Frederik Geth | Opslagtechnieken voor het net

Opslagtechnieken voor het net

Frederik Geth (Johan Driesen)[email protected]

KU Leuven ElectaStudiedag: Energieopslag en Smart Grids

“Een visie op het net van morgen”

Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›

Energy Storage in the Electric Power System

• Intermittent and difficult-to-predict renewables pose challenges to design and operation of power system

• Increased flexibility needs• Generation-consumption

• Localized grid issues

• No single flexibility source is indispensable, but all are part of a cost-effective solution

Space Time


Electricity Storage Definition

• Electricity storage systems, connected to the grid, perform three functions:• Consuming electric power• Accumulating the energy• Generating electric power

• Implies • Conversion of energy• Losses

• Causality between generation and consumption


Decourt, B., & Debarre, R. (2013). Factbook Electricity Storage (p. 98). ’s-Gravenhage, Netherlands.

>99%

Worldwide installed capacity


Decourt, B., & Debarre, R. (2013). Factbook Electricity Storage (p. 98). ’s-Gravenhage, Netherlands.

Most Common Technologies

Technology Comparison


Storage Plant Ratings

Gruber, K. H. Mit der Kraft des Wassers.

MWh


Large-Scale Electricity Storage

• Two most economical options:• Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS)• Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) (+ Natural gas?)

• Both depend on geological/geographical features, typically far from population (load centers)• Hydro: elevation difference & water storage• CAES: salt dome cavity for compressed gas storage


Overview Storage Technologies

Conversion ‘Direct’




SMES

http://www.bruker-est.com/bas_special_applications.html

Superconducting Magnet Energy Storage

• Cooling!• High power, low energy• Stores energy in

electromagnetic field• Power quality support



Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›Electricity Storage /

Storage techniquesSupercapacitors - Concept

• A supercapacitor or an ultracapacitor is an electrochemical capacitor that has an unusually large amount of energy storage capability compared to common capacitors

• Stores energy in electric field

• High-power• Long cycle-life• High roundtrip efficiency

Source: Maxwell Technologies




Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS)

• Position of body of water in gravitational field

• Pure and mixed

• Power pumping ≠ turbine

• Roundtrip efficiency 65-85%

• Most often in HV grid

• Asset of producers in liberalized market

Turbine-generator

Motor-pump

Frederik Geth

But in flexibility markets the value is not high enough


PHS in Belgium

La centrale d’ accumulation par pompage de Coo – Trois-ponts. (2012). Electrabel. Retrieved from https://www.electrabel.com/assets/be/corporate/documents/12018_Coo_Folder_FR_LR.pdfThe hydroelectric power station of la Plate Taille. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://services-techniques.met.wallonie.be/en/waterways/the_hydroelectric_power_s/

https://www.electrabel.com/assets/be/corporate/documents/12018_Coo_Folder_FR_LR.pdf

http://services-techniques.met.wallonie.be/en/waterways/the_hydroelectric_power_s/



Energy Island

Offshore PHS storage off the Belgian coast• Recently proposed project• Proven (mature) technology in a new innovative

context• Facilitating the integration of offshore wind power• Future offshore Supergrid building block?




CAES + Gas - Concept


Huntorf CAES

• Single commercial CAES in Europe Huntorf, Germany

• Low storage efficiency


CAES + Gas - Pro’s and con’s

• Advantages:

– Low capital cost (integrated in CCGT plant)• Disdavantages:

– Need for natural cavity (typically salt cavern)– Lower round trip efficiency– Needs natural gas – Depends on presence of gas turbines and natural

gas pipeline


Adiabatic Compressed Air Storage

• Heat storage + pressure storage separated• Heat storage in oil, rocks, molten salt or

concrete• Efficiency target 70 %• Prototype under construction in Germany

(Adele project)


AA-CAES

RWE project ADELE




Flywheel development




Storage techniquesBatteries - Comparison


Techno-economic parameters

• Averaged values over a given cycle depth• Assuming normal operation

envelope

• How to match technology to an application

• Develop cycling strategies to support a service


Safe operating conditions

• Envelope of – Voltage– Current– Temperature

• Failure mode depends on how envelope is breached– Cell use outside of normal envelope

may not have immediate consequences

– Damage is initiated by (a set of) abuse events

– Damage may then grow from operation within the safety envelope!

– Causes failure over time


Overview Battery Technologies

Normal

Pb

Gel VRLA

AGM VRLA

Open cell

Ni

NiCd

NiMH

NiZn

Li

LiCoO2

LiMn2O4

LiFePO4

Li4Ti5O12

Metal-air

High temperature

NaS

NaNiCl

Flow-type

PSB

VRB

ZnBr

CeZn



Normal

Pb

Gel VRLA

AGM VRLA

Open cell

Ni

NiCd

NiMH

NiZn

Li

LiCoO2

LiMn2O4

LiFePO4

Li4Ti5O12

Metal-air

High temperature

NaS

NaNiCl

Flow-type

PSB

VRB

ZnBr

CeZn


Sodium Sulfur

• “NAS” by NGK insulators (Tepco)

