgLayényuTÆsaRsþcMbg ni geKalbMNgénvK<yuTÆnakarNamYy . karGnuvtþn¾ edayRbugRby&tñnUvyuTÆsaRsþcMbg ni gyuTÆsaRsþnanasMrabýuTÆnakarNamYyEdleK:nsRmaMg nw gCYyyägxøaMg

eGay:neCaKC&y .



- 78 -78





- 80 -80

~gkarKi tKUrGMBIyuTÆnakarCak'Esþg edIm|IGnuvtþyuTÆsaRsþcMbg Gñk yuTÆsaRsþneya:yerIbRmHRtYvEtBi carNaza etIyuTÆnakar~gdMNak'kardMbUgdMNak'karkNþal nigdMNak'karcugeRkayénkarts) Ud*Evgqá ay manlk¡N;

xusKñ aEbbNa .

karts‘UsRmaMgenA~gdMNakkardMbUgénkarts) U yuTÆnakarepSg>EdlmaneKalbMNg

CakEsþgxus>Kñ a Gacmansar;sMxanNas . yuTÆnakarsRmaMgTaMgenaHGac

ekItmaneLIgCabnþbnÞabKñ a . CYnkal yuTÆnakarBIrßbImanry;kalCanKñ a .enA~gkarer[bcMyuTÆnakaredIm|I²karts)UsRmaMg³ CacaM:c´ eKRtUv

bJ¢akGMBIbJØa ßk* karQW cabŃamYy EdlCanimitþrUbénkarCi HCanCaTUeTA rbs´rbbpþackar . bJØaTaMgenHGacCaTi sedAd* lÁRbesIr edIm|IeZV IyuTÆnakar eGay:nsMerceKalbMNgtUc> ényuTÆsaRsþcMbgTaMgmUl .

karsMerc:nnUveKalbMNgyuTÆsaRsþtUc>TaMgenH

RtUvBw gEpÁ keTAelI smtæPaBbc© úb|nñ ßk* GnaKténkMlaMgRbCaZibetyü . karenHnw gCYyeGay maneCaKC&ymYycMnYn EdlCakarelIkTw kci tþ ni gCYyeGaymankarbEgVr GMNacbnþ icmþg>eTARkumts) U ~gry;eBlyUr .

yuTÆsaRsþts) UsRmaMgTaMgLayKYrEtepþateTAelIbJØasg<mki c© esdð ki c© ßneya:yNamYyd*c|aslas´ . eKGaceRCIserIsbJØaTaMgenHCaeKal ~gyuTÆsaRsþsRmaMg edIm|ICMrujEpñ kxøHénRbB&nÆsg<mni gneya:y eGayput BIkarRKb´RKgrbsempþackar edIm|ITajykmkvi jnUvkarRKbRKgEpñ kxøH Edl bc© úb|nñenH sæi tenA~gkNþabédempþackar ßk* eZV Imi neGayempþackar:neCaKC&ytameKalbMNgNamYy . Rbsi nebIeKGaceZV IeTA:n yuTÆnakar énkarts) UsRmaMg KYrEtvayRbhareGaycMcMNucexSaymYyßeRcInrbsrbb



- 81 -81

pþackar dUcEdl:nEvkEjkBImunrYcehIy . dUecñ H BYkRbCaZi betyüGacbeg, It eGaymanGanuPaByägxøaMgbMput CamYynw gsmtæPaB kMlaMgEdleKman .

BIedImdMbUgPøam> BYkGñ kyuTÆsaRsþRtUvEter[bcMEpnkareGay:n yäg

ehacNas´ yuTÆsaRsþsMrabýuTÆnakarelIkTImYy . etIeKalbMNgtUc>rbséKmanGV IxøH / etIeKalbMNgtUc>TaMgenaHGacCYysMercyuTÆsaRsþcMbgEdleK:ner[bcMrYcehIytamEbbbTNa / Rbsi nebIGaceZVIeTA:n eKKYr er[bcM yagehacNas eGaymanTMrgTUeTAényuTÆsaRsþTaMgLaysMrabýuTÆnakarelIkTIBIr ehIyRbEhlCaelIkTIbIpgEdr . yuTÆsaRsþTaMgGs nw gRtUvCaEpñ kmYyénkarGnuvtþn¾ yuTÆsaRsþcMbgEdleK:neRCIserIs ehIyGnuvtþ

eTAtamkarENnaMCaTUeTA .

kartTl;CanimitþrUb enAeBleKepþ ImyuTÆnakarzµ I edIm|IeZVIeGayrbbpþackarTnexSay skmµ PaB

neya:yelIkTImYyRbEhlCamanTMhMtUc . eKKYrer[bcMskmµ PaBTaMgenHedIm|Il|gemIlsti Garmµ N¾ rbs´RbCaBlrdð ehIyer[bcMGñkTaMgenaHsMrab´ karts) U EdlecHEtman tamry;karmineZV Ishkar ni gneya:yerIbRmH .

skmµ PaBdMbUgRbEhlmanRTgRTayCakarRbqaMgCani mi tþrUb ßmYy k* RbEhlCaskmµ PaBCani mi tþrUbénkarmi neZV Ishkar~gry;eBlxøI . Rbsi nebIcMnYnmnusS EdlcUlrYm~gskmµ PaBenH mantictYc skmµ PaBelIkdMbUgenH Gacmanlk¡N;samJ¦ dUcCakaryk:c'p,aeTAdak´kEnøgni mi tþmYyEdl mansar;sMxan . pÞ úyeTAvij Rbsi nebIcMnYnmnusSEdlcUlrYm~gskmµ PaBmancMnYneRcIn eKGacmUlmat'Kñ apÁ akGV I>EdleKkMBugeZV IcMnYn5naTI ßk* sæi t enA~gkaresá {msá at'cMnYnb¨ unµ annaTI . enA~gsæankarN¾ epSgeT[t mnusS mYycMnYnGaceZV IkUdkmµ GtGahar karRbmUlpþ úMKñasµ w gsµ aZ¥sURtZm( enATIkEnøg



- 82 -82

Edlmansar;sMxan BYkni sSi teZV IBhi karmi ncUlzñ akry;eBlxø ImYy ßk* karcUl eTAGg< úyRbqaMg~gkari yal&ysMxanŃamYy mYyry;eBl . enAeRkamrbb pþackar skmµ PaBNaxøaMgCagenHRbEhlCaTTYlkarbRg,abyägxøaMgkøa .

GMeBICani mitþrUbmYycMnYneT[t dUcCa karcUleTAkan´kabenAmuxvimanempþackar ßk*TIcat´karrbs´b¨ UlisRbEhlCamaneRKaHzñ ak´xøaMg dUecñHehIy eKminKYrGnuvtþEbbenH sMrabepþ ImyuTÆnakardMbUgeLIy . skmµ PaBRbqaMgCani mi tþrUbenAeBledImdMbUg Caer]y> EtgTak´TajeGaymankarcabGarmµN¾ BImCÄdðanCati ßGnþrCati dUcCakareZV I:tukmµ ZMenAtampø ÚvZM> enARbeTsPUma~gqñ aM1988 ßk* karcUlkan´kab´ ni gkUdkmµ GtGaharrbsBYkni sSi tenATIZøa

eZ[Nami n ‘ Tiananmen Square’ enATIRkugeb¨kaMg qñaM1989 . karxUcxat yägdMNM~gcMeNamBYk:tukr~gkrNITaMgBIrenH :ncgÁ úlbgØajGMBIkar RbugRby&tñ EdlBYkeZV IyuTÆsaRsþRtUvEtman~gkarer[bcMyuTÆnakar . zV IebIeK eXIjmanGanuPaBxagsIlZm( nigcitþsaRsþyägxøaMgkøayägNak*eday skmµ PaBEtÉkÉgEtmþgEbbenH mi nGacrMlMrbbpþackar:neT BIeRJHGMeBI

enH enAEtmanlk¡N;Cani mi tþrUbenAeLIy ehIyBu MGacEkERbGMNacrbb pþackar:neT .CaZmµ ta eKBu MGackatpþacRbPBGMNacrbsempþac´kar:nTaMgGs

ehIyyagqabrh&s enA~gvK<dMbUgénkarts) UenaHeLIy . karenHtMrUveGay RbCaBlrdðesÞ IrEtTaMgGs´ ehIynigsæ ab&nTaMgLayénsg<mmnusS EdlBI

munmkZøabEtsþab´bg<ab´ eGaybdi esZecalrbbpþackarTaMgRsug ehIy RbqaMgtTl´Pøam> tamry;karminshkaryägdacxat . eKBu MTanéXIjmanehtukarN¾ EbbenHekIteLIgeT ehIyKW CakarEdleKGac:neCaKC&y eday lM:kCaTIbMput . dUecñ H ~gkrNICaeRcInÉeT[t yuTÆnakarneya:yerIbRmHmi nshkary"agqab'rh&smYy KW CayuTÆsaRsþEdlxVHkarBi tCakÉsþg sMrab´ ebIkyuTÆnakarRbqaMgnw grbbpþackar .



