Franco-German political and commercial rivalry in Morocco ... · FRANCO-GERMAN POLITICAL AND COMMERCIAL RIVALRY IN MOROCCO (1904-1909) V Samuel Mi Bicknell A Thesis submitted to the
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Franco-German political and commercialrivalry in Morocco (1904- 1909)
-.less, important ecohoiiieaMy;? is th.#. plain and plateau area southeast of the Atlas.: Sfeentains9 ‘along the Sous .Rivez-« : - •. Europeans find Morocco, an excellent place in which to %
itegfaien .vthaiLiere m t : # ! # # easy reaeh; of tte: |ip|tal Fez./The officials were .frequently dishonesty Sir Arthur Miodlaon^,. later" tSider Seeretiryv of:theiBriMsh^ E o r e x i n ■ : J:
V : ' I:' V; i ^ ::aa of ficial list., of .all. the: proteges belonging: to - their ' .; ■inationalsE,: ' . - ' '/: - ' -: : ' The. Europ:®.aBS. did not'- obey :thes@ rules:»'' Too frequentlyconsular :officials-..'would ’.allow busiaess .companies to Sire. ah ,illegal number of proteges:® : They: claimed that the 'phrases- , :
The: -Madrid: Cohyention. did more than make ' an agreement --about prot@g o.'.. :lt ..gave., the;nationals., of the; signatory - .powers .the 'right: to-.buy''property®It guaranteed the' “open.. ..door®.® ‘ And: it concluded: by - bimdlhg' the .governments r@pre=-- sented t®[email protected].,if - M0rocca.a:. ..affairs„.should change0‘
:' Ah in.erea.se'in Moroccan, foreign, trade followed, this
26 K Cooke and E. ...S tlckne^o ^eadiag^ in. EuzpAean Hi story „' ' pp.;'81-906 . - . . V : -2.7 Affaires du ..MaroCa, 1901-19053 doco nOo - 198,s ; . ; .
a eeweation ort Mewfoundlandl9. Senegasibiao ' Ssfflegal D ■ lies de ‘: : - . :. : ' . ■■ ■■ ' ■
\ ' y. la . the.: alae articles; #£ .the Egypt,, and Hcroeco' Dec!ara= ;
. / I ; provided thati.if it 'should ■fe€Ome ..d@tirabl®0., France would ' :- - not oppose this*_ on the. condition-,.that' Great Britain- would.' : . ' -, - 1; have similar understandiBg towards...Rreneh action in Morocco.
The third, article, specified .-the: part, that would::go: to . Spain ’ -should the! Sultan lose hi^/autherityit/'This' was-.-'to' be the
I' .;' ' territory around Mellila8ieeutap :. and. the straitsi'- The next, ; - : .article provided: that eveatif .-Spain./declined - to:.enter into ' ='.- - /
- ; ' ; this agreements r it was' nonetheless.. bindin.g upon. the British ;:. - ' .and. the French. The:"'last article, referred! merely to-the " ...; : \ /■ terms, of *. the [email protected] .of: the Egyptian, d'ebto - - . ; ; ■ -: . /- . . . According to. these' :s'eeret articlees ; in: short8 the Briti ' .;
ish. wdmld .support a Erescl. Protectdzatein.Morocco provided;:, i . - -the French would do thre® ; thinga: (Ij guarantee- commeroial: /
The French Foreifh Offiet had theltasJc of settling theproblem. ; Spanish -Interests0';'l&rSlele "ZI1I.. of the published’'Egypt and Morocco Declaration ran as follows# : ■ - -. - 'The: two' goyernmentsg. Inspired, by. their feeling '
■ . of sincere friendsMpller:SpaIfts.>take into,.; ’■■ . •speeialx -conelderaitloh: the Intere,fets/.which- that • . ::' iduhtr-^vderl%es ,frdm ''her.,geographical position" ....
’ : ., and frosi her .territorial possessions on thecoast of the: MedlterzaSean.o.'.. In. regard to these .
z ,: interests. the . F.rMch ^wrhment: will come, to an ■ ■ :. ;. : ■ uftderstandihg. . with the ;Spa.nish -Goverraiento . , The .- agr eement . whi ch may - be; . come :, to ,on .the' sub.j set@ . r.../ . [email protected];r.ahd:::SpaiB9 ,:shai,l :;b@ communicated
- to: his. Britaiml.c.Majesfyls Governmento30 . ;; .; Upon, the announcement of the., public; articles of; the- •
.The. German. Ghancell.or9 . iernhard:.. von: RuleWp had" not 'heard :about the: signiag . of the Anglo®French .-M-greement until -he read
i ShSiui' Ml$sie»»: kee:. Affaires du ibwe, I90X-1905, p p. 178-184, ■: : . : .
