FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT AND THE SHADOW OF WAR—1933-1941

FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT AND THE SHADOW OF WAR—

1933-1941Chapter 34

Crash Course

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q78COTwT7nE

The London Conference Roosevelt’s willing to be an isolationist if it would

help the domestic economy. 66 nations meet. Purpose and primary goal Roosevelt pulls the rug out from underneath the

conference and nothing is accomplished Unwilling to sacrifice the possibility of domestic

recovery for international cooperation Results:

World depression gets worse and everyone pursues their own policies.

Leads to an increase in nationalism. Reduces chances for international cooperation on

other issues

Philippines and Russia Why was US ready to give up the Philippines?

$$$$ Tydings-McDuffie Act in 1934—Provided for

the independence of the Philippines after a twelve-year period of economic tutelage. Gave up army bases, but keep Naval bases

1933 US recognized the Bolshevik regime in USSR. Why?

Trade $$$

Becoming A Good Neighbor Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor

Policy Impact in Latin America

Non Intervention Marines removed from Haiti Cuba released from Platt

Amendment Panama

Reasons were somewhat selfish.

Policy receives a test in 1938 when Mexicans seize American oil properties.

Policy was a great success

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (1934) Secretary of State Cordell Hull.

Aimed at both relief and

recovery. Whittled down the worst parts

of Hawley-Smoot. President had authority without

consulting Congress. Benefits? Faster Less high pressure lobbying

Rationale for Act ? Get agreements with 21

countries

Totalitarianism

Stalin – USSR Mussolini – Italy Hitler - Germany

Rise of Hitler in Germany Germans economically crushed

by Versailles treaty. Desperate and resentful

Hitler a powerful orator and politically aggressive

Germany has a potent industrial base and technological talent.

US made things worse by refusing to ratify the League of Nations, thus eliminating the moral strength of that body.

Hitler

Withdrew from League of Nations

Re-arming Rome-Berlin

Axis

Japan and Italy

Japan also a growing threat. Resentful. Why? Growing increasingly militaristic Lusted after space and resources of

neighbors. Why? 1934 terminated the Washington

Naval Treaty and started aggressively building navy. American response?

Tripartite Pact – Germany, Italy, Japan

1935 Mussolini attacks Ethiopia. Easily crushes it. Seeking glory and empire for Italy in

Africa League of Nation reaction? Reason?

Isolationism Why didn’t America Act?

Distracted by the depression Vividly recall the losses of

WWI feel safe behind the protection

of two oceans, largely believed that what

happened in the rest of the world didn’t effect them.

Rise of fascists increased desire to avoid entanglement.

Johnson Debt Default Act – can’t borrow $ from US if you aren’t paying your debts

Better Keep to the Old Channel

Congress Legislates Neutrality Who does the public

now blame for WWI? Senator Gerald Nye “merchants of death”

Congress passes Neutrality Acts in 1935, 36 and ’37

Basic Rule?

Effect of Neutrality Acts

Is an abandonment of Americas traditional policy of freedom of the high seas and the right of Americans to ship to both sides in a war.

Effectively removed America from the arena as an agent that can stop or blunt war and aggression. Made America reactive and at the mercy of world events.

Encouraged totalitarian regimes and hurt democratic ones, because they received no aid from US.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain The Spanish Civil War (1936-39)

shows fallacy of Neutrality policy Franco and other fascist rebels tried

to overthrow the left-leaning but democratic government of Spain. Franco is aided by Hitler and Mussolini.

Congress prohibits aid to EITHER side.

Condemns democratic Spain to slow strangulation

Dictators believe that Democracies will not take action to stop them.

Whittling Down the Big Stick State of American military compared to Germany and

Japan. America failed to build up arms to deter aggressors

Americans attitude toward navy. Decline in strength

Effect of depression Sparing taxpayers

Reaction to FDR’s call for increased military preparedness No support, too little too late

Appeasing Japan

1937 Japan invades Manchuria with the intent of making it a Japanese colony. Why? Resources

Roosevelt refuses to call this a war. Why? Neutrality Acts

Fall 1937 Roosevelt makes famous Quarantine Speech What does he call for?

Quarantine the aggressors How does Congress and Country react.

Protests - isolationism

Dec. 1937, USS Panay Japanese bombed and sank our boat

Japan abuses Americans in China. Thinks US wimpy

Hitler on the Rise 1935 breaches Versailles treaty by reintroducing the

draft. 1936 marches troops into the demilitarized Rhineland

Britain and France reaction. Hitler begins to persecute and discriminate against the

Jews. 1937 starts building the military at an aggressive pace, March 1938 Hitler marches without resistance into

Austria Hitler then begins making demands for the Sudetenland

Munich Conference Allies desperate to avoid

war. Munich Conference 9/38 Democracies have no real

leverage. Appeasement Germany gets

Sudetenland. What does it promise? Neville Chamberlain:

“Peace in our time”

Hitler-Stalin Pact/ Non-aggression Treaty France-England attempt to negotiate a mutual

defense pact with Stalin. Why don’t they get one?

Mutual suspicions August, 1939, Stalin-Hitler sign a non-

aggression pact. Stalin’s motive? Seals the fate of Europe. Poland.

Hitler’s demand on Poland.

WWII Begins Poland refuses and

Germany marches in unleashing its Blitzkrieg 9/1/39.