- 83 -83

karEbgEckkarTTYlxusRtUv enA~gyuTÆnakarts) URbqaMg Caer]y> bnÞ úkénkarts)UZøakeTAelIEpñk

mYy ßk* eRcInénRbCaBlrdð . ~gyuTÆnakarbnþbnÞabÉdlmaneKalbMNgepSg> bnÞ úkénkarts) URtUvepÞreTARkumRbCaBlrdð NamYy . óTahrN¾ BYk ni sSi tGaceZV IkUdkmµGMBIbJØaGbrMÇ Gñ kdwknaMni gGñ kmanCMen]sasna Gacepþat eTAelIesrIPaBxagCMen]Ç Gñ keZV IkarenAsæ anIyrzePI øgGacRbqaMg tamkareKarBbTbJ¢ ani rP&yyägmZü&txøaMgeBkeTA rhUtTalEtRbB&nÆrzePI øgmandMeNIrkar

yW tyävÇ BYkGñ kkaEstRbEhlCaGactTlnw gkarRtYtBi ni tütw gEtg tam karTukRbeLaHcMhecalelITMB&rkaEst EdlCaZmµ ta eKe:HBum¬Gtæ bTEdl rbbpþackarhamXatÇ ßmYyk* Pñ akgarb Uli secHEtrkcabmi n:nsmaCi kRkum ts) URbCaZi betyüNamñak' Edlempþackarcgcabxø Ün . yuTÆnakarts) UbNþak eTAtambJØa ni gRkumRbCaBlrdð nw gGnuJ¦ateGaymCÄdð anRbCaBlrdð xøH

manOkassMrak enAeBlEdlkarts)UecHEtbnþeTAmux .karts) UsRmaMgmansar;sMxanĆaBiess edI m|I karJr vtþman ni gPaBsVy&ténsæ ab&nni gRkumsg<mki c© esdð kic© ni gneya:yEdlÉkraC ehIy Edlsæi tenAeRkAkarRtYtRtarbs´rbbpþackar dUcEdleyIg:nBieRKaHBImunrYc ehIy . mCÄmNÐlGMNacTaMgenHpþlnUvmUldð anEdlRbCaBlrdð GaceRbIR:s´ daksMJZ ßk* CYyTb´Tlnw gkarRtYtRtapþackar . ~gkarts) UenHRkumTaMgenHRbEhlCa sæ itenA~gcMeNameKaledATImYysMrab´vayRbhar rbs´rbbpþackar .



- 84 -84

kartMrg;eTArkGMNacBYkpþac;kar enAeBlEdlkarts) UeBlEvgqáaymandMeNIrkarputBIdMNak'kardMbUg

cUleTAdldMNak'karbnÞab GñkyuTÆsaRsþRtUvEtvi PaKemIl zaetIeKGacbnæ y RbPBGMNacrbsempþackarRtgŃaeT[t . eKalbMNgenaH KW kareRbI meZüa:ymineZVIshkarrbs´RbCaBlrdð eTAbeg,IteGaymansæankarN¾ yuTÆsaRsþ ²cMeNj³ sMrabkMlaMgRbCaZibetyü .

enAeBlEdlRkumts) URbCaZi betyüekInkMlaMgkanÉtxøaMgeLIg Gñ k yuTÆsaRsþnw ger[bcMeGaymankarminshkar nigkarerIbRmHkanEtxøaMgeLIg

edIm|Ikat´pþacRbPBGMNacrbbpþac´kar CamYynw gbMNgeZV IeGaymankarraMgsÞHneya:y ehIyenATIbJ© b´ rbbpþackarnw grlayedayÉg .

eKRtUver[bcMedayRbugRby&tñGMBIEbbbT EdlkMlaMgRbCaZi betyü eRbI ~gkareZV IeGaycuHexSaykarKaMRT EdlRbCaBlrdðni gRkumnanaZøabpþl´ eTAeGayrbbpþackar . etIkarKaMRTTaMgenH nw gcuHexSaytamkarebIkeGay

eKeXIjnUvGMeBIeXareXArbsrbbenHÇ tamry;karbgØajeGayeKeXIjnUv plvi :kesdð ki c© d* mhnþrayénneya:yBYkempþackarÇ ßk* tamry;karyl eXIjzµImYyzarbbpþackarnw gRtUvbJ© b / yägehacNas´ eKRtUvBnül ENnaMyagNa eGayGñ kKaMRTempþac´kar køayeTACaBYkGBüaRkw tenA~gral´skmµ PaBrbseK ßRbesIrCagenHeTAeT[t køayeTACaGñkKaMRTyägskmµ énclnaedIm|IRbCaZibetyü .

enAeBleKer[bcMEpnkar ni gGnuvtþneya:yerIbRmH ni gminshkar CakarcaM:c´bMput eKRtUvykcitþTukdakéTAelIGñkKaMRT nigGñkCMnYykar sMxan>rbs´BYkpþackar EdlmanCaGaT¥ BYkGñ kCMnit KNbkSneya:y b¨ Ulis ehIyni gmRnþ Irdð:l CaBi ess BYkeyaZa .

eKRtUvBini tüemIlGMBIkMri ténkaresµ aHRtgrbs´BYkeyaZa TaMgkUnni g



- 85 -85

nayTahan eTAelIrbbpþackareGay:nc|aslas´ ehIysMerczaetIBYk eyaZamancMhßcMNucexSayenARtgNa EdlGanuPaBkMlaMgRbCaZi betyü cUlRCYtRCab:n . etIkUnTahanCaeRcInminsb|aycitþ edaysareKcab

bg¡ Mxø ÜneGaycUleZV ITahanEmnEdrßeT

/ etIkUnTahan ni gemTahanTaMgenaHGacdkxøÜnecjBIrbbpþackar edaysarehtuplpÞalxø Ün RKYsar ni gneya:y EmnEdrßeT / etIktþaNaxøHEdlGaceZV IeGaykUnTahan ni gem TahanTaMgenaH cuHexSay enAcMeJHmuxkareRC[tERCkrbsBYkRbCaZi betyü .

enA~gdMNakkardMbUgénkarts) UrMedaH eKKYrEter[bcMeGaymanyuTÆsaRsþ BiessmYy edIm|ITak´TgCamYyBYkTahan ni grdð:lrbsempþackar . tam

ry;kareRbIJkü rUbPaBCani mitþrUb ni gskmµ PaBnana kMlaMgRbCaZibetyü GaceGayBYkTahanTaMgenaHdw gza karts) UrMedaHnw gmansPaBsVahab bþ Úrpþac ni gmanH . eKKYreGayBYkTahanTaMgenaHyl´za karts) Umanlk¡N;Bi ess EdleKtakEtgeLIg edIm|IeZV IeGayrbbpþackarexSay mi nEmnedIm|IKMramkMEhgdlĆIvitGñ kTaMgenaHeT . karxi txMxñHExñ gTaMgenH maneKalbMNgeZV IeGay

BYkTahanrbsémpþac´karZøakTwkci tþ ehIyenATIbMput dkkaresµ aHRtgni gkar eKarBtambJ¢ a ehIyEbrmkKaMRTclnaRbCaZi betyüvij . eKGacer[bcM CayuTÆsaRsþRbhakRbEhlKñ aenHEdr sMrabRkumb¨ Uli s ni gmRnþ Irdð :l .

b¨ uEnþeKmi nKYrbkRsayza karl|gTakTajrksmanci tþ ehIyTI bMput karmi neZV ItambJ¢a~gcMeNamkgkMlaMgBYkpþackar CakarelIkTwkcitþ

eGayBYkeyaZabJ© b´rbbpþac´kar eGayqabrh&stamvi ZankareyaZaenaHeT . kareZV IEbbenH RbEhlCaBuMGacCYyeGaymanRbCaZi betyüBitR:kd:neLIy edaysar dUcEdleyIg:nBi carNarYcehIy kareZV IrdðRbharmanlTÆPaBti cNas´ ~gkareZV IeGaymantulüPaBGMNac rvagRkumRbCaBlrdð ni gGñkkanGMNac . dUecñ HehIy CakarcaM:c´ eKRtUveZVIEpnkarGMBIreb[b Tak´TajeGaynayTahanEdlmansmanci tþ ylza eKminRtUvkarrdð Rbhar



- 86 -86

ßk*sRg<amsI uvilRbqaMgnw grbbpþackarenaHeLIy .nayTahanEdlmansmanci tþ GacedIrtYyagsMxan´ ~gkarts) U

RbCaZibetyü dUcCakarlatRtdagkarxkcitþ ni gkarminshkar~grgVg

eyaZa karelIkTwkci tþeGayeZV IkargarKµanRbsiTÆPaBedayectna ehIynigkarmi neZV ItambJ¢ aBIelIyägesá {msá at´ ehIynigKaMRTkarbdiesZmi necjbRg,abBYkts)U . buK<li keyaZa RbEhlCaGacpþlCMnYyGhigSaxøHeTABYk RbCaZibetyü manCaGaT¥ ebIkRckeGayeKrtéKcxø Ünedaysuvtæ iPaB pþl'B&t( mansMgat´ es|{gGahar zñ aMeBTü CaedIm .

eyaZaKW CaRbPBGMNacyägsMxanmYysMrabBYkpþackar BIeRJHBYk

enHGaceRbIkgeyaZa Edlmanvi n&yni geRK]gsJVvuZ eTAvayRbhar dakTNÐkmµ eTAelIRbCaBlrdð Edlmi neZVItambJ¢aeK . GñkyuTÆsaRsþneya:yerI bRmH KYrcgcaMza karbM Ebkrbbpþac´ kar KW CakarlM :kNas ßk* eZV I mi nekI t Rbsi n ebI BYkb¨ Uli s mRnþI rdð:l ni geyaZaenAEtKaM RTrbbpþac´ kareBjTM hw g ehIy eZV I tambJ¢aBYkenH . dUecñ H yuTÆsaRsþsMrabeZV Ivi TÆgSna bMEbkkaresµ aHRtg´

rbs´kMlaMgBYkpþac´kar RtUvmanGaTiPaByägx¬s´ sMrab´GñkyuTÆsaRsþRbCaZi betyü .kMlaMgRbCaZi betyüKYrcgcaMza karmi nsb|aycitþ nigkarmi neKarB

tambJ¢ a ~gcMeNameyaZani gb¨ Ulis KW CaeRKaHzñ ak´sMrabsmaCikénRkum TaMgenaH . BYkTahannigb Uli sdw gza karmi neZV ItambJ¢aem nigkarbHe:r