18
/.it in the newspapers» ; He app&w@Rtlj took the newsciuite calmlyv - In a reply to -the .Reiehstag. on April 12g 19C he made the best of the^matters ..as. wa$...his.. habit$Sag: it: In a •che.ery...manner0l -He saids .
. as in fact, in the" rest, nf the: Mediterranean^ - ".: principally) from - the economic 37:Despite.this public' speech8 historians know now from the al documents .that the officials in the' German Foreign- -
ice felt the •Entente.. Cordlale (as .the Ah-glo Fren.ch-Agree°;German .interests
ell oris. usually -called), to
In the... do c u m e n t s ___jg Foreign;. Minister Baron von "Richthofens and the
.influential Friederiek"-Holstein describe: with 'increasing ■ anger.their reactions to•the developments in
iteifi)tee. fe
slo 113 ...po .74 ®) Radolin8 the) Germar ;,i,: had informed: him in March that such an
agreement was likely<.,, The. .German Governmi was, hover, off“ ° ° ”XXS .doc0 -nOo. 0 227
, tige if we' lomked m .mth -folded asms while ■■ , national ' interests., were.;'giwen. awaye. . If we. „ ^
: allow ourselyes to- be trampled upon in ,: " - ' - ’Horoccfa we invite similar treament. else=where*3& : : ' . , 1 -
’ v , , Ihere.. is no, proof . that the .Germans knew anything ' abou t: ■the secret articles of the. Entente .Cordiale until: the French. published; them in 1911o. In Die ..Gross® - Polltik there -is ho .sign that the German officials .susp.eotgd, . that- there; was .more■ on HpreCco iB the vAnglo^Frerieh.Agreement'than appeared in ;,the. published' articles0' .But they, had suspicions-. eisewh@reeBulow and Holstein suspected - a secret-dffai..on Ghin% or , , ' ' ' . ' ' ' V' . : - - - . ' ■■■ ; some: alliance •against. Germany^ - . ' . • ■
. Ghanceller v@tt.. Bulow,. waited several "moHths after the sigaiEf of the Amgl@-Eremch;Agr®ememt before., he decided to . do more than. play the.'sphinxQ That policy .' seemed, to have ■ had..; no effect' upon the Ereheho . ‘ ■ So. Bul.ow decided that the situa«=; tion -Oalle.d for more action® V ' . ‘ . , . -.- . On February-: 78 :--19050 KtihlMaon told Ch@Ms@y0 the French '
tQadopo;:' _fhe. ZreBeh'. and Briiisli...go eziFMaeinits aad people did; :net like: :the -brash - way dii:;which._.MlMaii- ll;<anooane@d Ger='
: aattY9 8 refusal. to he : p.ushed aside& "M'thotigh . the visit had '- the effedt _ that.von .Buiow. want.eds,-. thd: Kaiser, did not: forgive ■ 'him for the .embarrassiBg:.consf^ene^sf ifafer-';thaf "year -:,lilliamvil wrote 'this' ;to: Bulow? ..." ' ’ .. :
; ; Bov not forget; that y#B:p®rsomally.;prevailed; upon;-) ; .; ■ v / meg, against my willg - to:'go to Tangier for the - " .
: : - sake.: of: ...the suoeess Of::yodf ■ "Horeeeo ;,policf»-' : v ;:v . - R e a d ; - , ' p r i o r . . . t o . the'Tahgi^r
- .visit > o- o Itrwas: to pl&ase .yoB8 for the sake:,of .the-. Fatherlandg that" "I landed 8' mounted a ■ ' ' \
; . there at..Algeciras9,.under ..:the;.pressure; of .'wenfs - forced -hy.... the Seraans.g -transfprme.d the Emten.te'...Cordi.ale' into something, '-’iiiueh - hi gger-; fhan a; Colonial -agreeaent®; ’v;;. ;.;
.that "thi s hi csouii tdiffer s f the one:, .you gave 'to Mo Del * :- cass®g but 1' want to' make sure that you- understand that there, 'must be full and- confidential discussibn.; between the two :' g@y@r)E«B.ts first»:w'.:; i V ; . --1,- - : .1 ;
Their :future actions, show that.Gambon and Deieass® interpreted Lansdowne1' s words according to their own desires e even': after this- cautious letter,,' 6ft- May,25thB' Gambon/-wrote to ,'y•' Pelcasse savlna that the entent# could. in. f act amount te an' ■... ■>,k, ' ' • ' ■: ;> - -i":: :-':' . ■■ ■•'alliance^ And Belea'ss.e made/his.last, stand, in the Cabinet ■.■ by guetinglthis illiffiftce as a defense, for . his- actionso .
