1 French baroque lute duets in the seventeenth-century A very vague title indeed ! In my presentation, I will try to define and develop each of the elements constituting this title. 1/ Lute duets : Lute duets in the second half of the 17th century were not really duets, but most of the time they were solo pieces to which a "contrepartie" was added, often composed by another musician. If we refer to Furetière's dictionary (1690) we read this definition of contrepartie : s.f. Terme de Musique, qui se dit de deux parties opposées. Le dessus et la basse sont deux contreparties. The practice consisting in writing a second part for a pre-existing piece is not new in the period we are interested in. As early as the sixteenth century it was common practice to do so and a few examples even found their way to the printer's : Johannes Matelart's second lute parts for a few of Francesco da Milano's Fantasies or Ricercars are nothing but "contreparties", with the advantage that we do know the names of both musicians, the original composer and the one who composed a complementary part, which is far from being the rule for later duets. Another early example of this type of composition is Dowland's My Lord Willoughby's Welcome Home. The original solo piece is found in the Folger Dowland Ms (US-Ws, Ms. V.b.280; c.1590) and the additional part to make up a duet is in the ‘Sampson’ (formerly ‘Tollemache’) lute book (GB-Lam, MS 602; c.1609). Was the contrepartie composed by Dowland himself or not, it is impossible to say. Anyway, contrary to renaissance duets, not a single baroque duet reached the printer's shop and all are preserved in manuscript form. In a very small number of duets, both parts seem to have been composed and written by the same person, but it is far from being the rule as will be shown later on. For example the duets by Johann Gumprecht and Mercure, kept in the Jagiellonska Library in Krakow, Mus. ms. 40637, form an entire but small - 9 pages - volume of pieces written in the same hand and presented on facing pages, exactly like the duets copied in Rome by Julien Blovin in volume V of the Goëss collection from Schloss Ebenthal in Austria, among which we find the C minor suite by François Dufaut. There are also 7 duets copied by a single scribe on consecutive pages in the Swedish manuscript, Kalmar 21072. Another interesting contributor to this particular form is Thomas Mace. As you all know, his treatise Musick's Monument , published in 1676, is a precious source, and we must keep in mind that Mace was indeed trying to convey information about much older practices in general. On pages 121 and 125 we read the following information : I was desired by some of My Scholars, to make another Part, to Play at the same time with That my Mistress upon another Lute : Whereupon I Set This next Lesson : and It is so made, that It is both a Consort Lesson, (to the former, upon another Equal Lute) and does pass also for a Lone-Lesson, and call'd often the 2d. Part, or Part of My Mistress. (p. 125) In the use of This Lesson, you must Note Two Things especially. The first is, That if at anytime you Play it in Consort, (with that other) Those Two last Notes of the Fourth Barr, and the Three First of the Fifth Barr, may be left unplayed, (which thing we call Resting) because They are the very same Notes, in that place, of the foregoing lesson; so that although It will
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1
French baroque lute duets in the seventeenth-century
A very vague title indeed ! In my presentation, I will try to define and develop each of the
elements constituting this title.
1/ Lute duets :
Lute duets in the second half of the 17th century were not really duets, but most of the time
they were solo pieces to which a "contrepartie" was added, often composed by another
musician. If we refer to Furetière's dictionary (1690) we read this definition of contrepartie :
s.f. Terme de Musique, qui se dit de deux parties opposées. Le dessus et la basse sont deux
contreparties.
The practice consisting in writing a second part for a pre-existing piece is not new in the
period we are interested in. As early as the sixteenth century it was common practice to do so
and a few examples even found their way to the printer's : Johannes Matelart's second lute
parts for a few of Francesco da Milano's Fantasies or Ricercars are nothing but "contreparties",
with the advantage that we do know the names of both musicians, the original composer and
the one who composed a complementary part, which is far from being the rule for later duets.
