From Conflict Prevention to Nation Rebuilding - The Civilian Role Mr. Cornelis (Kees) Mr. Cornelis (Kees) Steenken Steenken Senior Advisor DDR Senior Advisor DDR Swedish National Defence Swedish National Defence College College
Dec 17, 2015
From Conflict Prevention to Nation Rebuilding -
The Civilian Role
Mr. Cornelis (Kees) SteenkenMr. Cornelis (Kees) Steenken
Senior Advisor DDRSenior Advisor DDR
Swedish National Defence CollegeSwedish National Defence College
[email protected]@fhs.se
PEACE OPERATIONS:MULTI-DIMENSIONAL
Broad spectrum;Broad spectrum; prevention, mitigation, termination prevention, mitigation, termination
and recovery phases;and recovery phases; Multi-organizational;Multi-organizational; Multi-disciplinary;Multi-disciplinary;
SECTORS:
•Security;•Humanitarian Assistance;•Human Rights;•Law and Order – ROL;•Governance;•Development;•Industry & Economy
STAKEHOLDERS:
•National Governments•Local Community;•Regional Organizations;•Military;•Police;• International Organizations•NGO•Politicians and Diplomats;•Financial Institutions;•Business;•Transnational Corporations;•ICRC
Participants, Stakeholders and Sectors
Post Conflictspace
SSR
Social and Economic Reforms
Capacity BuildingInfrastructure Development
Humanitarian
DDRIFI
NGO´s
IO
Human Rights
UN Mission
Regional
Issues
Civil Society
• Gender
National Governmen
t
National Actors
Government (real, representative?)Government (real, representative?) Armed Groups, Armed Groups, Politicians and Diplomats. Politicians and Diplomats. Interlocutors for peace and political processesInterlocutors for peace and political processes National National Ministries and Ministries and Commissions on DDR Commissions on DDR
(NCDDR)(NCDDR) Civil societyCivil society CommunitiesCommunities
All need capacity building ….All need capacity building ….
•OCHA -- Coordination of OCHA -- Coordination of Information Information
•UNHCR -- Basic human needs and UNHCR -- Basic human needs and protection of refugees protection of refugees
•WFP -- FoodWFP -- Food
•UNICEF -- ChildrenUNICEF -- Children
•WHO -- HealthWHO -- Health
•UNHCHR -- Human RightsUNHCHR -- Human Rights
UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES IN PEACE OPERATIONS
United Nations;
UN in country MissionUN in country MissionMulti-AgencyMulti-AgencyCivilian, Military and PoliceCivilian, Military and Police
Integrated Training Section (DPKO) Integrated Training Section (DPKO) Merge of TES and CTSMerge of TES and CTSDoes in Mission training with a mix of Does in Mission training with a mix of
Military, Police and Civilian trainers. Military, Police and Civilian trainers.
REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)(OSCE)
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
Organization of American States Organization of American States (OAS)(OAS)
African Union African Union (AU)(AU)
Association of South East Asia Nations Association of South East Asia Nations (ASEAN)(ASEAN)
European UnionEuropean Union (EU)(EU)
DEALING WITH DIFFERENT NEEDS AFTER WAR
FORMER COMBATANTSIDPS
PEOPLE WHO STAYEDREFUGEES
COMMONGROUND
FOREIGNERS
POSSIBLE OUTCOMES
SUCCESSFUL RE/INTEGRATION
Community The key to successful reintegrationThe key to successful reintegration What have they gone through and what What have they gone through and what
are their reactions to former combatantsare their reactions to former combatants, , refugees and returneesrefugees and returnees??
Is forgiveness possible? Is forgiveness possible? Acceptance, co-existence, tolerance, Acceptance, co-existence, tolerance,
reconciliation? reconciliation? TimeTime
Lots of Actors – like Herding Cats
Peace Building Operations
These are too delicate, too expensive and These are too delicate, too expensive and fraught with many dangers as were again fraught with many dangers as were again made aware of through the tragic loss of made aware of through the tragic loss of more civilians and military in Iraq more civilians and military in Iraq yesterday. yesterday.
Transitional Justice /Law Enforcement Judicial System / Laws Human Rights Corrections International Courts and Tribunals Truth Commissions Community Rebuilding Individual Healing and Empowerment
Control of Belligerents Territorial Security Protection of Populace Protection of Key Individuals, Infrastructure, and Institutions Reform of Local Security Institutions - SSRRegional Security
National Constituting Processes Transitional Governance Executive Authority Legislative Strengthening Local Governance Transparency and Anti-Corruption Elections Political Parties Civil Society Media
Refugees & IDPs Food Security / Public Health Shelter / Educational System Social Safety Net Economic Strategy and Assistance Physical Infrastructure Employment Generation /Markets Legal and Regulatory Reform International Trade / Investment
Banking and Finance
Security
Social & Economic Well-being
Governance & Participation
Justice & Reconciliation
Adopted from: Post-Conflict Reconstruction Task Framework, Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and the Association of the United States Army (AUSA, 2002)
DDR Adapted by Anton Baaré
and Kees Steenken
Roles of Civilians Very Broad range Very Broad range of rolesof roles
EU focus on EU focus on four priority areas of Civilian Crisis four priority areas of Civilian Crisis Management: Management: Policing, Rule of Law, Civil Policing, Rule of Law, Civil Administration and Civilian Protection Administration and Civilian Protection
They need to have at a minimum some basic, They need to have at a minimum some basic, culturally appropriate, comprehensive training culturally appropriate, comprehensive training packagepackage
Where do they get the knowledge and skills
On the ground or OJTOn the ground or OJT Academic InstitutionsAcademic Institutions Peacekeeping training CentresPeacekeeping training Centres
EU Group on TrainingEU Group on Training IAPTCIAPTC Eg SWEDINT and Peaceworkers UKEg SWEDINT and Peaceworkers UK Specialty Courses – DDR, CIMIC, ROLSpecialty Courses – DDR, CIMIC, ROL
Exercises and scenario based training Exercises and scenario based training Self Study Self Study
Need for training opportunities We need to sustain and even reinforce training We need to sustain and even reinforce training
centres , their courses as well as the pre-mission centres , their courses as well as the pre-mission training so as to maximize our effectiveness on the training so as to maximize our effectiveness on the ground. ground.
We should encourage donors to mandate that We should encourage donors to mandate that some of the allocated funds be used for training some of the allocated funds be used for training and capacity building of new staff and continuing and capacity building of new staff and continuing education of those who have the hard won education of those who have the hard won experiences. experiences.
Civilians should be encouraged and funded to Civilians should be encouraged and funded to attend military training exercises as it attend military training exercises as it improves improves realism and realism and benefits all partiesbenefits all parties. .
Lesson Learned? Need to write and outline what we didNeed to write and outline what we did Need to share this information openly not just Need to share this information openly not just
park it on desks or behind unrealistic security park it on desks or behind unrealistic security constraints constraints
Clear details of Monitoring and EvaluationClear details of Monitoring and Evaluation so as so as to be self critical and ito be self critical and improve capacity, mprove capacity, interoperability and efficiency in the fieldinteroperability and efficiency in the field
Needs to be better coordination and cooperation Needs to be better coordination and cooperation between all elements in missionsbetween all elements in missions
Summary
Civilian roles are varied and multiple Civilian roles are varied and multiple They are present in every sector of the post They are present in every sector of the post
conflict space and the rebuilding of a conflict space and the rebuilding of a shattered country shattered country
They like the militaries need to be trained They like the militaries need to be trained educated educated