I,: -. : ' . . V ' .. vV :to the -Germans in Eoroeeoo . Prime Minister/Rouvier'beoame .more vqgnvitioed 'dally thatxthis was net the, right attitude to'■ takeo .He knew- that his .cduhtry was:notprepared for warv
l .following. w@r#s that Germany.was not bluffings .Geraany is. disturbed and humiliated by your ' :'encirclement- of. her,. In our Morocco dispute she sees .an: excellent occasion to. break, the -. 'rings and she is preparing for extremities, .' :Be.sldesg. she..knows that England has offered ; . .us a military .'and naval alliance , , a few . • . ..
the ■ end of '.the., s.essii Prime Minister, . Mo Deloas.s.@ had , to.-.resign. In .'the
opinion, of the Cabinmt9 .he had_ sinned against the cardinal principle that diplomacy should.not outpace military prepare, atlon, . :.-The, Prime Minister, himself»' -therefore, took over the foreign ...affairs, portfolio^■ '.; ; : . ... ./
.. The day after the fall of -Delcas-se, Kaiser William II .CO
The German-Chancellor was. ..still-in bed0 William II awakenec him. with th®. announcement ..that .Ms. Chancellor- was .now
oo ' It - i .Bernhard --
" m : r' . ■■ ■; ■
■ sourees of ■ iaager. te 'his, cotsnttry*.. Wh;@a. 'y@is:;;Buiaw wrate later . aboat his aetioas at this; h® saldt - t" ' .
■ : : , :: . --y-: -yy - 'w n Sternbergs, influeneed: him..to., do ...his best ■ to stop the . German-Prenbh''stalemate over Morodeoo Roosevelt^s notes .
'■ii.,y-yy ..;y"'-'' t-^y y - - / -y y ■ • - - vt.y-urged ...the. Prenoh.. to aoo.ept. the. : #ohf.er#no® and urged the Ger- mans, to be considerate^ y ' y\;' : This op.inio.h: probably had some 'influ:e.n6ee ,. In any oase9.
ene@o;: For ythlspurpose Chancellor':von, BulW-ordered. Dr* :y' ■ yiosen:8. German.:Miiais ter at Tangier a. toy go. to Paris to arrange .:. the detailso: ; There -Dr». B@sea9 ..with the1 French. Foreign Off- y icer arranged’ -a. program' for the: .eonf e.re:nce6. This program9 :' y'
. . . .communieaMon with the French9 and I assume " ■ :'" .. that all preparations . are readyi so that, if ■: a: erisis: arises^' no time will be lost for : " ■: v
:: ;: . want of a formal:engagement,v..«, ,,0 .1, have takenan opportunity of expressing to Count Better-;
:':nich my personal opinion » „ >; that9 as in - the.;' v;:. event .of an attack.upon France .by Germany y . v '1: : y' arising eut xif' our; Moroccan agreement^ public, 1 : :: feeling in ' Engl and would be so strong" that no, " :...... British' government could, remain; neutrall2 , -
equally amgn.§ theffiselV'es* The State Bank, was to. ?eee; air the revenues of the Eraplre9 .Ineluding .the customs duties that had already been guaranteed, to the French lqao<> .. .
The - Jrench . delegates submitted a project that gave the' French most of the- control«,: Their.- plan..called for a State
control led. by four Directors from. the. Banks of France g Germany a ' These: four Directors, were to
The. French. delegate» Revoil 9: then. outlined the French . plan9 which described the Russian •s.uggestion in greater : detail® . .Revoil said -that.„for the:..eight treaty ports' hardly
vote on. the. police's® the Emperor said9 “.would 'find :Britai.n8; Spain9 - - and :Ruisiaa and prQ.b.abl.y ■ the . United States9oh', the side .of Erancea with Italy folding her armso x Thls . -
i; ^ ' x ; 'T- - - -: ..'grouping i# to- be. avoided^ ® - . / / . : ; .. It . was not avoided»: ths Austriaps„ howevers;; did’ their . \
The leading clerk in.-the,.German 'Foreign;..Office-g-Fried" ■.' ri ch ■ Hot stein- ref used to, consider theAustrian compromise@ But Chancellor von: BuloWg ‘ by this' time: fearing war more than he. feared the sinister 'influence of Holstein;, finally had ■' ■"■ the ■ o@ttrage;-to, i-SB® @: Sihd then- dismiss the mystery .man who; - had dominated the German 'Foreign. Off ice * for several years <,Hoisteip^ who frequently took charge' of matters in the For™. ■ ;■ eign Office without -.the knowledge of; his superiors9 . would; .1 I never accept a position; of -greater responsibility ' than that of Vortraqender Rat« or ‘ speaking- counsellor^ - He is too cdn™ ';: troversal a - figure to. he more .than'' meati oned her So . He is -Js'nown -to have, had' -'great influence- • ever Chancellor von. Bulowg. ■ probably .because -of tome, blackmailing material he. had in his. . "private ■ cabinet0: ' ; Von Bulo.w had- his iast. interview with, him
that he' ceased to.,have ahything to ; do' af ter March .12th* ■
39
of the. Forei gn: Of fi ce by the .12 th alow instructed R a d o w i .to accept
the/Austrian, compromise® . By the end of March 'the- French and German delegates, reached: an: agreement on the police®
The German gov.ernment h.ad to concede-mere for this than did ■ the Frencho The- final.' agreement' accepted, the :Austrian corapreaise with this. ameadiientS' prench and: Spanish' police -Qffie®rs:0-:'aifM.-: hd't. a' /Swiss ’ iBspeetor^Generalp were to take . charge of the GasaManca police® 1 The:;lospecto'r^General -was to 'supervi.s®. the p.ollee in the eight, .treaty ports8 but his . .