Another early example of this type of composition is Dowland's My Lord Willoughby's
Welcome Home. The original solo piece is found in the Folger Dowland Ms (US-Ws, Ms.
V.b.280; c.1590) and the additional part to make up a duet is in the ‘Sampson’ (formerly
‘Tollemache’) lute book (GB-Lam, MS 602; c.1609). Was the contrepartie composed by
Dowland himself or not, it is impossible to say. Anyway, contrary to renaissance duets, not a
single baroque duet reached the printer's shop and all are preserved in manuscript form.
In a very small number of duets, both parts seem to have been composed and written by the
same person, but it is far from being the rule as will be shown later on. For example the duets
by Johann Gumprecht and Mercure, kept in the Jagiellonska Library in Krakow, Mus. ms.
40637, form an entire but small - 9 pages - volume of pieces written in the same hand and
presented on facing pages, exactly like the duets copied in Rome by Julien Blovin in volume
V of the Goëss collection from Schloss Ebenthal in Austria, among which we find the C
minor suite by François Dufaut. There are also 7 duets copied by a single scribe on
consecutive pages in the Swedish manuscript, Kalmar 21072.
Another interesting contributor to this particular form is Thomas Mace. As you all know, his
treatise Musick's Monument, published in 1676, is a precious source, and we must keep in
mind that Mace was indeed trying to convey information about much older practices in
general. On pages 121 and 125 we read the following information :
I was desired by some of My Scholars, to make another Part, to Play at the same time with
That my Mistress upon another Lute : Whereupon I Set This next Lesson : and It is so made,
that It is both a Consort Lesson, (to the former, upon another Equal Lute) and does pass also
for a Lone-Lesson, and call'd often the 2d. Part, or Part of My Mistress. (p. 125)
In the use of This Lesson, you must Note Two Things especially. The first is, That if at anytime
you Play it in Consort, (with that other) Those Two last Notes of the Fourth Barr, and the
Three First of the Fifth Barr, may be left unplayed, (which thing we call Resting) because
They are the very same Notes, in that place, of the foregoing lesson; so that although It will
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be no Discord, (if Played) yet It is not accounted Handsom to Play the same Thing upon 2
several Instruments, Consort-wise, at the same time.
But when It is Played as a Lone-Lesson, Those Notes are very Proper, and Fit Aire, to come
in, in That Place, in Reference to the Retort in the next Two Barrs following.
But when It is Played, as a Part-Lesson to the other Lute, It is more Ample and Modish, to
Rest Them 5 Notes, (The other Lute then Playing Them) for that the 2 Lutes will Retort, and
Answer one the other much more compleatly, in the same Kind, or Humour. (p. 125)
This passage shows two things : it was then considered a normal thing and it was a common
practice to add an extra part to an existing solo and it also sheds light on a more technical
point regarding voice leading and the possibility of "resting" one of the two lutes to avoid
doubling. One may wonder if this advice - which I did not find elsewhere - was relevant to a
larger repertoire...
Most of the time, it is a sort of "hide and seek" game to find corresponding parts in different
manuscripts. There is a noticeable occurrence of a whole manuscript devoted to second lute
parts or "contreparties". Formerly Danzig Stadtbibliothek MS 4230, now in the possession of
the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, in Berlin, this huge manuscript
includes 93 pieces spreading on 97 folios (i.e. 194 pages) including a few parts for what
clearly seems to be unequal lutes. The manuscript is accessible online. A link to that effect
can be found on the incredibly useful site put up by Peter Steur and Markus Lutz and thanks
to the concordances they give on their site more than 60 duets can be identified and
reconstructed from this source !
Now is certainly the moment to acknowledge the fantastic work done by Peter Steur (who
compiled a data base of most available baroque lute manuscripts and concordances) and
Markus Lutz (responsible for the web presentation and also for a lot of concordances). Their
site (http://mss.slweiss.de) is a real mine and was the basis of our research in building up this
programme.
