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Free/Open Source Software (FOSS) & Wiki Curriculum Development Opportunities (Based on the UNDP-International Open Source Network)  www.iosn.net 1 ST  AMDIN Biennial Conference & General Meeting (29-31 August 2007)  Presented By:  Modise Makhetha (Open Source Researcher) Meraka Institute – Open Source Centre
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Page 1: Free/Open Source Software (FOSS) & Wiki Curriculum ...€¦ · Free/Open Source Software (FOSS) & Wiki Curriculum Development Opportunities (Based on the UNDPInternational Open Source

Free/Open Source Software (FOSS) & Wiki Curriculum Development Opportunities(Based on the UNDP­International Open Source Network) www.iosn.net

1ST AMDIN Biennial Conference & General Meeting

(29-31 August 2007)

       Presented By: 

          Modise Makhetha (Open Source Researcher)

Meraka Institute – Open Source Centre

 

Page 2: Free/Open Source Software (FOSS) & Wiki Curriculum ...€¦ · Free/Open Source Software (FOSS) & Wiki Curriculum Development Opportunities (Based on the UNDPInternational Open Source

Overview

• FOSS Background

- Definition – What is FOSS?- History – Where does it come from?- Adoption – Why FOSS?

• Wiki­Based Curriculum Development

- Introduction- Background- Developments

• FOSS and AMDIN

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FOSS Background ­ Definition

• Software whose licences give users the following freedoms

- Freedom to run the software for any purpose

- Freedom to study and modify the program

- Freedom to redistribute copies of either the original or modified software (without having to pay royalties to previous developers)

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FOSS Background – Definition (contd)

• There are two philosophies (or movements) within the FOSS space- Free Software Foundation (FSF) (www.fsf.org)

• Mainly focusing on the freedom to cooperate – since non­free software restricts this freedom 

• Referring to free as in freedom – not price• Opposed to software patents, copyright laws – as these 

restrict the FOSS freedoms- Open Source Initiative (OSI) (www.opensource.org)

• Mainly focusing on the technical values of making powerful reliable software – more business­friendly than FSF

• Less focused on moral issues of free software – but paying attention to the FOSS distributed development method 

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FOSS Background – Definition (contd)

• The FOSS development model can be explained as follows (in contrast with traditional (or proprietary) software development)

- Traditional software development constitutes• Groups of programmers working in isolations, with careful 

planning and management till the work is completed and released to the world – resulting in limited subsequent work on the software released

- While the FOSS development model enables• Programmers to release early minimally functional code to 

the general public – then modify the software based on feedback

•  Other programmers can modify or build upon existing code – resulting in software development and evolution continuously

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FOSS Background – Definition (contd)

• The advantages of the FOSS development model include- Reduced duplication of effort

• FOSS developers reuse the work produced by compatriots- Building upon the work of others

• Many FOSS projects rely on software built by other projects to supply needed functionality

- Better quality control• With enough qualified developers using the software and 

examining the source code, errors are spotted and fixed faster

- Reduced maintenance costs• Maintenance costs can be shared among the thousands of 

potential users of the software – thus reducing per­organisation costs

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FOSS Background ­ History

• Began in the “hacker” culture of US computer laboratories in 1960's and 70's – Almost at the very beginning of the computer industry

• In the early 1980's, the GNU (acronym for Not Unix) project was born  – Subsequently giving birth to the FSF – To promote Free Software and the GNU project

• In 1991, Linux (Unix­like kernel) was developed – thus forming the core of the GNU/Linux operating system

• From the late 1990's, Linux exploded into the press limelight- 1997 Linux had already owned 25% of the server market

• In 1998 the label “Open Source” was created – Hence the formation of the Open Source Initiative and Definition

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FOSS Background ­ Adoption

• WHY FOSS?- According to others

• It is a movement• A virus• A communist conspiracy• The heart and soul of the internet

- Though it can be considered• A highly effective vehicle for the transfer of wealth from the 

industrialised world to the developing countries

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FOSS Background – Adoption (contd)

• IS IT FREE?- There is no licensing fee charged for the usage of FOSS- FOSS distributions (such as Red Hat, SuSE, Debian, Ubuntu, 

etc) can be downloaded from the internet at no charge- The only costs involved include  

• Personnel costs• Hardware requirements• Opportunity costs• Training costs(often referred to Total Cost of Ownership (TCO))

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FOSS Background – Adoption (contd)

• WHAT ARE THE SAVINGS?- Intel reported savings of US$200 million from a move to 

GNU/Linux from UNIX- Amazon saved US$17 million from switching their servers to 

GNU/Linux- On TCO studies conducted by research houses (in 2004)

• Linux was found to cost 40% of Microsoft Windows• Linux required a reduced number of support staff and 

software updates than Microsoft Windows• Linux reduced both the personnel and hardware 

requirements costs

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FOSS Background – Adoption (contd)

• WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS?- Security

• Not perfectly secure but superior- Reliability/Stability

• Well known as stable and reliable- Open standards and vendor independence

• Giving users – whether individuals or governments – flexibility and freedom to change between software packages, platforms and vendors

- Reduced reliance on imports – important to governments• A major incentive for developing countries

- Developing local software capacity ­ important to governments

- Piracy, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR),      WTO ­ important to governments - Localisation ­ important to governments

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FOSS Background – Adoption (contd)

• WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS?- Lack of business application

• Due to the scarcity of people competent in both technical and business subjects

- Interoperability with proprietary systems• For organisations that have already invested massive 

amounts of capital into proprietary systems- Documentation 

• The primary focus of early FOSS developers was functionality 

• Creating that worked well – with less attention paid on the ease of use 

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Wiki­Based Curriculum Development(Based on a Course Forges initiative)

• INTRODUCTION- The Course Forges initiative (courseforge.org)  was intended to 

provide a development environment for many independent cooperative curriculum development

• BACKGROUND- A group of lecturers (in Canada) realized that they cannot individually 

contribute to the development of curricula and course material- Inspired by the success of open source software development

•  Especially the distributed collaboration•  The free public access to results• And the lack of administrative overhead

A curriculum development community was proposed on similar grounds

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Wiki­Based Curriculum Development(contd)• DEVELOPMENTS

- The adoption of the FOSS development model in curricula initiatives imply

• Collaborative development• Shared development, without an ego stake in authorship

• Shared documents in a common, relatively public place

• Community standards• Shared development effort, with recognition as the chief incentive

• Intellectual property ground rules encouraging sharing, with public content on the Course Forges, and the possibility of extending the work for profit in other venues

• Consistent structure for curriculum units, in the style of the software patterns community

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FOSS and AMDIN

• Key issues within AMDIN- Address African development challenges- Respond to global engagements- Develop leadership and management capacity in response to the 

needs of the African people and their governments

• FOSS contributions to the above- Address the African ICT development challenges through initiatives 

such as the Free/Open Source Software For Africa (FOSSFA) - Encourage global engagements through the development of FOSS 

solutions (such as the ART system build by Ethopians) that can be shared and used globally

- Identify ways in which FOSS leadership and management capacity can be developed to suffice the ICT needs of the African people and their governments

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Thank you