~gCYr

nw gTTYleTasCaTMgn´

. kMlaMgRbCaZi betyüminKYrsuMeGayBYkTahanni gnayTahanbHe:rPøam>eT . pÞ úyeTAvi j Rbsi nebIeKmanExSry;TakTgeKKYrBnüleGayGñ kTaMgenaHylc|asza manEbbbTeRcInNas sMrablak´ bM:Mgkarmi neZV ItambJ¢ a EdleKGaccabGnuvtþCaelIkdMbUg . óTahrN¾ BYkbUli s ni gTahanGaceZV ItambJ¢ aeTAbRg,abBYkts) UedayKµ anRbsiTÆPaBÇeKrkBu MeXIjGñ kEdlempþackarcgćabxø ÜnÇ eKGacRBmanGñ kts) UeGaydw gCa



- 87 -87

munGMBIKMeragkarbRg,abNamYy karcabxø Ün ßk* karni reTsNamYyÇ ehIynigmi npþlB&t( mansMxan´>eTAeGayembJ¢ akar . nayTahanEdlminsb|ay ci tþ GaceZV ICaePøc mi nbJ© ÚnbnþeTAeRkam bJ¢akarsMrab´karbRg,abNamYy .

BYkTahanGac:j'kaMePø IgeGayputk|alBYk:tukr . Rbhak'RbEhlKñaenHEdr mRnþ Irdð :lGac:t'sMNM uer]g ni gJkübJ¢aepSg> eZV IkaredayKµ anRbsi TÆPaB ni geZV ICamanCMgWRtUvsMrakenApÞHrhUtdl'eBlCasHes|Iy .

karERbRbYlyuT§saRsþGñ kyuTÆsaRsþneya:yerIbRmHni w gRtUvBi nitüvaytMélCani c© eTAelI

dMeNIrkarni glTÆplyuTÆsaRsþcMbg ni gyuTÆsaRsþényuTÆnakarTaMgLay .karts) UGacmandMeNIrkarmi nlÁ RbesIr xusGV IEdleK:neRKagTuk . kñ úgkrNI EbbenH eKRtUvBinitüemIlkarERbRbYlkñ úgyuTÆsaRsþEbbNaEdleKRtUvkar .etIeKGaceZV IGV IxøH edIm|IBRgw gkMlaMgts) U ehIycab'ykkarts)UEdlmaneRb[b

eLIgvi j

/ ~gsæanPaBEbbenH

eKRtUvEtrkemIlbJØaeGayeXIj ehIyviPaK tamyuTÆsaRsþmþgeT[t . eKRbEhlCaRtUvepÞrkarTTYlxusRtUveTARkumepSgRbmUlpþM úRbPBGMNacbEnæ m ehIyni ger[bcMeGaymanskmµ PaBCaCMerIszµI .enAeBlEdleKeZV Iki c© karTaMgenHrYcral'ehIy eKKYrGnuvtþEpnkarzµ IenaHPøam .

pÞúyeTAvij Rbsi nebIdMeNIrkarts) UenHmanPaBlÁ RbesIrCagGV IEdl eK:neRKagTuk ehIyrbbpþac'karkMBugEtreg<aHreg< I muneBlevlaEdleK :nkMNt' etIkMlaMgRbCaZibetyüGacTajykplRbeyaCn¾ Edl:nelIs BIkareRKagTukenaH eTAeRbIR:s'EbbNa edIm|IeZV IeGayrbbpþac'karKaMgElgmandMeNIrkarEtmþg / eyIgnw gBi ni tüvi PaKsMnYrenHenA~gCMBUkCabnþxagmux .



- 88 -88



- 89 -89

CMBUkTI9

karbMEbkrbbpþac;kar

«TiÆBléneCaKC&yCabnþbnÞab´ényuTÆnakarGhigSaEdleK:nGnuvtþyäghµ tćt nwgBRgw gkarts) U ehIyer[bcMBRgIkEpñkTaMgLayénsg<m Edl rbbpþac'karBMuGacRKb'RKg:n . yuTÆnakarTaMgenaHnwgpþl'Edr nUvbTBi esaZn¾ sMxan'> GMBIreb[bbdi esZmi neZV Ishkar ehIyni greb[beZV Ineya:y erIbRmH . bTBi esaZn¾ enHnw gCaCMnYykary"agRbesIr enAeBlEdlkarerIbRmH

mi neZV Ishkar raldalkan'EtZMeLIg> .dUcEdleyIg:nBi eRKaH~gCMBUkTI3 kareZV Itambg<ab' shRbti btþ i kar ni gkarcuHj"m CaktþasMxan' sMrab'eZV IeGayBYkpþac'karmanGMNac . Rbsi nebI Kµ ankarJkB&nÆnw gRbPBGMNacTaMgenaHeT GMNacBYkpþac'karnw gcuHexSay ehIyenATIbMputnw gRtUvrlay . dUecñ HkardkykkarKaMRTTaMgenaHecj KW Ca

skmµ PaBcMbg edIm|IbMEbkrbbpþac'kar . eyIgKYrEtBi ni tüeLIgvi j GMBIEbb bTneya:yerIbRmHEdlGacmanGanuPaBeTAelIRbPBGMNacTaMgenaH .skmµ PaBTaMgLayEdlCanimitþrUbénkarerIbRmHnigkarbdiesZ KW Ca

meZüa:ymYycMnYn~gcMeNammeZüa:yCaeRcIn sMrabéZVIeGayexSaynUv GM NacGaC\aZrxagneya:y ni gPaBsmrmü EdlCaPaBRtw mRtUvtamc|ab' rbs'rbbpþac'kar . enAeBlEdlGMNacrbbenHkan'EtxøaMg rbbenHk* nw g



- 90 -90

:nTTYlkareZVItambJ¢ a ni gshkarkan'EtxøaMgEdr . eKRtUvbeJ© jkarmi nsb|aycitþ tamkareZV Iskmµ PaBd* c|as'las' edIm|IKMramkMEhgrbbpþac'kar enH . eKRtUvdkykecjnUvshkarni gkareZV ItambJ¢ a edIm|Ikat'pþac'RbPB

epSg>ÉeT[ténGMNacrbbpþac'kar .RbPBGMNacsMxan'TI2 KW RbPBZnZanmnusS - cMnYn ni gKuNsm|tþ i énmnusSni gRkumTaMgLay Edlsþab'tambJ¢a eZV IshkarCamYy ßk*CYyGñk RKb'RKgrdð . Rbsi nebImYyPaKZMénRbCaBlrdð minRBmeZV Ishkar rbbenHnw gmanbJØaZM . óTahrN¾ ; Rbsi nebImRnþ Irdð karElgeZV IkareGaymanRbsiTÆPaBdUcmun ßk*eKcenApÞH sæab&nrdð :lnw gTTYlkarb"HJlCaxøaMg .

Rbhak'RbEhlKñ aenHEdr Rbsi nebImnusS ni gRkumEdlmi neZV Ishkar manrYmbJ©ÚlTaMgGñkEdlZøab''BImunpþl´dl´rbbpþac´karnUv cMeNHdwg nig CM najkar empþac'karnw geXIjza lTÆPaBeK~gkareZVIGV IeRscEtcMNg'ci tþ nw gRtUvcuHzyexSayCaxøaMg . sUm|IEtlTÆPaBeKsMrab'eZV IkarsMerccitþeGay :nRsYl niger[bcMEpnkareGaymanRbsi TÆPaB RbEhlCaRtUvcuHGn'Edr .

RbsinebIGanuPaBpø Úvci tþni gmenaKmn¾ vi C¢a EdleKehAzaktþaGrUbI y¾ EdlCaZmµ taCMrujeGayeKeZV ItambJ¢ ani gCYyBYkpþac'kar RtUveKeZV IeGaycuHexSay ßk* Gs'Etmþg RbCaBlrdð c|as'CanaMKñaElgeKarB ehIyQb'eZV I shkar .

karEdlBYkpþac'karmanZnZansM Par; k*CakarJkB&nÆedaypÞal'eTA

GMNacrbs'eKEdr . Rbsi nebIkarRKb'RKgZnZanhi rJ¦vtæ ú RbB&nÆesdð kic© dIZø I ZnZanZmµ Cati kardw kCJ¢ Ún ni gmeZüa:yTak'TgepSg> sæ i tenA~gkNþab'édGñkts) U RbPBGMNacd* sMxan'mYyenHrbs'BYkpþackar nw gcuHexSay ßk*:t'bg' . kUdkmµ Bhi kar ni gkarekIneLIgénPaBsVy&t~gesdð ki c© TMnak'TMngnw gkardw kCJ¢ Ún nw geZV IeGayrbbenHTn'exSay .

dUcEdl:nBi eRKaHBImunrYcehIy lTÆPaBBYkpþackar~gkarKMram





- 92 -92

pþackar . enAeBlEdlrbbpþackareZV IGnþraKmn¾ edIm|IpÁ ak²karBRgIkesrIPaB³enH eKGacGnuvtþkarts) UGhi gSa edIm|IkarJrTIvalzµ IEdleKeTIbTTYl:nehIyrbbpþackarnwgRbQmmuxeTAnw grNsi rSmYyeT[ténkarts) U .