Other people, who have contributed manuscripts, concordances, incipits, ideas, editions, etc.
must be thanked here too (in alphabetical order) : Richard Civiol, Tim Crawford, Christoph
Dalitz, François-Pierre Goy, Peter Rauscher, Andreas Schlegel, Arto Wikla and they all
greatly deserve to be thanked here for their various and rich contributions.
With the help of this internet site and the growing number of sources available online we can
now get a fairly precise picture of the repertoire for two lutes in the baroque period.
As the different parts making up duets are usually preserved in very distant sources, it seems
it could be a good idea to give a selected list of the sources from which lute duets can be
directly reconstructed. Such a list, although not a comprehensive one, will be presented as the
final appendix to this talk.
2/ French baroque lute duets :
The concept of "French" lute duets needs a bit of clarification. Actually the vast majority of
contreparties are not to be found in French sources and yet the duets resulting from this
combination do qualify as French lute duets.
3
The earliest examples of lute duets with a contrepartie comes from England ! William Lawes
composed such a second part to complete an allemande by René Mésangeau. This
"Alemande", was published in Paris by Ballard in 1638, and it appears in a number of Bristish
manuscript sources as well. Mésangeau, who visited England in 1631, seems to have been
quite well-known and appreciated there and in Scotland too, judging by the number of
Scottish sources. There are several Bristish manuscripts preserving pieces by him and some of
them are written in his own hand. Mésangeau died in 1638, so Lawes's contrepartie can be
dated about that time, no later than 1640. There are also two corants after the alman, forming
a short suite, but the corants seem to have been composed by him entirely. At least no
cognates have been found so far. These pieces are written for two twelve-course lutes, the so-
called "French lute", and are written in one of the transitional tunings flourishing about that
time, before the D minor tuning imposed itself.
French sources containing duets or contreparties are very scarce indeed. I can only name
three manuscripts including some pieces for two baroque lutes :
The very famous and important manuscript Vaudry de Saizenay, presently kept in the public
library in Besançon includes only 3 duets (partie and contrepartie) and some 14 pieces with a
known contrepartie in other manuscripts.
Another manuscript in Aix-en-Provence, known as Aix/m17 includes 3 duets and 4 parts with
known contreparties elsewhere.
Finally, Ms. 675 in Paris includes 1 duet on the Folies d'Espagne.
That is a really modest contribution to the repertoire of so-called French baroque lute duets !
This practice of adding a contrepartie to an existing piece was much more popular, it seems,
in the Germanic lands, namely Northern and Northeastern Europe. The bulk of manuscripts
including contreparties or duets comes from Germany, Austria, Poland, Sweden and what is
now the Czech Republic.
These countries cover the area where, in the seventeenth-century, French culture was
dominant and the elite of these countries were taught and spoke French. Some of them were
French immigrants or religious refugees, like, for instance, Philipp Franz Lesage de Richée,
who was quite probably a student of Charles Mouton and who quoted Dufaut in some of his
pieces.
A study by Tim Crawford published as one of the contributions to the symposium "Luth et
Luthistes en Occident", held in Paris in 1998, was entitled "The historical importance of
François Dufaut and his influence outside France". It demonstrates very clearly the French
influence in all the German speaking countries and beyond in the 17th century.
People like Johann Anton Losy, in Prague, adopted the French style but contributed to its
evolution from the broken texture (style brisé) typical of the French manner towards a more
distinct treble - bass structure which became the brand mark of the German style in the 18th
century and led Ernst Gottlieb Baron to a very partisan conclusion when he wrote about the
lute in France :
With regard to the characteristics of the French, they too often change voices, so that one
cannot even recognize the melody, and, as already mentioned, there is little cantabile to be
found, particularly because they regard it as very fashionable to brush back chords on the
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lute with the right hand, just as on the guitar; a constant hopping around is required to give
spirit and life to the pieces. I have also observed that they consider it delicate to use the deep
basses very little, preferring instead the middle range. This is to say nothing of the simple
melodies I often hear. But one does find a few pieces that are rather well composed...
