Revolution Revolution Why did the Why did the French French Revolution Revolution occur? occur?
Jan 19, 2016
French RevolutionFrench RevolutionWhy did the French Why did the French Revolution occur?Revolution occur?
King Louis XVIKing Louis XVI
Married age 15Married age 15Crowned age 19Crowned age 19 IntrovertedIntrovertedUninterested in governmentUninterested in government
Queen Marie AntoinetteQueen Marie Antoinette
Princess and Princess and Archduchess of the Archduchess of the Hapsburgs house Hapsburgs house of Austria of Austria
Married at age 14Married at age 14 Lavish in dress Lavish in dress
“Madame Deficit”“Madame Deficit” Scandals Scandals
GovernmentGovernment
General Estates-General Estates-First Estate-Roman Catholic clergy (1% First Estate-Roman Catholic clergy (1%
pop.)pop.)Second Estate-Nobility (2% of pop.)Second Estate-Nobility (2% of pop.)Third Estate (97 %) -Bourgeoisie, Third Estate (97 %) -Bourgeoisie,
Artisans, PeasantsArtisans, PeasantsBourgeoisie-Middle class people (Doctors, Bourgeoisie-Middle class people (Doctors,
Lawyers, Merchants)Lawyers, Merchants)
EstatesEstates
Clergy
Nobles
5-10%
Owned 25% of land
BourgeoisiBourgeoisieeArtisansArtisans
PeasantsPeasantsOwned 40% of
land
Causes of French RevolutionCauses of French Revolution
CausesCausesSeven Years War (King Louis XV)Seven Years War (King Louis XV) (French and Indian War)(French and Indian War)
National debtNational debt
Enlightenment ideas- “Social Contract”Enlightenment ideas- “Social Contract” John Locke John Locke Jean-Jacques RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau
CausesCauses
CausesCausesAmerican RevolutionAmerican RevolutionCrop failuresCrop failures
Bread ShortagesBread Shortages
King Louis XVI calls Estates GeneralKing Louis XVI calls Estates GeneralNeeds money for debtNeeds money for debtEstates General must voteEstates General must vote
The National Assembly The National Assembly B2B2
June 17, 1789June 17, 1789Third Estates created Third Estates created
new governing bodynew governing body
Tennis Court Oath-Tennis Court Oath--Wrote Constitution-Wrote Constitution
Storming the BastilleStorming the Bastille
Bastille-Prison in Paris Bastille-Prison in Paris Symbol of monarch’s power.Symbol of monarch’s power.
July 14, 1789 riot and took over the July 14, 1789 riot and took over the BastilleBastilleCommon People Common People Sign King was losing powerSign King was losing power
The Great FearThe Great FearRebellion spreads to the countrysideRebellion spreads to the countryside
Women’s CryWomen’s Cry
Women's march on VersaillesWomen's march on Versailles mobbed and armedmobbed and armedFighting for breadFighting for breadForced King to return to Paris and Forced King to return to Paris and
deal with the peopledeal with the people
StopStop
Declaration of the Rights of Declaration of the Rights of ManMan
Slogan of French Revolution: Slogan of French Revolution:
““Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”-RousseauLiberty, Equality, Fraternity”-Rousseau• Modeled after U.S. Declaration of Modeled after U.S. Declaration of
IndependenceIndependenceReadRead• Written by Marquis de Lafayette with Written by Marquis de Lafayette with
help of Thomas Jeffersonhelp of Thomas Jefferson• https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXsZbkt0yqo
Church and StateChurch and State
National Assembly National Assembly confiscates and confiscates and sells off church lands to pay for sells off church lands to pay for government debtgovernment debt
Civil Constitution of the ClergyCivil Constitution of the ClergyClergy elected Clergy elected Government employeesGovernment employees
Weakens power of Catholic ChurchWeakens power of Catholic Church
The Almost Great EscapeThe Almost Great Escape
Royal Family attempts to escape Royal Family attempts to escape FranceFrance
Caught near the boarder at Caught near the boarder at Varennes, Fr.Varennes, Fr.
Call for HelpCall for Help
Declaration of PillnitzDeclaration of Pillnitz -Austria and -Austria and Prussia willing to aide French royal Prussia willing to aide French royal familyfamily Austrian Emperor Leopold II is Queen’s brotherAustrian Emperor Leopold II is Queen’s brother
French response: Declared war on French response: Declared war on AustriaAustria
What did the European countries fear?What did the European countries fear?
What to do with the King?What to do with the King?