TIbMput karrYmbJ¢ ÚlKñ arvagkarRbqaMgni gkarksagsæ ab&nsg<m Gac naMeGaymanesrIPaBCabeNþaHGanñ naMeTArkkardYlrlMénrbbpþac´kar ehIy ni gkarcattaMgCapøÚvkareGaymanRbB&nÆRbCaZi betyü . eKmi nGacbdi esZ karvivtþn¾ EbbenH:n BIeRJHtulüPaBGMNacenA~gsg<menH :nERbRbYl yägxøaMgNaseTAehIy .

RbeTsb¨ ULÚjenATsvtS1970ni g1980 :npþlCaóTahrN¾ yäg

c|asGMBIkarTamTarbnþ icmþg>rbsBYkts) U yktYnaTI ni gsæ ab&nrbs´sg<m .RBHvi harkatUli k:nTTYlkartameZV I:b b¨ uEnþBu MEdlsæ i tenAeRkamkarRKbRKgeBjeljrbsBYkkumµ úynIsþeT . enA~gqñaM1976 BYkbJ¦v&nþ ni gkmµ kr:nrYmKñ abeg,ItCaRkumtUc> dUcCa KN;kmµ karkarJrkmµ kr edIm|IKaMRT nigCMrujKMni tneya:yrbseK . karbeg,IteGaymanshCIBkmµ kreQµ aHza

²sUlIdarIZI³ ‘ Solidarity [samK<I]’ edIm|IeZV IkUdkmµ eGaymanRbsi TÆPaB :nbg¡ MeGayGaC\aZrTTYls<altampøÚvc|abenA~gqñaM1980 . BYkksi kr ni sSit ni gRkumÉeT[tCaeRcInk* :ner[bcMbeg, ItCaGg<karÉkraCrbséKEdr . enAeBl EdlBYkkumµ úynIsþdw gza RkumTaMgenH:nEkERbGMNacCakEsþg Gg<kar²samK< I³k*:nRtUveKhamXat´lubecj ehIyBYkkumµ úynIsþk* eRbIreb[bRKb´RKgtam

c|abeyaZa .sUm|IEtenAeRkamrbbc|ab´GaC\aswk Edlmankarcab´dak´Kuk nigkartameZV I:byagxøaMg sæ ab&nÉkraCzµ I>~gsg<menAEtmandMeNIrkareTAmux .óTahrN¾ kaEst ni gTsSnavdþIlYclakrab´LÚ enAEtecjpSBVpSay .eragBum¬xusc|abe:HBum¬es[vePArabryk|al ~gmYyqñ aM> enAeBlEdlGñ k ni BnÆl|Il|aj eZVIBhikar mi nsresreGaykareXasnarbs´BYkkumµ úynIsþ nig



- 93 -93

eragBum¬rdð . skmµ PaBRbhak´RbEhlKñaenH k* :nekItmaneLIg~gEpñk ÉeT[ténsg<mEdr .

enAeRkamrbbeyaZarbsélak qarUsi ls< I‘ Jaruselski’ rdð aPi :l

eyaZakumµ úynIsþ ~gdMNakkarmYy :nRtUveKcatTukza Gachkelat:nRtw mEtEpñkxagelIénsg<mb"ueNÑaH . mRnþ IrdðkarenAkan´kabGKarkari yal&y rdðaPi:l . rbbenHGacCi HCansg<m:n tamry;kardakTNÐkmµ karcab´xø ÜnGñ kRbqaMg kardakKuk karrw bGUsykmasI une:HBum¬ nigskmµ PaBCi HCan ÉeT[t> . b¨ uEnþrbbpþackarenHenAEtBuMGacRtYtRtasg<m:n . taMgBIeBl enaHmk eKrgcaMEteBlevla Edlsg<mGacrMlMrbbenaHTaMgRsug .

sUm|IEtenAeBlrbbpþackarkan´kab´tMENgrdðaPi :lTaMgLay CYnkal eKGacer[bcMeGaymanrdð aPi :l²TnÞw m³RbCaZi betyü . rdð aPi:l TnÞw menHnw gmandMeNIrkarkanÉtxøaMgeLIg Cardð aPi :lRbkYt Edl:nTTYl karesµ aHRtg´ kareKarB ni gshkarBIsMNakRbCaBlrdð ni gsæ ab&nsg<m .bnÞab´mk rbbpþackarnw g:tbg´lk¡N;Cardð aPi :lkanEteRcIneLIg> .

enATIbMput rdð aPi :lTnÞ wmRbCaZibetyü RbEhlCaGaccUlCMnYsrbb pþackareBjelj EdlCaEpñkmYyénkarEkERbeTArkRbB&nÆRbCaZi betyü .dMeNIrkarCabnþeT[tenaH KWeKnw gGnum&tykrdð Zmµ nuJ¦mYy ehIyer[bcMeGay mankare:Heqñat EdlCadMNakkarmYyeT[t ~gGnþrkalenH .

karbMEbkrbbpþac;kar enAeBlEdlsæ ab&nsg<mkMBugEtEkERb clnaerIbRmHni gmi nshkar

GacmankMritkanEtxøaMgeLIg . GñkyuTÆsaRsþRbCaZibetyüKYrEtKi tTukeGay ehIyza eKnw geTAdléBlevlaEdlkMlaMgRbCaZibetyüGacmandMeNIrkar hYsBIkarts)UedaysRmaMg ehIyeKGacepþ ImeGaymankarerIbRmHBIsMNak





- 95 -95

karkan;kab;C½yCMnHedaykarTTYlxusRtUv Gñ keZV IEpnkarsMrabýuTÆsaRsþcMbgKYrEtKi tKUrTukCamun GMBIEbbbT

EdlGacekIteLIg ni gGI VEdleKcg´:n JkB&nÆeTAnw gkarbJ© bkarts) Ueday eCaKC&y edIm|IeZV IyagNaeC[svagku MeGayrbbpþackarzµ ImYyeT[tekIteLIg:nehIyni gBRgw gkarer[bcMCabnþeT[t eGaymanRbB&nÆRbCaZi betyüsæ itesær .

BYkRbCaZi betyüKYrEtKi tKUrza etIeKnw gRKbRKgkarERbRbYlBIrbb pþackareTArdð aPi :lbeNþaHGasnñ tamEbbbTNa enAeBlcbkarts) U . enA

eBlenaH eKcg:nrdð aPi :lmYyEdlmandMeNIrkarPøam> . b¨ uEnþ rdð aPi :l enHminEmnCardðaPi:lcasEdlmanbuK<li kzµ IenaHeT . CakarcaM:c´ eK RtUvKi tKUrza etIeKRtUvlbecalEpñ kNamYyénrdðaPi :lcas´ ‘dUcCaEpñ k b¨ Uli sneya:y’ Edlmanlk¡N;RbqaMgnw glTÆ i RbCaZi betyü ehIyzaetIeKnw gTukEpñ kNa EdleKGaceZV IeGaymanlk¡N;RbCaZibetyübEnæmeT[t

enAeBleRkay . karTukcMh mineGaymanrdðaPi:lTalEtesaH nw gGac ebIkpø ÚveGaymankarRCYlRcbl´ ßk* rbbpþackarzµ ImYy .eKKYrEtKi tsMercTukCamun GMBIkarRKbRKgBYkmRnþ ICanx¬sénrbbpþackar

enAeBlEdlGMNacBYkenH RtUvEbkx©ay . óTahrN¾ etIeKnw gkatéTas BYkpþackarEdrßeT / etIeKnw gGnuJ¦ateGayBYkenHcakecjBIRbeTsrhUteTA ßyägNa / etIeKmanCMerIsNaepSgeT[t EdlsI usgVakKñaCamYynw gneya:yerIbRmH CamYynwgesckþ IRtUvkar sMrab'ksagRbeTseLIgvij ehIy ni gkarksaglTÆ i RbCaZi betyüeRkayC&yCMnH / eKRtUveC[svagkarbgØ ÚrQam EdlGacmanplvi :kxøaMg eTAelIkarer[bcMeGaymanRbB&nÆRbCaZi betyü~geBlGnaKt .

eKKYrEter[bcMEpnkarCakEsþgmYycMnYnTukCaeRsc edIm|Ieq¬aHeTArk



- 96 -96

RbCaZi betyü enAeBlEdlrbbpþackarkMBugcuHexSay ßk*rlM . Epnkar TaMgenH nw gCYybeJ¢ {smi neGayRkumNamYyeT[t eqø {tqkýkGMNactam kareZV Irdð Rbhar . eKk* RtUvkarpgEdrnUvEpnkarer[bcMeGaymansæ ab&nrdð aPi :l

smRsbeTAnw grdð Zmµ nuJ¦RbCaZi betyü

EdlGnuJ¦ateGaymanesrIPaBbuK<l ni gesrIPaBneya:yeBjelj . eKmi nKYrbeNþayeGaykarERbRbYlEdl eKQñ H:nyäglM:k :tbgeTAvi j edaysarkarxVHEpnkarenaHeT .