ms limi ted to' supervising and. to reporting to the -36 - ' / ; / . ' " , , ■ ; -: ■' / ;.Tangier
r..Settliag the police . question a closea- except,for the execution of/formalitieso The final session, took place: oh/ April .?'9 1906s' with the signing of the General Act® - / - / : ' . : .; The Genera
z - -zulations in:writing6 ' z 1 '- . :::- z : / ■■ z. ; 'z;.z :.:Z .'. Baroni vom''Sternburg .rounds off his message with these-: :;-;V"z
Z Z ,y - word#: fEvem :.thWugh.'the : foregoing .does, not. appear to agree - z' :'z z’ thezf aCtSg-;!; am-' conwinced; .Sat: -vtbC- words fro#' the Pres-' : z- '.
z. z :; 4dentVcame':.@Bfirely. .from: the heart='m : . ’ z'.-:,. • ’ ■ ' - / z zz-z:. z OtherzGerman statesmen also' realized that the. facts did . . . .'•
-" A. native' assassinated- a frenchman at Tangier0. The .Sultan'. . -did .not. give, the f reBch ■teg.afioh,:.bhe „ap.oldgy-;;Qrt.the';:drtdeimity:;.-.: it demandedo To get this.. satisfaction as quickly as possible^
'f the French sent a flotilla to .Tangierj ■ where, i-t stayed for . ' ..■■ several .weekse. : ; ■ ■ ■ . - ' ; , : ■ ■■ .. - Later that y@arg in Augusts, the-.bandit Raisouli . becameCaid-o or Governors, of . the area, just-.' outside of .Tangier» where ' he exploited,.the natlyes fey..'.'.demanding.: special tribute* Rai~-:f • souli s ' stzomg=arm@d methodsi, under -the protection:-of: the • ■civil;'' authoritys,.- s@ intimidated the mafiv'e traders and shopf' t.- keepers , in the. Tangier area. that foreign .business- .sufferede. :; f
, Scores . of ferei.gn . basiness. csmpanie.s/.pomplain®d- to the. Diplo^, : :' mmtic Corps at Tangier9 begging them to see. -that the hative V tradesmen get.mosr-protection*.5 . ' '. -:
coux-sey reseated the :time ;and preperty: :they lost before they tiouid\retura»; 'Carl Fi eke a; : a. GersanVmercharit ". and newspaper x . correspohcl-enf at CasablancaacGused the Freneh .ef ' .purposely .
^arousing ..the natives by a wanton, disregard of; their preju”. : dipeSg - thus creating- a disturb'ance :calling' for military V;
9 German newspapers gave .considerable attention", to..the: tb the i they blamed the
to dei 16
i ti dual So. th«
,a since'they. had" neglected to15rim the olty*^^ German
tq-in Morocco not only censured;fher-s but 'Charged' them with a don-
;rdy German ihierestso' the' ebmplainfs pf
fit made no trouble .syez. thi August .68 .190.7g' Jules C'ambdng the Fa
ited: the official account: pf.'th.e: .,Ga sablanoa bombardment. to the German Foreign. Off ice 9 whi ch received .it, with consideratioho ;. Foreign Minister Ts.chirschky ' told. Jules Gambon that ”.France .has -all bur sympathies, in her
.V,work Of chastisement,in order to safeguard; the interests and,.
loyalty of his su'bjeetsa -, Mmnwhllei the business people ,- in Eorooeoe particularly the. Germansviewed "the social uo- rest /with' inereasing alara^^ / j ; - - .' ' Sultan/Abdhl Kziz made the Fr@tt6h> position,:, even oiore ,: ..
Withiti a; few'weeks ;mos-t @f: the ; tribes of the Blad ': Maahzen- had • proclaimed their allegiance: to- 'Mulav Hafld« - "’ leaving Abdul - Aziz, in/control: of Rabat and C.asablanca' only». -' Early,in jaMuary8 1908v the. people, of. Fez proclaimed Mulay.Ha fid to be-: their Sultan= Mulay Hafid' started moving, north ; towards the. capital city in- an unopposed- march that heeame- c v a triumphan t pro cession g and: in JuWe' he took ■poss@ssi@B-: of f.