• > 316 MW deployed @ > 200 locations

• 1 MW - 7.2 MWh units

– 20 x 50 kW modules

– 300 - 350 degrees C

– 15 a, 300 cycles / a, >75 % roundtrip


BESS: Battery Energy Storage System


Sodium Sulfur



Normal

Pb

Gel VRLA

AGM VRLA

Open cell

Ni

NiCd

NiMH

NiZn

Li

LiCoO2

LiMn2O4

LiFePO4

Li4Ti5O12

Metal-air

High temperature

NaS

NaNiCl

Flow-type

PSB

VRB

ZnBr

CeZn


NaNiCl

• Manufacturers FIAMM and GE• High temperature• Sometimes called ZEBRA



Normal

Pb

Gel VRLA

AGM VRLA

Open cell

Ni

NiCd

NiMH

NiZn

Li

LiCoO2

LiMn2O4

LiFePO4

Li4Ti5O12

Metal-air

High temperature

NaS

NaNiCl

Flow-type

PSB

VRB

ZnBr

CeZn


Li-ion Family

Negative electrode

Positive electrode


Li-ion Family

• Mass-production ramping up with rollout of electric vehicles• Different chemistries have different features• Long lifetime and high efficiency achievable, cost coming down


Containerized solutions

• NEC(A123)



Normal

Pb

Gel VRLA

AGM VRLA

Open cell

Ni

NiCd

NiMH

NiZn

Li

LiCoO2

LiMn2O4

LiFePO4

Li4Ti5O12

Metal-air

High temperature

NaS

NaNiCl

Flow-type

PSB

VRB

ZnBr

CeZn


PbAcid and NiCd/NiMH

• Well-known technologies• PbAcid a little more efficient than NiMH/NiCd• NiCd not to be used in Europe anymore• Low(er) energy and power densities relative to NaS and Li-ion



Normal

Pb

Gel VRLA

AGM VRLA

Open cell

Ni

NiCd

NiMH

NiZn

Li

LiCoO2

LiMn2O4

LiFePO4

Li4Ti5O12

Metal-air

High temperature

NaS

NaNiCl

Flow-type

PSB

VRB

ZnBr

CeZn


Electrochemical storage with circulation

• Decoupling between power and energy– Power: number of cells– Capacity: storage tank volume

• High cycling and misuse tolerance• No auto-discharge once the

electrolytes have been charged• Liquid electrodes

• Complex: • circulation system,

infrastructure, command, maintenance, sensitive membranes

• Consumption of the auxiliaries: • 5-10% impact on the

efficiency in case of PSB • 3% of equivalent auto-

discharge per day (VRB 45kW/2h technology)


Zinc Bromide



Normal

Pb

Gel VRLA

AGM VRLA

Open cell

Ni

NiCd

NiMH

NiZn

Li

LiCoO2

LiMn2O4

LiFePO4

Li4Ti5O12

Metal-air

High temperature

NaS

NaNiCl

Flow-type

PSB

VRB

ZnBr

CeZn


Li-air

G. Girishkumar, B. McCloskey, a. C. Luntz, S. Swanson, and W. Wilcke, Lithium Air Battery: Promise and Challenges, The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, vol. 1, no. 14, pp. 2193-2203, Jul. 2010.

“… have to solve the difficult problem of developing

a high throughput air-breathing system that passes

O2 and keeps out environmental contaminants.”“The oxidation of 1kg of lithium metal

releases 11680Wh/kg, not much lower than

that of gasoline.”

“Prototype aprotic Li-air cells deliver current densities in the order of 1 mA/cm2. It will be critical to increase this current density by at least 1 order of magnitude”




Storage techniquesFuel Cells - Concept

• By definition, the process of any fuel cell could be reversed.

• However, a given device is usually maximized for operating in one modus and may not be built in such a way that it can be operated backwards.

• Fuel cells operated backwards generally do not make very efficient systems

• Designs for different fuels: hydrogen, natural gas


Converting electricity to fuel?Power-to-gas

Specht, M., Zuberbühler, U., Baumgart, F., Feigl, B., Frick, V., Stüurmer, B., Sterner, N., Waldstein, G., Storing Renewable Energy in the Natural Gas Grid. Methane via Power-to-Gas (P2G): A Renewable Fuel for Mobility, http://www.solar-fuel.net/

Efficiency?


Comparing storage quantities

M. Specht, F. Baumgart, B. Feigl, V. Frick, B. Stürmer, U. Zuberbühler, M. Sterner, G. Waldstein, Themen 2009, Forschungsverbund Erneuerbare Energien, S. 69, Berlin (2010)

Applications


EPRI, “Electricity Energy Storage Technology Options,” 2010.

Location in the Power System


Self-consumption of PV?

German Federal Law: “Gesetz zur Neuregelung des Rechts der Erneuerbaren Energien im Strombereich und zur Anderung damit zusammenhangender Vorschriften (EEG)“ (English translation), Federal Law Gazette (Bundesgesetzblatt) 2008 I No. 49, Bonn, Germany, October 2008.


Developing Business Cases

Questions?

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


Electricity Storage

Electric power input

Electric power output

Consuming + accumulating GeneratingWaiting

Charging Discharging

Roundtrip efficiency includes all losses over a charge-discharge cycle!


Zinc Air

Stored sealedOnce opened, oxidation will occur, whether or not current is used (self-discharge)Energy density high Slow discharge (air flow!)Small cells commercialized


Self-consumption favoring tariff?

Frederik Geth | Opslagtechnieken voor het net

Engineering

pressure storage

compressed gas storage

factbook electricity

electricity storage

storage plant ratingsgruber

germany low storage

high power

natural gas