Quick Write 2 minutesQuick Write 2 minutesReview the ideas debated last weekReview the ideas debated last weekShare outShare out
September MassacresSeptember Massacres
Aug 1792Aug 1792Paris mobs attack and kill nobles and Paris mobs attack and kill nobles and
priests whom they accused of political priests whom they accused of political crimescrimes
Radicals take over the National Radicals take over the National AssemblyAssemblyCall for new constitutionCall for new constitution
New ConstitutionNew Constitution
Constitutional monarchyConstitutional monarchy
Factions* Factions* (Define) (Define) within the Assemblywithin the AssemblyRoyalist (e’migre’s)-nobles wanted to Royalist (e’migre’s)-nobles wanted to
restore monarchyrestore monarchySans – Culottes Sans – Culottes (“those without knee (“those without knee
breeches”)breeches”) “common people” upper middle “common people” upper middle class Bourgeoisie who wanted to have class Bourgeoisie who wanted to have influence within the government influence within the government (Radicals/mobs)(Radicals/mobs)
The French RepublicThe French Republic
National Convention (Sept. 1792)National Convention (Sept. 1792)
Wrote first democratic constitutions Wrote first democratic constitutions (another one)(another one)Monarchy abolishedMonarchy abolishedExtend vote to all males with or without Extend vote to all males with or without
propertyproperty
Metric systemMetric system
New calendarNew calendar
FactionsFactions
Jacobins vs. GirondistsJacobins vs. Girondists
Girondists – moderates, felt Revolution Girondists – moderates, felt Revolution went too farwent too farMiddle classMiddle class
Jacobins – radicalJacobins – radical““Mountains” – most radical JacobinsMountains” – most radical Jacobins
Calls for the execution of the KingCalls for the execution of the King
Political LeadersPolitical Leaders
Maximilien Maximilien RobespierreRobespierre
JacobinJacobin LawyerLawyer Most Controversial Most Controversial
figure of the French figure of the French RevolutionRevolution
National Convention: National Convention: Committee of Public Committee of Public SafetySafety
Marquis de Lafayette Marquis de Lafayette GirondistGirondist Military commander in Military commander in
America during America during American RevolutionAmerican Revolution
Wrote: Wrote: Declaration of Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Rights of Man and of Citizensof Citizens
Political LeadersPolitical Leaders
Georges Danton-Georges Danton- Jacobin Jacobin New Republics: New Republics:
Minister of JusticeMinister of Justice
Jean-Paul MaratJean-Paul Marat JacobinJacobin National Convention National Convention
membermember ““Friend of the People” Friend of the People”
–public paper–public paper
Hated by GirondistsHated by Girondists
OFF WITH HIS HEAD!OFF WITH HIS HEAD!
Jan. 1793 King Louis XVI was Jan. 1793 King Louis XVI was beheadedbeheaded
Tried before the National Convention Tried before the National Convention and convicted of conspiring against the and convicted of conspiring against the liberty of the nationliberty of the nation
The Reign of TerrorThe Reign of Terror
WARWAR
France vs. Austria, Prussia, Great France vs. Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Holland, Spain (1793)Britain, Holland, Spain (1793)
National Convention instituted draft National Convention instituted draft 18-25 army18-25 armyFirst draft on European continentFirst draft on European continent
1796 French armies commanded by 1796 French armies commanded by young Napoleon Bonaparteyoung Napoleon Bonaparte
Reign of TerrorReign of Terror
Revolution gone bad!Revolution gone bad!
The Committee of Public The Committee of Public SafetySafety
Created by National ConventionCreated by National Convention DutiesDuties
Draft people into the armyDraft people into the army Famous Leaders : Danton, Marat, RobespierreFamous Leaders : Danton, Marat, Robespierre
RobespierreRobespierre used committee to get rid of enemies of the causeused committee to get rid of enemies of the cause
Took control of National Convention so Took control of National Convention so The The Committee of Public SafetyCommittee of Public Safety had more power had more power
Dictator powerDictator power
Reign of TerrorReign of Terror
July 1793-July 1794July 1793-July 1794 Committee Public Committee Public SafetySafety
Lead by RobespierreLead by Robespierre
GuillotinedGuillotinedEnemies of the RepublicEnemies of the Republic
40,000+ people executed 40,000+ people executed DantonDantonMarie AntoinetteMarie Antoinette
Jean Paul MaratJean Paul Marat JacobinJacobin
Spoke out with Spoke out with “Friend of the “Friend of the People”People”
Killed in his bathtubKilled in his bathtubStabbed by Stabbed by
Charlotte Corday Charlotte Corday – Girondist– Girondist
Was Was guillotined for guillotined for death of Maratdeath of Marat
Terror turns inwardTerror turns inward
DantonDanton Charged with trying Charged with trying