- -. ; v . Abdul Aziz g reco.ghlmed . as Sultan by: the . na tives - of ;. v :.Rabat' and Casablanca ohlyg- drew.■Closer to:'Frenchf supervision8 and -he sought the; advice: and. help of French '-'Consul' Regiaault'
2 72 829303 1 .
W a . B o ' ;Harrisp The Times'n- December 1 1 B; . 1 9 0 7 o
him with arms against his brother* The" Freheh could do ; more than give him official support® . Ip "August,,. Foreign ■Minister. Pichon weakened the offieial. goverament pos
r .by stating that France would ..continue "to :iz; until MUlay Hafid had
■ : Ora the 29th of- Au§Us:ta 1908V Chancellor von Bulew . tele- :graphed - the Foreign Of f ice to send Dr*. Was eel t® Fez.i) withiBstriictieras' for him .to. influence Mulay Ha'fid. to give the .. . \
seaeesiioros j£ m »®w ;p$rts: at Larache ahd laagier to Ger=- ,W n eoqpanles.f^ ' . '- " : / ' - \. ; Fg@m@h'and English statesmen 'Wieed their anger .on l@arn=Ing ' aheut tb@. arrival gf; a German Consul in Fez8 a mow thatjsraetisally; amountei to German recognition of ■Mulay Hafid0. Sir Eyr®. Growe9 s camment about 'this beings 88A piee.e. of sharp■practice on the part of Germasiyi' sheiiWshes' to: be first-inwith Mulay Hafid, 00‘*^;did not' go'" beyond, the' strictures: utteredby other officialso;-- 'Sir .Edward Grey■ wrotei-' >: . • ■: ..'■ - . I, should say that Germamy'-ha.d%,already' placed'- ' :
.herself in the wrongs she ought net to have ' ; ; ...seht. her Consul' back to Fez without any con- . ;
V .sultation with . the-. Powers ' Interestedy and she . - \ fought' sur.@ly9 .ti'efor® 0 = 0 recognizing the . .1
, new Sul tany to have, sounded the:: Frehch and . 1 . •- ; ■'Spanish. GovernaentSo4® . ;.■ ■ .' ■' ' : ■ ’ ; : .
; had ■ changed the 'plan#', for official recognitionThe latest " -. - French plan called' for the •French and Sp-Enish working out • -■■ concrete proposals .with; Eulay. Hafidg,.and upon, itolay H a f i d >
promise to: obey thes@ proposals5:; to submit them to the ' " : :signatory powers for final .approval*^ ' ' . -
’. by' his, predecessors; •'(3) assumption of all. the, debts' .of AWul ':i '.:ftzizg : .C4) the ;granting; to France ahd - Spain the right to’ ’ ; ;;- supervise coatraband ;fradei :" (.h)7; the 'submission of the problem:- of. the Casablanca fooabardwmtto an i.nternMtional coiamission ;•
Just before ; the' peweys.: aeeepted the: inste that mad®, Mulay ; .Mafid -the legal Sultan8 the. Frenoh and. Gezman officials " '._ became imvolved in a serious/ disagreement over six Foreign ,.' Legion deserters,! $his created .a situation that made the- ' -
■ French and German statesmen almost as worried .about a war. as they had; been during the :Tangier crisis in 1905, This ■ ./■ •; ■'. crisis9 called the'Ga.sabianca. Deserters iCrisi'Se was the ■ , .secondv of ..the- three Mdroccan crises that might have 'involved'
; the European Powere, in. a,, colonial war,. . Only . the. sineer® desire for... peace oh the part of both French and German .leaders kept ythi.s from .'happening, -'
. the internatiOBil aspec.ts. of right, and..wrong- invelved in the dispat@s that Frahc® . express, her’regrets,, for-.the acts com™ mitted by her officers against the German prerogatives^ andthat Germany empress her regrets for the Consul9s giving '
' 7 ' - ' - ; • ,: ... .:. - 5S safe-conduct passes to per.s0Es...@utside, German jurisdietioru-y-ln accepting this ;th@ French Foreign Office interpreted itto., mean that the que.sflo.n of apology was not to arise- until
: after the 'decision:' of : arbitration^^ After this disagreement■del yed-'-ittatters-' for. a few daysg German Foreign Minister ;Sehoeh>created another, difficulty by s fa ting tha t the question ofthe German:Consul^s atithority. could not come into .the arbi» !- : , .. . - ' : ■ - , - 60 ' ' ' ‘' - - . . ' 1 ’ tra.tion .discussion^ $hen9 on -October.-. 3Sths Chancellor von ■Bulow made the settlement -even more. ■involved. ’ by demanding- ■ . - : the Immediate release of the three German .prisohersV^ . ’ The: French: Foreign Office replied, that;roIt would,be'Impossible : for the- French government .to give the .'wished-for 'satisfaction- o o o .but that if the arbitration - Court declared' France :
hes.s in hi s.. correspondence| he said that he feared rothat' wemight have. ■ to "bring up - the heavy artillerys ' and with the . dis”:tarbanees. in the diploma tic relations a we. might have to
p-
threaten by sending . ships to Casablanca <>1,9In early November Kaiser William 11 told Foreign Minis- " ■
:ter Sehoen that he must solve the Moroccan problem* The Kaiser was worried about.the excitement caused by the recent annexation- of Bosnia and Herzegovinac He. fe.lt that Morocco was a small matter compared to, the danger:, in the Balkans,
. with France9 now that, great issues are at - :' stak@»66 ■' . ■ . : . . . 'With definite orders that h@ must find some solution^ .