enAeBlEdlRbQmmuxCamYynw gRbCaBlrdð Edlyldw gGMBIGMNac xø ÜnkanÉtxøaMgeLIg ehIyni gkarrIkcMerInénRkumni gsæ ab&nÉkraCRbCaZibetyü ‘CaktþaBIrEdlrbbpþac´karRtYtRtaminekIt’ BYkpþac´karnwgylć|as´za

karpSgeRBgrbséKnw gRtUvbraC&y . karbJÄb´skmµPaBTaMgLayenA~gsg<m kareZV IkUdkmµ TUeTA karsMgMenApÞHmi neTAeZV Ikar karedIrdEgØk|ÜnRbqaMgßk* skmµPaBÉeT[t nw geZV IeGayGg<karrbsempþackarTaMgLay cuHTnéxSay kanÉtxøaMg . CalTÆplénkarerIbRmH ni gkarmi neZV IshkarEdleKGnuvtþ eLIg edaymankarcUlrYmBImhaCn BYkpþackarnw gGs´GMNac ehIyGñk

RbCaZi betyünw g:neCaKC&y edaymi ncaM:céRbIGMeBIhi gSa . rbbpþackar nw grlayenAcMeJHmuxRbCaBlrdðEdlerIbRmH .karxi txMxñHExñgTaMgb¨ unµ an nw gmi nGac:neCaKC&yRKbeBlevlaeT

CaBi ess mi nEmnCakargayRsYl ehIykRmnwg:neCaKC&yeGay:nqab rh&sNas´ . eKKYrcgcaMza karQñ HnigkarcajsRg<ameyaZamancMnYn

esµIKña

. buEnþneya:yerIbRmHpþlnUvlTÆPaBEmnETnsMrabéCaKC&y

. dUc Edl:nkt´sMKalBImunmkehIy eKGacBRgw glTÆPaBenH tamkarbeg,It eGaymanyuTÆsaRsþcMbgRbkbedayKtibNÐ i t eZV IEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþedayhµ tćt´ karxi txMRbw gERbgeZV Ikargar ni gkarts) URbkbedayesckþ Ikøahanni gvi n&y .



- 97 -97

CMBUkTI10

kic©karCamUldæansMrab;RbCaFibetyürwgbwug

EmnehIy kardYlrlMénrbbpþac'kar KW CabuBVehtusMrab'karGbGr saTry"agxøaMgkøamYy . RbCaBlrdð Edl:nrgTuk¡evTnay"agyUr ehIy:nts) UedayeRKaHzñak'pgenaH smnw gmaneBlsb|ayrIkray sMrakkMsanþ

ehIyni gmankarTTYls<al'Capø Úvkar . eKKYrEtmanemaTnPaBelIxø ÜnÉgni gGñ kÉeT[t Edl:nts) UCamYyKñ arhUt:nesrIPaBneya:y . Gñ kts) UTaMgGs' Bu M:nrs'ranmanCIvi tmkdl'ézá C&yCMnHenHeT . GñkenArs' ni gGñk:t' bg'CIvitnwgRtUveKcgcaMCavIrCn Edl:nCYyer[bcMeGaymanesrIPaBCaRbvtþ i saRsþ~gRbeTsrbs'eK .

b"uEnþKYreGaysþay BIeRBaHeBlenH minEmnCaeBlEdleKKYrbnæ y karRbugRby&tñ . sUm|IEt~gkal;eTs;Edlrbbpþac'karEbkx© ayedaysar neya:yerIbRmHk*eday eKk* RtUvmankarRbugRby&tñ edIm|IbeJ© {smi neGay manrbbCi HCan'mYyzµ IelcecjBIkarRcbUkRcbl' eRkayBIkardYlrlMénrbb pþac'karcas' . BYkGñ kdw knaMkMlaMgRbCaZi betyü KYrEter[bcMTukCamunsMrab'karqøgeTArklTÆ iRbCaZibetyüedaysNþab'Zñab' . eKnwgRtUvedaHdUr



- 98 -98

rcnasm¬&nÆrbbpþac'kar . eKRtUvbeg, IteGaymanmUldð anrdð ZmµnuJ¦ ni gc|ab' ehIynigxñ atRtw mRtUv sMrab'RbCaZibetyürw gbw ugmYyEdleKnw gksag .

eKmi nKYryl'za eRkayBIkardYlrlMénrbbpþac'kar sg<md* lÁ mYynw g

elcecjeLIgPøamenaHeT . karEbkx©at'x©ayénrbbpþac'kar KW RKan'EtCadMNak'kardMbUgsMrab'ebIkkarxitxMBRgw gsg<m ni gbMeBjesckþ IRtUvkarrbs' mnusSeGay:nsmrmü enAeRkambri yakasmYy EdlmanesrIPaBCagmunEtb" ueNÑaH . bJØaneya:y esdðkic© ni gsg<mki c© d* Zán'Zá rnw genAmanbnþrab' qñaMeTAeT[t EdlCakartMrUveGaymankarshkarBImnusS ni gRkumTaMgGs' ~gkarrkdMeNaHRsay . RbB&nÆneya:yzµ IKYrEtpþl'OkaseGaymnusSTaMgBYg

EdlmanKMni t nigmeZüa:yepSg>Kñ a eTAbnþkargarsæ abna nigEpnkar GPivD¿n¾ edIm|IedaHRsaybJØaTaMgLay~geBlGnaKt .

karKMramkMEhgBIrbbpþac;karfµI

elak

GarIsþ Út (Aristotle)

:nRBmanCayUrmkehIyza ²çççrbbpþac'kar k* GacERbkøayeTACarbbpþac'karpgEdrççç³ .14 Psþ útagRbvtþ isaRsþCaeRcInBIRbeTs:raMg ‘BYkhSakU:Mg [Jacobins] ni gNab" UeLGug [Napoleon]’Ç rusSI ú ‘BYkbulesvIk [Bolsheviks]’Ç GI ur"g´ ‘Gsay"atUløas [Ayatollah]’ nigPUma‘BYkeyaZasøk [SLORC]’ ehIyni gTIepSgeT[t EdlmanGñ kxøHni gRkumxøHyl'za kardYlrlMénrbbCi HCan'mYy RKan'EtCaOkaseGayeKcUlCMnYseZV ICam© as'zµIEtb" ueNÑaH . eKRbEhlCamanbuBVehtuepSg>Kña b"uEnþlTÆpl enaH KW manlk¡N;Rbhak'RbEhlKña . rbbpþac'karzµ IenH RbEhlCaGac kan'Etsahav ehIyRtYtRtardðtw grw gCagrbbcas'eTAeT[t .

CYnkal munnwgrbbpþac'kardYlrlM smaCi kénrbbcas'RbEhl

14

GarIsþ Út ‘ Aristotle)

neya:y PaK

5 CMBUkTI

12 TMB&rTI

233 .



- 99 -99

Cal|g²kat'mux³karts) U tamry;rdð RbharEdleKer[bcMeLIg edIm|Iqk'yk eCaKC&yBIkarts) Uneya:yerIbRmHrbs'RbCaBlrdð . eKGacGHGagza eK :nrMlMrbbpþac'kar b" uEnþEmnETneTA eKeqø{tykOkastubEtgrbbcas' eGay

manCarUbPaBzµ IEtb"ueNÑaH .

karTb;sáat;rdæRbhar eKmanmeZüa:ymYycMnYn EdlGaceZV IeGayrdðRbharRbqaMgnw gsg<m

rMedaHzµ I TTYlbraC&y . CYnkal kardw gCamunGMBIkMlaMgkarBarenH Gacman

lk¡N;RKb'RKan' edIm|IraraMgmineGaymankarl|gEbbenH . karer[bcMCamunGacCYyeGaymankareC[svag .15

eRkayBIrdðRbhar:ncab'epþImPøam BYkbHe:reyaZazµ IRtUvkarPaBRtw m RtUvtamc|ab' KWkarTTYls<al'za eKmansi TÆi neya:ynigsi TÆ iRtwmRtUv edIm|IRKb'RKgrdð . dUecñH eKalkarN¾ CaRKw HsMrab'karBarRbqaMgnw grdðRbhar KW

karbdi esZmi neGayPaBRtw mRtUvtamc|abeTABYkbHe:reyaZaenH .BYkbHe:reyaZaenHRtUvkarpgEdreGayBYkGñ kdw knaMsI uvi lni gRbCaBl rdðKaMRT sæ i t~gPaBRcbUkRcbl' ßk*esá {msá at´ . BYkbHe:reyaZaRtUvkar shkarBIsMNak'BYkGñ kCMnajkar TIRbw kSa mRnþ Irdð:l ni gecARkm edIm|I BRgw gkarRtYtRtaeTAelIsg<mTaMgmUl . BYkbHe:rk*RtUvkareGaymnusSCaeRcIn Edlkan'kab'RbB&nÆneya:y sæ ab&nsg<mnana esdð kic© b" Uli s nigeyaZa cuHj"medaysáat'esá{m ehIybnþkargarrbs'eKCaZmµta eTAtambTbJ¢a ni gEpnkarrbs'BYkbHe:r .

eKalkarN¾ CaRKw HTI 2sMrab'karBar RbqaMgnw grdð Rbhar KW kartTl'

15 B&t( manbEnæ mGMBIkarts) URbqaMgnw grdð Rbhar sUmGan CIn sab karRbqaMgnwgrdðRbhar

‘bUsþ ún ma"saQUsi t

; vi Tüasæ anGal'bW t

GaMgsþaj qñ aM

2003’



- 100 -100

CamYynwgBYkbHe:reyaZa edayeRbIkarerIbRmH ni gminshkar . eKRtUvEt bdi esZmi neGayshkarni gCMnYyEdlBYkenHRtUvkar . CacaM:c' eKGaceRbI meZüa:yts) UEdleK:neRbIRbqaMgrbbpþac'karrYceTAehIy sMrabtTl'nw g

karKMramkMEhgzµ I

b" uEnþeKRtUvGnuvtþPøamCabnÞan'

.