to over throw the to over throw the governmentgovernment
Charged by radicalsCharged by radicals
GiullotinedGiullotined
Robespierre and Robespierre and followers guillotinedfollowers guillotined Arrested and Arrested and
convicted by the convicted by the National ConventionNational Convention
Public Safety Public Safety committee committee dismantleddismantled
Jacobin clubs closedJacobin clubs closed
Napoleon Napoleon
The DirectoryThe Directory
1795-17991795-1799 New Legislative body “The Directory”New Legislative body “The Directory”
Two house parliamentTwo house parliamentExecutive head 5 menExecutive head 5 men
New ConstitutionNew ConstitutionOnly upper middle class men could vote Only upper middle class men could vote
only 20,000 menonly 20,000 men
Army put down riots under leadership of Army put down riots under leadership of NapoleonNapoleon
Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon Bonaparte
Commander of French forces fighting Commander of French forces fighting the Austrians in Italythe Austrians in Italymoved up through the ranksmoved up through the ranks
Marriage helped his statusMarriage helped his status
Improved soldiers conditionsImproved soldiers conditionsGains soldiers supportGains soldiers support
Coup d e’tatCoup d e’tat
BackgroundBackgroundNapoleon in Egypt fighting the BritishNapoleon in Egypt fighting the British
Defeated at the Battle at the NileDefeated at the Battle at the NileFlees back to ParisFlees back to ParisHero’s welcome the peopleHero’s welcome the people
CoupCoupNapoleon and armed soldiers march into Napoleon and armed soldiers march into
the Directory kick out legislatorsthe Directory kick out legislatorsThe new Reign beginnings The new Reign beginnings
Napoleon’s FranceNapoleon’s France
1799 Napoleon’s Dictatorship1799 Napoleon’s DictatorshipRestoring OrderRestoring Order
Napoleon appoints officersNapoleon appoints officersBank of FranceBank of France
Everyone pays taxesEveryone pays taxesMade business loansMade business loansControlled inflationControlled inflation
Created SchoolsCreated SchoolsSecondary schools, Technical schools, UniversitiesSecondary schools, Technical schools, Universities(step towards public schools)(step towards public schools)
Napoleon’s FranceNapoleon’s France
Napoleonic Code-Napoleonic Code-Enlightenment ideas thatEnlightenment ideas that all citizens all citizens
were equal before the lawwere equal before the lawReligious toleranceReligious toleranceState more important than the individualState more important than the individual
Limited freedom of speechLimited freedom of speechCensorshipCensorshipWomen’s rights limited Women’s rights limited (Men were head of (Men were head of
house)house)
Napoleon’s FranceNapoleon’s France
The ChurchThe ChurchMade peace with Catholic ChurchMade peace with Catholic Church
Napoleon still appointed bishops and paid Napoleon still appointed bishops and paid clergyclergy
Pope forgave Pope forgave
taken church lands taken church lands
Emperor NapoleonEmperor Napoleon
1804 named himself Emperor1804 named himself Emperor Crowned himselfCrowned himself
Road to Napoleonic Europe Road to Napoleonic Europe France vs. Great Britain, Austria, Spain, Italy, (Russia)France vs. Great Britain, Austria, Spain, Italy, (Russia)
Trade, ports, and economicsTrade, ports, and economicsconquered: Spain, Italy, “Germany”conquered: Spain, Italy, “Germany”
Attempts: Russia and Great Britain Attempts: Russia and Great Britain
Lessons not learned from History are bound to Lessons not learned from History are bound to be repeated-Who did not learn their history?be repeated-Who did not learn their history?
Napoleon’s Down FallNapoleon’s Down Fall
Napoleonic Wars 1799-1815Napoleonic Wars 1799-1815French fighting since Declaration of War on French fighting since Declaration of War on
Austria in 1792Austria in 1792 Invasion of RussiaInvasion of Russia
600,000 soldiers from all over Europe600,000 soldiers from all over EuropeRussia “Scorched Earth policy”Russia “Scorched Earth policy”Russian Winter, no food, no shelterRussian Winter, no food, no shelter400,000 soldiers die 400,000 soldiers die
(wounds, starvation, exposure)(wounds, starvation, exposure)
Napoleon’s Down FallNapoleon’s Down Fall March 1814 Napoleon forced to surrenderMarch 1814 Napoleon forced to surrender
Foreign monarch’s return France toForeign monarch’s return France to
King King Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI)Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI)
Napoleon exiled Napoleon exiled to Elba, off Italyto Elba, off Italy Raises an army and comes back as EmperorRaises an army and comes back as Emperor Defeated at Waterloo, by British Defeated at Waterloo, by British
Exiled Exiled to the island of Saint Helena under house to the island of Saint Helena under house arrest arrest
Dies 1821Dies 1821
You DecideYou Decide
NapoleonNapoleon
Tyrant or Unifier?Tyrant or Unifier?