Francesco Rampa Head of ECDPM Food Security Programme Making agriculture in Africa climate-smart from policies to practice.

Francesco Rampa

Head of ECDPM Food Security Programme

www.ecdpm.org/bn80

Making agriculture in Africa climate-smart

from policies to practice

• CC already negative impact on food security, especially through agric., esp in Africa (40% total export earnings + 60-90% employment, 95% farmed land rainfed agric… more than a quarter of population undernourished)

• Agric contributes significantly to CC: globally, 25% GHG (African agric. 15% of total amount globally emitted from agriculture)

• Africa future bread-basket? Land + productivity-margin

Climate Change, Agric & Food Security

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- sustainable intensification (farm level) - agro-ecology (“nature-driven” ag…science/movement) - precision agriculture (“technology-driven”…)- ecosystem-based adaptation for food security- landscape approach- …- CSA: 1) sustainably increasing ag.productivity/incomes 2) adapting & building resilience to CC 3) reducing GHG [incl. landscape appr, agro-forestry, sust. intensification] • criticism (GACSA, mitig…60% fertilizer biz eg. Yara)• encom. social, env.& econ.benefits (flex., widely used)

Build complementarities/link best practices while seeking new knowledge, avoiding ideology

Various approaches to make agr “climate smart”

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• Try mainstream CSA in ag.policies cont/reg/nat.levels ($?)

• AUC-NEPAD ‘Agriculture CC Adaptation-Mitigation Framework’ 2010… Section 5 “Financing scaling-up of adaptation-mitigation measures in ag” recognizes CAADP NAIPs + AU Malabo Decl: ‘Africa CSA Vision 25x25’: ACSAA & NAIPs (vulnerability & capacity assessments…only?)

• “COMESA CSA Pship” (+Reg.CAADP Compact)…Tripartite…

• national CSA projects (from REC,donors…)…some institutional improvem/coordin eg Uganda; but National Adaptation Progr. of Action & NAIP not aligned

• Too early?

African policy-makers promote CSA

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• …at ALL LEVELS e.g: AU-RECs? lack NAT capacity to plan and submit the required documents NAPA/NAMAs…

• HORIZONTAL Coherence: “climate” & “agriculture” are still treated in silos

• VERTICAL Coherence: disconnect btw policies & frameworks at global, contin., regional, nat., local levels

need to scale-up CSA (mostly small projects/CSR now)

Weak knowledge/governance/$ VS mainstreaming

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• will TNCs follow best-practices (eg Unilever) & shift to greener biz-models that can serve LR/scale (BoP) consumers? $ + GHG, beyond CSR & SR employment?

• role of family farmers? some B2B (EU-Afr…) but too early?

• GOVs & financial partners should create Enabling-Env.: financial incentives to mitigate risks especially for smallh/SMEs who can better address opp. in local markets & better adapt CSA techn. to local MKTs (eg Guanomad, Koppert)

• Eg. EU’s AgriFI + Africa Investment Facility: support “green” capital into agric (EU grants could leverage up to 100bn EUR additional P&P sources)…will Blending manage to de-risk smallh/SMEs (or usual suspects)?

CSA, private sector & sustainable profits

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…to overcome those challenges, coz CSA is context-specific and knowledge-intensive SO:

• CB, financing of inclusive green VCs, strengthening enabling environment, facilitating multistakeholder partnerships, promoting systems leadership…

• P-P dialogue on specific CSA mech./ dev criteria to measure sustainable inv. / risk capital for sustainable intensification for smallholders …(vague so far)

• E.g. make costs of production visible…Greening Agriculture Checklist for PSD instruments…

Multi-stakeholder, bottom-up, inter- sectorial approach

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• UN CC debates/COP21 should give “agriculture” priority• barriers: complexity, lack globally agreed definition of “ag.

sector”, gaps scient/tech knowledge of CC impact on ag using CC-funds for agric: - some bilateral donor projects…(WFP tool @COP21…) - GCF prioritises CSA/LDC in principle but UNFCCC mandate?

(100bn by 2020, only 10 now, 60 pledged.. 50-50% M-Ad..now 16%)…will depend on Nat Author (Min Energy?)

- 2008-13, 1bn USD-y spent by multilateral climate funds… diffic to say if this trend harm agric inv. (shift from ag to CC) coz little info on how used and how to distinguish

BUT INDCs: 80% ag.in mitig. targets/actions (eg Kenya CSA), 64% noted importance in adaptation, 30% mitigation targets in ag. conditional on intl $ support… e.g. RAI n.6

top-down frameworks…UNFCCC/COP21

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• of course CSA not panacea… • NO one-size-fits-all: adaptation – mitigation balance

differ. in Sahel (Ad. as heat) vs Equator (Mit. as sink) so different policy instruments

• E.g. sustainable diets?

• Climate apocalypse? UNFCCC ? 160 INDCs better than Kyoto (1st COP dealing w Ag.) but not sufficient + ?? [MRV; fresh $; regular Review]

… your views are key !

Concluding remarks…

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Thank you

www.ecdpm.org/foodsecurity

[email protected]

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