Rbsi nebIKµ anPaBRtw mRtUvtam c|ab'ni gshkareTenaH rdð RbharRbEhlCasøab' edaykarbgÁ txagneya:y ehIyOkassMrab'ksagsg<mRbCaZi betyü k*GacmaneLIgvijEdr .

karRBagrdæFmµnuBaØRbB&nÆRbCaZi betyüzµ I tMrUveGaymanrdð ZmµnuJ¦mYy Edlbeg, IteGay

manRbB&nÆEdleKcg':nsMrab'rdð aPi :lRbCaZibetyü . rdð Zmµ nuj¦KYrkMNt' GMBIeKalbMNgénrdð aPi :l ni gdak'kMri tdl'GMNacrbs'rdð aPi :l meZüa:y ni geBlevlasMrab'kare:HeqñateRCIserIsRkumGñkeZVIc|ab'ni gmRnþ Irdðkar siTÆi CamUldðanénRbCaBlrdð ehIynigkarJkB&nÆrvagrdð aPi :lCati ni gRbB&nÆ

RKb'RKgzñak'xageRkamÉeT[t> .cMeBaHkarRKb'RKgCati Rbsi nebIeKcg'eGaymanRbCaZi betyü eKRtUv EtmankarEbgEckGMNaceGayc|as'las' rvagnIti bJ¦tiþ ‘RkumGñ keZV Ic|ab'’nItiRbti btþi ‘RkumGñ kykc|ab'eTAGnuvtþ’ ni gtulakar ‘RkumGñ kkat'kþ I’ . eK KYrEtbJ¢ÚlkarkMNt'y"agtw gEtg eTAelIskmµ PaBrbs'b" Uli s Pñ ak'garesI ub karN¾ sMgat' eyaZa edIm|IhamXat'mi neGayRkumTaMgenHmankarlUkLMtampø Úv c|ab'NamYyeTA~gvi s&yneya:y .

edIm|IkarBarlTÆ i RbCaZi betyü ni geC[svagcrnþni gmeZüa:ypþac'kar rdðZmµ nuJ¦KYrEter[bcMeGaymanCaRbB&nÆshB&nÆ EdlrkSaTukbuBVsi TÆ iCaeRcInsMrab'rdð aPi :lRbcaMtMbn'rdð epSg> nigkarRKb'RKgRsTab'eRkam . enA~gsæ ankarN¾ xøH eKGacBi ni tüemIlRbB&nÆRbeTssV Is EdlGnuJ¦ateGaytMbn'tUc>







- 103 -103

buBVsi TÆ i énrdðaPi :lRbcaMtMbn´ rdð ni gRsTabeRkam ni gsæ ab&neRkArdð aPi :l .CMerIsTaMgenHk* pþlEdrnUvmeZüa:ysMrabeGaymnusSmñ a ni gRkumepSg> sMEdgkarmi nsb|ayci tþyagxøaMgNamYy edaysnþ i vi ZI eTAelIbJØad* sMxanTaMgLay

EdlCYnkalGacCMrujRkumRbqaMgeGayeTArkePrvkmµ ßk* sRg<amqµ kéRB .KMnitTaMgLay~gkarBinitüviPaKGMBIneya:yerIbRmH ßk*karts)U Ghi gSaenH KW sMrabCYyGñk ßRkumTaMgLayNa EdlmanbMNgbM:tkarCiHCaneTAelIRbCaBlrdð ehIyni ger[bcMeGaymanRbB&nÆRbCaZi betyürw gbu w gEdleKarBesrIPaBmnusS ni gskmµ PaBrbs´RbCaBlrdð edIm|IeZV IeGaysg<m mandMeNIreC]nel]neTAmux .

eKmanesckþ Isnñ i dð ansMxan´>bI EdlelcecjBIKMnitTaMgenaH ÷• karrMedaHBIrbbpþackarCakarEdleKGaceZV IeTA:n• edIm|IsMerckarenH eKRtUveGaymankarRti Hri HedayRbugRby&tñ

nigEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ ehIy • eKRtUveGaymankartamdanedayhµ tct karxMxñ HExñ geZV Ikargar

nigkarts) URbkbedayvi n&y .JküEdleKZøabńiyayza ²esrIPaBminEmn:nmkedayesrIgay RsYl³ KW CaJküBit . Kµ ankMlaMgBIeRkANamYy nw geGaydlRbCaBlrdð Edlsæi tenAeRkamkarCiHCan´ nUvesrIPaBEdleKcg:nCaxøaMgenaHeLIy .RbCaBlrdð nw gRtUvEter[nsURtGMBIreb[b EdleKGacqkykesrIPaBenH eday

xø ÜnÉg . karenHminGacgayRsYleT .RbsinebIRbCaBlrdðGacyl:nGMBIGV IEdleKRtUvkar edIm|IrMedaHxø ÜneKenaH eKGacer[bcMCaEpnkarskmµPaB EdlenATIbMput tamry;karRbw gERbgyägxøaMg nw gGacnaMmknUvesrIPaBrbséK . bnÞab'mk CamYynw gkarRby&tñRbEyg eKGacksagCaRbB&nÆRbCaZi betyümYy ehIyer[bcMkic© karBarRbB&nÆenaHeGayKgvgSpgEdr . esrIPaBEdlQñ H:ntamkarts) U



- 104 -104

EbbenH Gacmanlk¡N;rw gbu w g . esrIPaBEbbenH nw gGacsæ itesæ r:n eday sarmanGñkEdlbþ Úrpþac'eTAelIki c© karBar ni gBRgIkBRgw gesrIPaBenHeGayenA CabnþeTAeT[t .



- 105 -105

]bsm<½n§

meFüa)ayénskmµPaBGhigSameFüa)aysMrab;karRbqaMgnwgkarENnaMedayGhigSa17

karsMEdgCapøvkar 1 sunÞrkzasaZarN;2 sMbuRtRbqaMg ßk* KaMRT3 esckþ IRbkasrbs'Gg<kar ni gsæ ab&nnana4 esckþ IEzøgkarN¾EdlmancuHhtæ elxa

5 karRbkasGMBIkarekItTuk¡minsuxci tþ

ni gskmµ PaBeTAGnaKt 6 kareZVIjti þCaRkumtUcßZM

TMnak'TMngCamYysaZarNCn 7 Baküesøak rUbKMnUr ni grUbsJ¦a8 bda pÞaMgpSay ni gTMnak'TMngtamrUbPaB9 xi tþb&NÑ niges[vePA

10 sarB&t( man nigTsSnavdIþ

17 bJ¢ IenH CamYyni gni ymn&yni góTahrN¾ Cak'Esþg Rsg'ecjes[vePA CIn sab neya:yénskmµPaBGhigSa PaKTI2 meZüa:yskmµPaBGhi gSa bUssþ ún ma"saQUsi t ; ptT&r saCi n qñ aM 1973 .





- 107 -107

karsg,t'sg,nelIbuK <l31 ²karlg³ BYkmRnþ Irdðkar ‘meZüa:ymYyEdleKedIrtamBYkmRnþ I

rdðkar ehIyrMlwkBYkenH GMBIGMeBIGsIlZm( rbseK~gkartam

bRg,abclnaGV ImYy . CY YnkaleKnaMKñ aedIrtammRnþ ITaMgenaHRKb TIkEnøg edIm|IrMlw kGMBIkarsV i tsVajrbs´RbCaBlrdð’32 karrukKYnmRnþI ‘pÞúynwgkar²lg³ EdleKeZV IeLIgedaysáat'esá{m

ni gézøzñ Úr ~gkrNIenH eKni yaycMGkbJÄW mRnþIrdðkarEdleZV Itam bJ¢aBIelI ’

33 kareRbIPaBsñ i TÆsñ al ‘pÞ úyBIkareZV IBhi kareKnaMKñ aeTAbgØajkarsñ i TÆ

sñ al cMeJHBYkTahan ni gb¨ Uli s edIm|IBnülGñ kTaMgenaHeGay yl´GMBIbuBVehturbséK’

34 karsURtZm( sµ wgsµ aZ¥

el¡annigePøg

35 qakkMEbøg ni gkarelgesIc 36 karsMEdgel¡an ni gePøg37 ceRm[g

karedIrdEgØ

38 karedIrCak|Ün39 karedIrCaRkum 40 k|Ünsasna41 kareZV IdMeNIreTAtMbnŃamYyedIm|IsMEdgkareKarB42 k|Ünm" UtU



- 108 -108

karrMl wkviJ ¦aNk¡nÆGñksøab ' 43 karkan'Tuk¡neya:y 44 karsMEdgeZV ICaBiZIbUCasB

45 BiZIbUCasBEdlmanlk¡N;Ca:tukmµ

‘~gsæankarN¾neya:y minsæ itesæ rmYy eBleZV IbuNüsB CaBiess enAeBldEgØk|ÜnsBGñ kEdlRtUveKeZV IXat~gkarts) U eKykOkasenHeTAsMEdgkarRbqaMgni gkardakéTas’

46 kareKarBsBenATI:¨qa

karRbCusaZarN; 47 ki c© RbCu M edIm|IRbqaMgßk*KaMRT48 karRbCu MRbqaMg49 karRbCu MRbqaMgedaylak:MgeKalbMNg ‘KW Caki c© RbCu MEdlRKan

EtmanrUbPaBza CakarRbCu MEdlmankarGnuJ¦atBIrbbpþackar’