WWII has begun. Stalin moves into Eastern

Poland England and France

declare war, but can’t do much about Poland, which surrenders in three weeks.

US Reaction to Fall of Poland

Roosevelt issues proclamation of neutrality. Consequences?

US attitude toward war. Roosevelt wants to amend Neutrality Acts

Knows that European democracies are unprepared and will not win on their own.

Wants to lift the arms-sale restrictions entirely.

But, knows that neither the nation nor Congress is ready for that.

Cash and Carry

FDR calls a special session of Congress; passes Neutrality Act of 1939 Cash-and-Carry Selling point of Cash and Carry?

America could avoid loans, war debts, and torpedoing of American arms-carriers

Purchases from England and France help lift US economy

Hitler Runs Amok April 1940 Hitler attacks Denmark and Norway. May attacks Netherlands and Belgium, then

France. June 1940 France is forced to surrender Miracle of Dunkirk

Very significant because saves a huge chunk of British army.

US shocked by quick fall of France Impact on public attitude

Scared – if Britain falls, Hitler will have all of Europe Threat to US of German domination Europe

US Starts to Arm FDR calls for building of huge air fleet and a two-

ocean navy - check both Germany and Japan. Congress approves $37 Billion

More than the cost of WWI and 5-times larger than any annual budget for New Deal.

Congress passes a Conscription Law, Sept. 1940. America’s first peace-time draft.

Havana Conference of 1940 Orphaned colonies in Latin America US Agreed to share with its twenty New World neighbors to

responsibility of upholding the Monroe Doctrine

Battle of Britain August 1940 Battle of

Britain begins Battle rages for months. German advantages British advantages. British planes chew up

Luftwaffe

Battle of Britain in US Impact of radio reports on

Battle of Britain on US public opinion. Sympathy

Hitler eventually indefinitely postpones invasion—huge mistake.

Fortress America? Issue: Whether to provide

scarce resources to GB or to husband all resources so that available to US

What do supporters of aid argue?

What do those against aid argue?

America First Committee Committee to Defend

America by Aiding the Allies

Destroyer Deal British in desperate need of destroyers.

Why? German Submarines

Destroyer Deal Britain would get 50 US destroyers Britain would hand over 8 defensive bases for 99

years Isolationists scream Is a clear departure from neutrality But public opinion supported all aid to GB

short of war.

Wilkie? In 1940 Republicans

nominate Wendell Wilkie. Wilkie does not exploit

resentment against FDR among isolationists

FDR Three-peat FDR keeps the country in suspense, but

decides to run for a third term. FDR pledges that “Your boys are not going

to be sent into any foreign wars.” FDR wins easily, but not as triumphantly

as the first two times. FDR might not have won if not for war.

Also might not have run.

Lend-Lease By late 1940 Cash and Carry not

working for Britain. Why? Britain running out of $$$

FDR knows that Congress will not approve cash loans to allies.

Proposes Lend-lease. How does it work? Send limitless supply of arms to the

victims of the aggression Keep the war “over there” FDR proposes making the US the

arsenal of democracy. This bill is vigorously debated

throughout the nation. Passes in March, 1941. Was a clear

declaration of hostility to Hitler. May, 1941 Germans sink first US

merchant ship Robin Moor

Atlantic Charter June 1941 Hitler invades the Soviet Union and

opens up a second front in his rear. Takes the pressure off GB and divides his army.

What is he thinking? Take oil rich Soviet Union and have two free hands to defeat

Britain Soviets are on the edge of defeat.

Roosevelt extends Lend-Lease to Soviets. Extends $1 Billion of what will eventually be $11 Billion.

Atlantic Conference -8/41. First of a series of meetings between Churchill and Roosevelt.

Atlantic Charter Leads to 8-point plan for

post-war world. Atlantic Charter. Similar to Wilson’s 14 points Pledges that countries will

not have borders changed Self determination and

return to pre-war governments

League of nations type organization.

U.S. Destroyers And Hitler’s U-boats Lend-Lease to GB was faltering. Why?

Sunk by German subs FDR response

Convoy system Clashes with Subs—

9/41—Greer attacked without damage 10/41—Kearny attacked but not sunk 10/41—Reuben James sunk with loss of more

than 100. Congress pulls Neutrality legislation and

authorizes the arming of Merchant ships.

In the meantime……out in the Pacific Japan is mired in China. US is pressuring them to get out Japan is heavily dependent on US steel, oil, gasoline and other

war supplies. If US cuts them off, Japan is toast. FDR reluctant to impose sanctions. Why?

He didn’t want to goad Tokyo into attacking the oil-rich Dutch East Indies Late 1940 US does impose sanctions. 1941 freeze Japanese assets and ends all oil shipments. Japan’s choices

Give up Attack the oil supplies in SE Asia

US has broken code and knows that Japan plans to attack somewhere.

Warnings from US to Pearl Harbor are late in arriving.

Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 Japanese aircraft carriers

launch waves of attack planes. Destroy most of US Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor. 8 battleships, most of aircraft, 3000 casualties. But, three US carriers were out to sea and were

spared. Japanese failed to destroy repair facilities, allowing

US to stay at Pearl and repair the fleet. Big mistake. Next day—Congress declares war. Japan and Germany are allies—Germany and

Italy then declare war on US. U.S. declares war on Germany. We are in.

FDR Signs Declaration of War