© Fraunhofer ISE Agrophotovoltaic An innovative option for the efficient use of agricultural areas FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS ISE Tabea Obergfell Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE BIOM-LAND Travelling Conference Hanoi / Vietnam, 22 Feb 2016 www.ise.fraunhofer.de
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© Fraunhofer ISE
Agrophotovoltaic An innovative option for the efficient use of agricultural areas
FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS ISE
Tabea Obergfell
Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE
BIOM-LAND Travelling Conference
Hanoi / Vietnam, 22 Feb 2016
www.ise.fraunhofer.de
© Fraunhofer ISE
2
AGENDA
Socio-ecological challenges in Vietnam:
Energy
Agriculture
Agrophotovoltaic (APV) – the concept
Research results
Excursus: Comparison of PV vs Biogas
Conclusion
© Fraunhofer ISE
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Electricity generation in Vietnam (by 2014)
Source: https://energypedia.info/wiki/Vietnam_Energy_Situation
© Fraunhofer ISE
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Fraction of projected renewable energy supply in Vietnam under MP VI, 2005–2030
Source: Khanh Toan et al. (2011)
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Socio-ecological challenges in Vietnam
Energy sector High economic growth accompanied
by rapidly rising energy demand
Unreliable power supply (esp. in rural areas)
Limited domestic fossil resources > import dependency
Air pollution, Climate change, Water scarcity
Agricultural sector Rise in the demand for food due to
population growth
4 Fs dilemma (food, feed, fuel, fibre) > land use conflicts
Negative consequences of intensification: loss of biodiversity and crop rotations, pesticides, GMO’s
Combining production of electricity and biomass on the same land unit
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Agrophotovoltaic (APV) – the concept
Agronomy + Photovoltaic = Agrophotovoltaic: > Production of agricultural commodities or animal farming under PV modules.
Old idea: first publications of Prof. Goetzberger in 1980‘s
First research project: March 2015 – August 2019 (funded by BMBF)
Assumed advantages: Diminishing land use competition between energy and agricultural sector
Dual use resulting in two types of energy yields, increased output per land area
Increasing PV potential
Decreasing economic pressure on arable land through income diversification
Protecting biodiversity and environment by reducing excessive land use (e.g. pesticides, GMO, etc.)
Water savings through shading, combination with irrigation system
Increasing diversity of agricultural plant cultivation
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Agrophotovoltaic (APV) – some impressions
University of Montpellier, France (2010): 50 kWp
Source: Prof. C. Dupraz
Italy (2011): 3 MWp
Source: Revolution Energy Maker, R.E.M.
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University of Weihenstephan, Germany (2013): 30 Kwp
Source: University of Weihenstephan
Japan (2013): Solar Sharing
Source: Akira Nagashima
Cilla Crespia Muratorio, Italy (2011)
Source: Edgar Gimbel
Agrophotovoltaic (APV) – some impressions
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Research results Simulations of GHI on ground level underneath APV
Orientation: South Orientation: South-East
Homogeneous distribution of radiation underneath APV oriented toward SE > very important for plant cultivation
Electricity losses compared to South orientation are low: ~5%
Monthly sums of global horizontal irradiation (kWh/m2) vs. normalized distance between two rows of PV panels.
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Research results Suitable species – case study Germany
Shade tolerant species exist
Increase in yield through shading is possible
+
0
Category Reference species*
+ Potato
0 Rape & Barley
- Corn
*Note: This is valid for climate conditions of central Europe
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Research results Suitable species – case study Germany
Classification of Germany’s economically most relevant (food) plants:
+
Cereal (e.g. Rye, Barley, Oat)
Green cabbage Rapeseed
Pea Asparagus
Carrots Radish Leek
Celery Fennel
0
Onion Cucumber Zucchini
- Wheat
Corn Pumpkin
Grapes Sunflower Fruit crops
Broccoli Millet
Sugar beet Cauliflower Red beets
Potato Hops Spinach Salad Field bean Legumes
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Biogas vs (Agro)Photovoltaic Example from Germany (numbers from 2014)
Electricity generation
=
8% 6%
www.biogasanlagen-info.de www.bmwi-energiewende.de
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Biogas vs (Agro)Photovoltaic Example from Germany (numbers from 2014)
Used land
Function?
9% 0.1%
≠ www.biogasanlagen-info.de www.bmwi-energiewende.de
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Biogas vs (Agro)Photovoltaic Example from Germany (numbers from 2014)
Used land
Function: same role in energy system
More arable land can be used for food production
New habitats -> positive impact on biodiversity
9% 0.1%
= www.biogasanlagen-info.de
www.natur-portrait.de
www.pv-shop24.eu
www.bmwi-energiewende.de
© Fraunhofer ISE
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Biogas vs (Agro)Photovoltaic Example from Germany
Projected land use in 2050
20% in 2050 2% in 2050
= www.welt.de
www.biogasanlagen-info.de
www.natur-portrait.de
www.pv-shop24.eu
www.borealis-lat.com
www.bmwi-energiewende.de
© Fraunhofer ISE
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Biogas vs (Agro)Photovoltaic Example from Germany
Projected land use in 2050: very low land demand with APV
20% in 2050 0.01% in 2050
= www.welt.de
www.biogasanlagen-info.de
www.revolutionenergymaker.com
www.natur-portrait.de
www.pv-shop24.eu
www.borealis-lat.com
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Conclusions
Strengths & Opportunities
Resource efficient land-use option > increased output per area
Reduction of land-use competition between energy and agricultural sector
High Solar/PV potential > important contribution to cover rising energy demands
Valuable contribution to rural electrification, off-grid application (goal: 100% by 2020)
Water saving potential through shading
Weaknesses & Threats
Slightly reduced energy output when oriented towards SE/SW (around 5%)
Additional effort for working the land
Higher costs for entire system due to elevation
Open research questions: - yields of cultivated plants grown in APV shading conditions - environmental impacts - Societal acceptance
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Thank you for your attention!
Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE
Tabea Obergfell
www.ise.fraunhofer.de
© Fraunhofer ISE
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Solar and PV Potential in Viet Nam
Source: CIEMAT et al. (2015) Source: CIEMAT et al. (2015)
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Sources
CIEMAT et al. (2015). Maps of Solar Resource and Potential in Vietnam. Ha Noi: CIEMAT, CENER & IDAE with support from AECER in collaboration with GDE/MoIT. Published: http://bit.ly/1Q0FEhb
Khanh Toan, P., Minh Bao, N. and Ha Dieu, N. (2011). Energy supply, demand, and policy in Viet Nam, with future projections. Energy Policy. 39, 6814-6826.
PDP VII: Prime Minister decision No. 1208/QD-TTg. http://www.nti.org/media/pdfs/VietnamPowerDevelopmentPlan2030.pdf?_=1333146022
https://energypedia.info/wiki/Vietnam_Energy_Situation#Introduction
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