50 kic©RbCuMRbqaMgtamreb[bbeRg[n ‘kic©RbCuMEbbenHmanlk¡N;RbhakRbEhlnw gki c© RbCu MeZV I:tukmµ b¨ uEnþenA~gOkasenH eKmanvaKµ i nEdlsuTÆEtCaGñkÉkeTsenA~gbJØa EdlJk'B&nÆ’

kardkxønnigkarbdiesZ

51 karedIrecj52 karenAesá {msá at' 53 karbdi esZmi nTTYlyss&kþ i 54 karEbrxñ gdak'mnusSßRkumNamYy



- 109 -109

meFüa)ayminshkarkñúgsgÁm

karbMePøcbuK <lNamYy 55 Bhi karBiess 56 Bhi karsg<m EdleKeRCIserIsTi sedA 57 Bhi kartamEbblIsI uRsþata‘ Lysistrata) ‘KW CakarEdlPriyanaMKña

mi nrYmrkSCamYysVamI’

58 karkat'kal´ ‘beNþjecjBIRkumsasnaNamYy’59 Bhi kartamEbbsasna ‘karsMercBüÜrkmµviZIbYgsYg~gRBHvi har ßvtþGaram’

karminshkar~gBiZI~gsg<m TMen[mTMlab' n igs æab&n60 karBüÜrskmµ PaBsg<m ßk* kILa61 Bhi karmi ncUlrYm~gki c© karsg<m 62 kUdkmµ rbs'ni si St 63 karminsþab'bg<ab'~gsg<m 64 kardkecjBIsæ ab&nsg<m

kardkxønecjBIRbB&nÆsg<m 65 karenA~gpÞHmi neTAeZV Ikar 66 karmi neZVIkarshkaredaypÞal'xø Ün67 karrt'ecjrbs'BYkkmµkr 68 kareTArkTICMrksuvtæi PaB







- 112 -112

meFüa)ayminshkaresdækic©¬2¦ kUdkmµ

kUdkmµCanimitþrUb 97 kUdkmµ RbqaMg98 karedIrecjBIkargarPøam>

kUdkmµksikmµ 99 kUdkmµ ksikr

100 kUdkmµ kmµ krERscMkar

kUdkmµrbs'RkumBiess

101 karbdiesZmineZV Ikarrbs'kmµ krEdleKbg¡ M 102 kUdkmµ Gñ keTas 103 kUdkmµsib|kr ‘KWCakUdkmµ rbs´RkumGñkeZVIkarenA~grbrsib|kmµ

NamYy ßk* enA~gRkumhagTMni j ~gtMbnŃamYy’104 kUdkmµ BYkGñkvi C¢aCIv;

kUdkmµósSahkmµZmµta 105 kUdkmµ enAtamRKw sæanCMnYj106 kUdkmµ eTAtamósSahkmµ nImYy>107 ósSahkmµ edaysmancitþ



- 113 -113

kUdkmµedaykMNt´ 108 kUdkmµ Zmµta ‘~gkUdkmµ EbbenH kmµ krnaMKñ aQbmþgmñakCabnþbnÞab

Kña ßk* eTArkkargarepSg rhUtTalEtnieyaCk:ndw gGMBIkarekIt

Tuk¡minsuxci tþ ni gkarTamTarrbs´kmµkr’109 kUdkmµ edaycMeJH ‘kUdkmµ enHmanlk¡N;dUckUdkmµ Zmµ ta b¨ uEnþ BYkshCIBeZV IkUdkmµ enA~gRkumh) unEtmYy EdlCakareZV IeGay Rkumh) unenHcajeRb[bRkumh) unRbkYtÉeT[t’

110 kUdkmµ BnüW tkargar 111 kUdkmµ EdlkMNtkargareTAtamk|ÜnsuTÆsaZ

112 karR:bnieyaCkzaQW eZV Ikarmi nekIt 113 kUdkmµ tamkarsu MlaElg114 kUdkmµ EdlmankMrit 115 kUdkmµ edayCMerIs

kUdkmµTakTgnwgósSahkmµeRcIn 116 kUdkmµ EdlkøayeTACaTUeTA ‘KW CakareZV IkUdkmµ enA~gósSahkmµ mYycMnYn edaysarmanbJØaCaTUeTA’

117 kUdkmµ TUeTA ‘KW CakUdkmµ Edlmanlk¡N;TUlMTUlay edIm|IeZV IeGay CIvPaBesdð kic© enA~gtMbnŃamYyCabKaMg’

karrYmbJ©lkUdkmµn igkarbiTskmµPaBesdðkic© 118 kUdkmµ hazul ‘ Hartal’ ‘karbi ThagTMni j’119 karbJÄbskmµ PaBesdð kic©



- 114 -114

meFüa)ayénkarmineFVIshkar

karbdiesZGMNacGaC\aZr 120 pÁ ak ßk*kardkecjPaBesµ aHRtg 121 karbdiesZmi neGaymankarKaMRTBIsaZarNCn122 sMeNrni gesckþ IEzøgkarN¾ CMrujeGaymankarRbqaMg

karminshkarrbsRbCaBlrdðCamYyrdðaPi:l 123 Bhi karenA~gnIti bJ¦tþi ‘rdð sPa RBw TÆsPa’124 Bhi karmi ncUleZVIkare:Heqñ at 125 Bhi karminTTYlkargarrdðkar 126 Bhi karmi nTak´TgnwgRksYgrdð aPi :lnana127 kardkecjBIsæ ab&nGbrMrbs´rdð aPi :l 128 Bhi karmi nTak´TgnwgGg<karNaEdlrdðaPi :lKaMRT129 bdiesZmi npþlCMnYydl´GñkEdlGnuvtþc|ab´ dUcCab¨ Uli sCaedIm 130 dkhUtykpøakrUbsJ¦asMKalepSg>rbsxø Ün EdleKZøabdakCYy

ENnaMsaZarNCn

131 bdi esZminTTYlmRnþ IraCkarEdleKcattaMg132 bdi esZminRBmrMlaysæab&nbc© úb|nñ

CMer IseRkABIkareZVtambg<ab ´ 133 kareZV Itambg<ab´TaMgeTIsTal´ ßk* yW tyäv



- 115 -115

134 karmineZV Itambg<ab´ enAeBlEdlKµanGñ ktamXøaMemIl 135 karmineZV Itambg<ab´ BIsMNak´RbCaBlrdð 136 karmi neZVItambg<abÉdleKEkøgmineGaydw g

137 karRbEkkmi nRBmbMEbkkic© RbCu M 138 karGg< úyenAmYykEnøg139 karmi nshkar~gkarcUleZV ITahan nigkarni reTs 140 karlakxø Ün eKcxø Ün ßk* eRbIb&NÑsMKalxø ÜnEkøgkøay 141 karmi neKarBtamc|abEdlKµ anlk¡N;Rtw mRtUv

skmµPaBedaymRnþrdðaPi:l 142 karRbEkkminTTYlCMnYyBIGñ kCMnYykarrdðaPi :l 143 eZV IeGayraMgsÞHExSbJ¢ a ni gB&t( man144 karbeg, ItóbsK<eGayyWtyav 145 karmineZV Ishkarrdð :lCaTUeTA

146 karmineZV IshkarCamYytulakar 147 kareZV IkaredayKµ anRbsi TÆPaB ni gkarmi nshkarxøHrbsBYkGnuvtþ c|ab

148 karbHe:r

skmµPaBrdðaP i:lenA~gRsuk 149 kareC[svag ßk*BnüaeBl Jk´B&nÆnw gkarGnuvtþn¾ c|ab 150 karmi nshkarrbsGg<PaBrdð aPi :l EdlJkB&nÆnwgGñke:Heqñ at

skmPaBrdðaPi:lelIépÞGnþrCati 151 karpøasbþ ÚrbuK<li kTUt



- 116 -116

152 BnüaeBl ßk*lubecalkmµ vi ZIkarTUt 153 karmi nRBmsMercTTYls<al´tamkarTUt 154 karpþaccMNgTUt

155 kardkxø ÜnecjBIGg<karGnþrCatinana156 karbdiesZmi neGaysmaCi kPaB~gGg<karGnþrCatiNamYy 157 karbeNþjecjBIGg<karGnþrCati NamYy

meFüa)ayénGnþraKmn_GhigSa

GnþraKmn¾tampøvcit þ 158 karsMdi lxøÜn ‘KW CakarsMEdgmti NamYytamkarsMdi lxø Ün eGay

QW cabrgTuk¡tamragkay dUcCakarsMdi lxø ÜneRkamkMedARBHGaTi tü’159 tMNmsIlZm( ‘KW CaEbbbTeZV IGnþraKmn¾ tampø Úvcitþ . ~gGMeBIenH

eKbdi esZmØ ÚbGahar edIm|IsMercnUveKalbMNgsg<mßneya:y NamYy’k- tMNmmi nTTYlsMJZsIlZm( x- kUdkmµ GtGahar K- tMNmtamEbbsatüaRkahV I‘ Satyagraphi’ ‘tamsasnahi NÐ Ú Edlmhatµ HKnÆ IGnuvtþ’

160 karkateTasbRJ© as ‘~gkrNIenH eKbþ ÚrtYnaTIrvagGyüakar ni gkUnkþ I~gkarkatéTasNamYy . BYkkUnkþ Inw gkøayeTACaGyüakar ehIyeKbEgVreGayeTACa:tukmµRbqaMgnw gGV ImYyeTAvij’

161 karrMxanGhi gSa



- 117 -117

GnþraKmn¾edaykayvikar 162 karGg< úyenAmYykEnøg163 karQrenAmYykEnøg ‘~gkrNIenH eKnaMKñ aQryägsáatesá {m

edaymansNþabZñ ab´ enAkEnøglksMbuRtNamYy ßTVarcUl kEnøgNamYyCaedIm edIm|ITi jsMbuRt ßcUlkEnøgenaH enAeBl eKmi nRBmlk´sMbuRt ßk* hamXatmi neGaycUl’