Foreign Minister Scheen met with Ambassador’Jules Cambon ' in almost daily conferences«, The two men carried on negotia™ :tions. until. Moyember Ithg when Scbpen became. Ill o By. this : tlm@y however»..the two governments had reached a formula
- This is. the that the German .and JFremch governments ,.signed on Mo.vember 27> 1908$° . - : ; / \ -
gn the part of....subordinate 'officials* They : ,V:: have decided: to submit -all the. questions' which
, v / have arisen in this connection' to a court of arbitration*'By mutual agreement each.of the Governments bind themselves to express their regret at the. conduct, of these- officials,,.
.;. -according, te. the decisions ..that the-arbiter .. '. : shall give on- the .questions of- fact and law* ■ . ,. -' .They .then sighed a note fixing, the rules of the arbitral
procedure that'stated that the tribunal should consist-of
66 Die. Gross@ ■Poli'tikn vol* 30CIV* doc* no*. 44Q0 '67 Bri ti sh . Documents * vol *.. ¥1:1 *. ..doc * no * 130V . '68 Signed by Kider Len=lfa e eh ter and Jules. Gambon * Kiderlen-
Wa@chter8 ..the acting. Foreign Ministerg. disapproved of the way Schoen-handled, the negotiations^ and.he claimed the
editorial oft•the way in which:the French and German govern-' ment's had settled; their differences0' and it lauded the fairness
69 The text of the final decisions V- : J ... Conflict between exclusive Consular jurisdiction- esta
blished fey the capitulations and exclusive ..military Juris- diction of "an Army of Occupation should, in the present ; instances be 'decided in favor of Franees,.'..as, Casablanca '.was ' at the -time .'occupied. fey .■ the. French.,military forces« In
■ viewa • howevers of-absence of universally accepted doctrine on the subject"of concurrent Consular and .military, juris- - .
. dictiensg German Consulate, was net::to blame for protect- ., ing deserters at their request<> But Secretary to German Consulate, coroitted .a fault of manifest gravity in .
: attempting the embarkation on a German steamer of deserters.not of German nationality* and in making the Consul sign to that end ..a safe conduct for six instead,of three • personal- In .signing the . safe 'conduct Consul committed am [email protected] faults Further, under. circuRistaaces Geraan Consulate had no right to ..grant: protections evem - '
sIqb aecep.table; to '-all 8 one “which had furnished an honorable solution to a dispute. whieh9. however trivial was its origin»had almost set Europe on firev ,71
CHAPTER IV
IINING CONCESSIONS
Conference,busine and n
leen impedes
In. the Er^Rif
goodsathis periods howevers was over a natural product.that appear, on any export list of -the tisi@6. This 'm
res that lies'.in the .Er ftif ;and Atlas' 1 Frtnehg with their special privileges^ had i. miningthe. iron because of ..the irregular^, t
the. Moroccan eustom of granting concessionso . Severs] mpanles finally received, concessions, to mine iron
ins in. 1905 <=> but then the Tangier crisis Mgeciras Gonv.ere.oce interrupted any mining - they had ;
One. of the problems, that concerned the delegates
65
extracted from .the ground to any great extent,, ■ To this the main wealth of Morocco is agricultural^ But in the | iod just before the- country became a French Protectorate^ thev European .hational'sa -sup ot:t@dr by their governmentsg "
try the iron# go&iag gand antimony that lie in its mountConference the -GermaEs were the chief competitors of theFrench .in securing rights to mine these minerals» This frivalry continued until.they settled their differences inthe Accord of v : : 1, ' ' - ,:l\.... John B.akel'@ssg, in his study of the,- causes of :the World
says this about the UThe Moroccan g
■ Europe to the. verge of; war8, was partly a; result .of the Franco^German conflict over iron0,Moroccan @3
: the;. German .irsn^mastersg facimg . #./ shortage of or® in thi the- mines8 as yet unworked9 known to exist in'
' "that country o'.4 . . - . ■■ . : .One group of Germanss in particular5 made, the competi«to get mining concessionsthe six Eanaesmann brothers founded the Karol
a. of which was-2g78.ig^v ■, ant minerals are g ranthraeite -ore {125g200 metric tons' lead.(15g300 m
4 Jo Bakelessg The Economic •<
is phosphate9 the tons in 1946 o Other is _ is800 metric tons)8 iron
ris#. to political power as. anvance their sent agents .had proclaimed went south to
(s' pes.