(Study of the Lute / Untersuchung des Instruments der Lauten, 1727 - transl. Douglas Alton
Smith; Instrumenta Antiqua Publications : Redondo Beach, California, 1976; p. 77 (p.87 in
the original)
So, it is fairly evident that there was a chasm separating the French supremacy up to 1680 and
the gradually stronger influence of the German composers in the first decades of the 18th
century. The French influence is quite obvious in the 1695 publication of Lesage de Richée's
Cabinet der Lauten, where the frontispiece of the printed volume showed angels lifting a
curtain, behind which appeared four books with the names Mouton, Dufaut, Gaultier; Losy,
the Bohemian composer was particularly distinguished by having his name appear on the
volume placed at the top. Thus the filiation is made clear !
Emil Vogl, probably the best specialist on Losy, wrote that [his] precise knowledge of the
broken Parisian style testifies to intimate acquaintance with the art of this center of the at-
that-time new lutenistic art. Whether his model was Charles Mouton, Dufaut, or another
student of Gaultier cannot be determined. (JLSA, vol. XIII, 1980)
Anyway, in 1727, Baron - again - with a despising remark, brushes the French lute school
aside with this unambiguous declaration that In regard to the lute, the French have not
accomplished much in particular. Their most famous masters are Gaultier (we do not know
which one) who is considered to be one of the earliest, although he wrote his pieces for our
present-day lute. Mouton and Dufaut followed their own genius and neglected the cantabile
element...(Untersuchung, p. 85/ transl. DAS, p. 75).
It seems reasonable to say that the so-called French style, or style brisé, died away about that
time, in the first quarter of the 18th century, to be supplanted by the emerging German
cantabile lute school, but that is another story !
3/ 17th century :
In fact, the period concerned by the development of this particular contrepartie technique
covers about 60 years, from c. 1640 to c.1700. I did not take into account the duets of the
early 17th century composed in Renaissance tuning or vieil ton. This includes the handful of
printed duets by Jean-Baptiste Besard from 1603 and 1617.
To my knowledge there is no other duet published or copied before the short suite, Alman and
2 Corants, written by William Lawes in the Mesangeau tuning (Oxford, Bodleian Library,
Mus. Sch. B 2, p. 86, with the mention For 2 Lutes at the top of the piece) and the Allemande
in Flat French tuning at the end of the Sturt Lute Book (also known as The M.L. lute book, c.
London, British Library, Additional MS 38539, f° 33v. These duets are for two 12 course
lutes, the emblematic instrument of Great Britain which was often called the French lute
because it was supposedly initiated by the French Jacques Gaultier who had fled France to
England after killing a man. Although this type of lute crossed the Channel it was never really
adopted on the Continent, except in the Netherlands.
5
The earliest examples of baroque lute duets in French style and found in a French source,
using the standard D-minor tuning, are to be found in the Reynaud manuscript, from the
Méjanes library at Aix-en-Provence, known as Livre des vers au luth. This manuscript can be
consulted online at : http://www.e-corpus.org/notices/88279/gallery/ . The solo pieces and the
three duets included start on view 103, i.e. f° 97. According to François-Pierre Goy, it was
copied between 1665 and 1670.
The latest example probably comes from manuscript L79 from Kremsmünster Abbey in
Austria. Among the 346 pieces in this huge manuscript, by Reusner, Dufaut, Mouton, Gallot
and others, are to be found 2 complete suites in G major for 2 lutes. The style is already
clearly drifting away from the French style brisé, otherwise well represented in the manuscript,
to adopt a much more cantabile attitude, as Baron would put it... Although these 2 suites are
anonymous, they might have been composed by Logy or one of his followers, at least they
present some musical affinity with the transitional style emerging in Germanic countries at the