164 karCi HyanCMni HsaZarN;xuskEnøgkMNt´ ‘eKeRbImeZüa:yenHCaTUeTAenA~gshrdðGaemrik ~gTsvtS1960 RbqaMgnw gkarEbgEckkEnøgGg< úy sMrabBYkEs|ks ni gBYkEs|kexµ A enAtamyan

CMni HsaZarN;’165 kargUtTwkelIeqñrEdleKhamXat´ ‘enA~gRbeTsxøH eK:nEbg

EckeqñrsMrab´RbCaBlrdðsmuRTeTAtamBN( sm|úrEs|k’166 karkan´kab´TIkEnøg ‘RkumGñkRbqaMgcUleTA~gTIkEnøgmYyEdl

manni mi tþrUbsMxan´ JkB&nÆnw gkarekItTuk¡mi nsuxci tþrbséK dUcCa

kari yal&yGñ kEdleKRbqaMg . eKnw gRkajenATIenaHmYyry;eBl EdleKeRcInEtkMNt´TukCamun’167 karcUlbYgsYg~gRBHviharEdleKhamXat ‘enAkEnøgxøH BIedIm

eKEbgEck TIkEnøgsasnaeTAtamBN( sm|úr kEnøgxøHeT[t eKEbgEckvtþGarameTAtamKNbkSneya:y’

168 karcUllukluyedayGhi gSa169 karcUllukluytamGakasedayGhi gSa170 karcUlQøanJnedayGhi gSa171 karni yaykatßCaneKedayGhi gSa172 karbeg, ItóbsK<edayGhi gSa173 karcUlkan´kabédayGhigSa



- 118 -118

GnþraKmn¾xagsg<m 174 karer[bcMeGaymanlMnaMsg<mzµ I

175 kardakCMnYykareGayeRcInhYs 176 kareZVIeGaydMeNIrkaryW tya¨v ‘krNIenHeRcInEtJk´B&nÆeTAnw gbJØasg<m ßk* CMnYj’

177 karrMxanGg<RbCuM ‘KW CaRbePTBi essénkareZV IGnþraKmn¾ Ghi gSa enA eBlEdleKrMxankic©RbCuM karbYgsYg~gvtþGaram ßk*karRbCuM

epSg>eT[t’178 karelgel¡ancMGk ‘CaRbePTmYyeT[ténkareZV IGnþraKmn¾ sg<m EdlJkB&nÆeTAnw gkarsMEdgel¡an ßk* karsMEdgGV ImYy edIm|IrMxankarEzøgsunÞrkza sik¡asalaCaedIm’

179 sæ ab&nsg<mCaCMerIsepSgeT[t 180 RbB&nÆTMnak´TMngepSgeT[t

GnþraKmn¾esdðk ic© 181 kUdkmµ bRJ© as ‘KW Cakarbeg,IteGayman«TÆ iBlxagci tþsaRsþ .

~gkrNIenH kmµ kreZV IkarkanÉtxøaMgeLIg ehIyelIseBlevlaedayBu M:nkMérbEnæ m . eKeZV IenHedIm|ITamTareGayeLIgR:kEx

ehIynieyaCkBi :kbdi esZ .’182 kUdkmµ enAnw gkEnøg ‘~gkrNIenH kmµkrpÁ akkargar buEnþRkaj

mi neTApÞH ehIybdi esZmi nRBmecjBIkEnøgeZV Ikar rhUtdléK :nsMercdUcbMNg’

183 karrw bGUsdIedayGhi gSa

184 karrw gTTw gtTlńwgkarXatXaMg ‘enHKW CaTMnas´GnþrCati Edl



- 119 -119

RbeTsnImYy>RbEhlCacgdaksMJZneya:y tamkarraraMgmineGayGIvän´sMxanÉbbNamYy cUlRbeTsNa mYyeT[t .karrw gTTw g nigkarraraMgenH mineRbIkarKMramkMEhg ßk* kMlaMg

eyaZa

KW CameZüa:yGnþraKmn¾ xagesdð ki c© mYy

EdlRbeTsmYy eT[tGaccUlmkKaMRTRbeTsEdlkMBugrgeRKaH .’185 R:kEkøgkøayedaysarktþaneya:y 186 karTi jemÄ ‘karenHKW CakarGnþraKmn¾ mYyEbbEdlJkB&nÆnwg

karemÄTi jTMni jGV ImYy enA~gpSarGnþrCati edIm|IkuMeGayTMni jenHZøak´~gkNþabédsRtUv’

187 karrw bGUsykRTBüsm|tþ i 188 karlk«vän~gtMélezak>189 karrksIuedayCMerIs 190 pSarCMerIsÉeT[t 191 RbB&nÆdw kCJ¢ÚnÉeT[t

192 sæab&nesdði kic© CMerIsÉeT[t

GnþraKmn¾neya:y 193 bEnæmRbB&nÆrdð :leGayelIskMri t 194 karebIkmuxPñakgarsMgat´

195 karcgeGayeKdakKuk 196 karmi neKarBtamc|abEdl²GBüaRkw t³ ‘CaZmµ ta eKnaMKñ ami neKarBc|ab EdleKylzamanlk¡N;GsIlZm( ßxus . b uEnþ~gkrNI enH eKnaMKñ amineKarBc|abÉdleKylza mi nEmnCac|abxusß GsIlZm( GV IeT .’

197 karbnþkargaredayminshkar ‘~gkrNIenH mRnþ Irdð :lenAEt





- 121 -121

GMBIGñkniBn§

elak CIn sab bc© úb|nñCaGñksi kSaCanx¬sénviTüasæanGalbW t GajEsþn enATIRkugb) Usþ ún ‘ Boston’ énrdðma¨saQUsi t ‘ Massachusetts’ .elakmanbri J¦ab&Rt ni gmhabri J¦ab&Rt BIsklviTüal&yrdðGUéhy¨ U‘ Ohio’ni gbriJ¦ab&RtbNÐ it Epñ kRTwsþ Ineya:y BIsklvi Tüal&yGksVW t (Oxford)

‘RbeTsGgéKøs’ . elakk* :nTTYlEdrnUvsJ¦abR&tbNÐ itkitþ i ysxagc|ab BImhavi Tüal&yma¨nhattan´‘ Manhattan’ ni gbNÐ i txagkic© bMerImnusSZm( BI mhaviTüal&yrIev[r‘ Rivier ’ . elakCasaRsþacarü‘cUlni vtþn¾ ’énmuxvi C¢ avi TüasaRsþneya:y enAsklvi Tüal&yma¨saQUest daemat‘ Massachusetts

Dartmouth’ . elakk* :nbeRg[nEdr enAsklvi Tüal&yGUsø Ú‘ Oslo’

sklvi Tüal&yma¨saQUest~gRkugb) Usþ ún ehIyCaGñ kRsavRCavCi t 30qñ aM enAmCÄmNÐlsMrabbJØaGnþrCati énsklvi Tüal&yhavW t ‘ Harvard’ . es[vePA Edlelak:nsresrCaPasaGgeKøsmanCaGaT¥ neya:yénskmµPaB Ghi gSa ‘1973’Ç KnÆ I CaGñkyuTÆsaRsþneya:y ‘1979’Ç GM Nacsg<m nigesrI PaBneya:y ‘1980’Ç karmineZV IeGayeKRtYtGW r¨ ub:n ‘1985’ÇehIyni g ki c©karJrEdlecjBI raRsþ ; RbB& nÆGavuZeRkaysm& yeyaZa ‘1990’ . elakkMBugEter[bcMes[vePAsMxanmYyeT[t ‘2003’ karts) U Ghi gSa ; karGnuvtþn¾ stvtSTI 20 ni gplGnaKtstvtSTI 21 . sñ aédrbsélak:nRtUveKbkERbsMrYleTACag 30Pasa .



- 122 -122



GMBIGñkbkERb

Gw ug b) unGag bc© úb|nñ enHCasmaCi kRBw TÆsPaénRBHraCaNacRkkm¬ úCa .elakmanbriJ¦ab&RtxagesdðsaRsþ ‘ BEc’ BIsklvi Tüal&yeCmXuK ‘ James

Cook ’ ni gmhabri J¦ab&RtxagRKbRKgCMnYj‘ MBA’ BIsaklvi Tüal&yXV Insø i n‘ Queensland’ énRbeTsGURsþalI . ~grvagCag20qañMknøgeTAenH elak

manviC¢aCIv; ni gbTBi esaZn¾ kargarCaKNenyükrsaZarN; TIRbwkSaCMnYjni g :nc|abGnuJ¦atBIGaC\aZrGURsþalI eGayRbkbrbrCaTIRbw kSaxagcat´ EcgluykaksaZarNCn . ~gTsvtS1990 elak:nbeRg[nmuxvi C¢aRbvtþ i saRsþ nigvb|Zm( -Gri yZm( Exµr enAsklvi Tüal&ybec© keTsGarGi mGayZI ‘ RMIT University of Technology’ enA~gTIRkugEm¨lb)n . elakZøab´ eZV ICanaykénkmµ viZIvi TüúCaPasaExµ r RbcaMTIRkugEmlbYnénRbB&nÆpSayB&t( manBiessRbeTsGRsalI ‘SBS’ . elak: e: BmpSayTsS avdI ²Gk aM

From Dictatorship to Democracy, Khmer Version

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