d .upon the Mulay ’ Ha fid' llent opportunity to ad= ‘
interestso . The Marokke^Mannesmann Compagniethe natives .of Marrakesh bhsir Sul tan 0 These agents. ,
assist, the. cause .of the pretender to the Sul =>During the few months
68
y to "' the The Mannesmanns3 re’M'
until Movembezg. sigi siasin'Sg . giving; there, the right
was to be the next Sultan 10
1908o At that, agnized as Sul tar
proposeiBe me
/first the-.Gsthe Consul /Rosen.* favored the. activities of - the Mannesmanns0 Wien Dro Vassel went to Fez* before the official recognition of Mulay Hafid* he; supported the interests of the Mannesmann brothers By the beginning of 1909* however $, the GermanForeign' Of j
nse":
started to withdraw^its- support from the January' 15*' 1909» W r Rosen told Be .Har= Times correspendent* that two agents of the
lesmanos had. gone to Fez to make, the final arrangements .66 their - hew mining concessionse He, assured Harris$' that this would "not hurt the
The G< Foreign Office, at the end of January* 1909;instructed. Dr0' ¥ass@lg.. the. Consul in Fez,
■years* Because, the French made-many economic concessions to the Germans in "this .agreements, .the German.,government put sufficient pressure,-upon. the..Marokko-Mannesmann Compagnie to.; keep: it, from: causiBg trouble* Although the Eannesmann brothers, refused to join the Union of Mine's., they lost to the.syndicate most of the mining concessions that Mulay Hafid had given, to their, company* , The. agreement that helped bring about more peaceful, condition s. was called -the. Franco-German
14 Eh Staceyg, . roMannesmann BEning Interests and the Franco- :, German: Conflict-over- tforQCCOs68 Journal '-.of. Political ■ Ecpn=
. ’ .. . * ocf' : ' J. V;-. .' . ‘ - -■ ■:22g .1907g that-vori"'Bulbws. -was most anxious for an improvement- in the ' . -relations between France and Germanyo He ■ . ' .:
, thought this could be effected- by a display of .tact .on both sidesg' especially on the. part of ■
'. the.'local representatives of the two Powers® ‘ ■• He was. conviaced that-France, had no intention : ■ ;.
; attacking Franoeg nor of creating difficulties:;. •- . :' for her in Morocco 0 ® ®. All 'Prince von Buiow .;' . . . :
wanted was that-German, traders and merchants:, ' . '. .. -' .' : should' not be unfairly, treated: by the "French •. ; -; ..- . ::
authoritiess and should not be excluded from .;. -. - ..fair' ■ competition, * '
5 Affaires du Karoo® [email protected] doc0 mo® 41® - ..6 Die Gross®•Politika :vol» XXIV^ doc® no® 8280®•7 Report .on an interview that - M®' Goef fray had with von
BliloWo British Documentsi vole ,Vll.® doc®. n@® 73®,
: The unrest in Mereeeo during,the next few months delayed.any attempt-to transfer such, feelings into any sort @f actioaMW@n' -the cannoBS. speak in Morocco is a. bad time for - diplo=-aiaey"8 w. said Foreign Minister: won Tsehirsehky<,®.- -"
: By. Se;pt®iaber@- 19089 . however9 Baron. William w n Scho@Bgwho. be camei Foreign Minis'ter during:, the previous win ter g feltthat- the time was opportune ..to press once more for some sortof economie agreemehto Foreign Minister.von Schoen toldAmbassador Jules Gambon thati : . : -. .
we fully realize, s.- o » Sn ...tinderstanding.9. mainly ‘: in the economic fields' perhaps toy insuring
: . equality in the, Morocco market9 . appears. to me■ _ not too difficulty’■ . : : ■Jules Gambon; made' the next . move. On October 28 9 1908 9
he told- Fpreign. Minister Schoeh that the mutual interests, ofFrance, and-. Germany in the Eastern question.'(this was. afterAustria annexed [email protected]) made it desirable forthe two states to come, to an. understanding about. Morocco®^
The French Minister of Finance0 Gaillaux9 on December14p .1908 9 t@ld Geman, Consul yen lanckeBs , -
It is '.absolutely essential that Morocco be . removed ss. an eventual object of strife, in
' ' our relatibns<> If this does not happen? we ' ■ . :move towards a conflict with certainty^' For'France it is a. life question to maintain a
- far-reaching political .position in M o r o c c o , -
8 Die Grosse Politike vol» XXIV9 ...doco nOo 8292» .9 Ibid on doc, ho, 84399'10 Ibldoo .doc0 nQo 8463<>1.1 Ibido j do Co no, 84710 .. ' .
would- not even give her thate, ■ Gaillaux. .then asked what ' guarantees Germany wanted*. Lan.cken replied? "It would be . the business of France to come, forth with proposals*”. .Gaillaux, said :that, he thought his. government would be will-
' .. . ' ' "TO : '■ ing. to do so» ? x ■ ' v . / . ,len days later® Prince RadollBg.German Ambassador to
■France reviewed . the Moroccan situation in a letter to Chan=- ' . 00 ‘ - ' - . -- - Cel lor von Bulows ciosing his;, letter with the suggestion foi
former. German Consul 'at'' T.angier> wrote a59 1909® that did much towards formulata
the Foreign"Office9 s ideas on this subject* He said thatthe conflict of interests between' Germany and France; inMorocco was bound to lead to a defeat for Germany* TheFrench would dominate the new Sultan sooner- or later® therthe French Legation in Tangier would be the center of the
asked.Schoen. if he had anything in minde • Schoen said -that ;a formala for Frensh and German cooperation in financial matters.that;would give a considerable: political predominance to France9 would be easy to .arrange* Gambon promised .to , take the., matter up in' Paris when he; arrived there in a few d a y s y . ; .
inizing on the other hand that the special interests of France are there closely
tied, to the consolidation of internal -peace and .erders, and resolving-not-to' interfere in
■ . these Interests9. . - ■ , ' . -. . - ,.declare that they will not pursue nor
encourage any measure of a nature to create in . their -favor or in favor of any power whatsoever an economic privilege and that they will seek .to associate- their nationals, in the affairs ' for which they may obtain the contracts20
Public-and official opinion in Germany$, Frances and England . received enthusiastically.; the. mews. of . this agrees 11
ires du Maro cl 0. vol. ,XXI¥r/<
201259 126,
Andre Tardiey $>' the Freneh statesmanFrench public.epinien saw in the
Aedordg von Buiow saidtMow Mores#®' is a. fruit that;'is ripening for - -. you, and you are'sure of picking lt@ w@ omly- 'i' ;
: . ask one - thing of yeuV that is to be patient '■- : and to have regard for .Gemas -pufelie opinions25.
. ' • this friendly feeling, on the part of the. Freneh; and Ger« :'man governments did not .last two years0 But- during the' time/it did lasfs French and German.business prospered^ and the' :..-FreBch progressed in their desire ::tp bring political-border v-:to Morocco's^ . The Accord, of 1909 indicated; a peaceful wayby which; the French could have taken over the political eon- 'trol of; the, c.puntryo ' / :: ■ ; - . .
Frenthtoeh and Germans decided ;in. the course of"time that
had continued to wish a compromise.solution to their.quest
they: did:: nQtvyi.sh, to' follow the pattern of, the Accord of 1909o Later this led to-,more trouble between the two nations
of- these-;subsequent actioBSs which led to another MorocCan cris ^,.: The Accord of :1909 remains a .' testimonial of how theFrench and German# could have proceeded i-n Moroccog if they
Die Gross® Politik der Europalschen- Kabinette, 1871“1914p edited by Johannes Lepsius® Albrecht Mendelssohn-=Bartholdy and Friedrich Thinmes Berlin? 1922c.
Documents diplomatique:.Affaires du Marocs, Minister® des■' affaires etjcangeres, Paris9 1901-=1912oDocuments diplomaticiue francais-„ 1871=19149 Mialstere des
affaires'"etrangeresa Series II9 volo III: & IVg,. Paris9 1929Documents diplomatique,, Protocoles et Comptes rendus de la ■Conference d8Aldeciras. Ministere.des affaires etrahgeresg
Qsterreiteh^Unqarns Aussenpolitik von der Bosnischen Krise 1908 bis hum KrieaaUsbruch0' 19140 Vienna,, 1930.
■ Schmitt,.. Bo -Eog .New York® "19346 :e and the Triple Enti
Stuartp. Ge Ho o- French : Foreign Peligy frem Fa shod a; to Sera i @v@ New Yorkp 1921o ' ....Swaiap Jo Wo9 Beginning the' Twemtietb CeatugVo New YorIc8,1933o„Taydiey fl' A e La rCenference 'd'8AIqecira8o:- Pari6« 1907o ■