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University of Tennessee CoADLandscape Architecture 580Student
ProjectsFall 2014
TERRA-DRONE_front view
Telescopic Stabilizer Arm
(2) Propeller Engine Compartments with full rotational
capability
360 degree rotation
Housing Compartment
Interchangeable, Titanium Bit*
Attachments List
*TerraDrone bits are specially designed to dig through bedrock,
limestone, granite, clay, topsoil, loam, sandstone, marble, shale,
slate and other such geologies.
-Bore-Spade-Vacuum-Blower-Spreader-Claw-Magnet-more under
development
Contains the motherboard, the engine, and the geospatial
analytics
0-1
00 (t
yp.)
360 degree rotation on 2 engines allows the TerraDrone to
manipulate the land in both the X,Y, and Z axis
varie
s
-
cover: Clay Lezoninside cover: Student responses to the prompt
what bugs you?
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Todays leaders in landscape architecture do not merely re-spond
to design problems that are defined for them by cli-entsthey
actively seek to identify new issues and uncover deeper problems
that have not yet been brought into focus. Many contemporary
landscape architects have realized that how one frames an issue can
be just as important as identify-ing it as an issue in the first
place. Framing can be thought of as the creation of a lens through
which you and your audi-ence understand the issue. It is crucial to
understand that the identification and framing of an issue informs
the outcome of any proposal, design related or not.
By the final year of graduate school, students have been giv-en
many studio briefs in which it is the instructor who identi-fies
the topic and frames the issue for which students design a
proposal. In this class, the students make those decisions for
themselves. Students practice the preliminary decision-
University of Tennessee CoADLandscape Architecture
580Framing/ProgrammingStudent ProjectsFall 2014
The New-New Deal in TVAs FutureClay Lezon
Urban Stream ResurgenceJessica Neary
Yellow Snow: Recycled Waste Water Used for Ski SlopesBrandon
Orrick
National Parks as Curators of ChangeCameron Rodman
Defending the Fort: A Vision for Knoxvilles Fort Sanders
NeighborhoodCaroline Sneed
Urban Wildness: Eco-literacy in the Urban LandscapeWhitney
Tidd
Some Assembly RequiredClint Wayman
Student Bios
making phases through three projects that allow the student to
identify a pertinent topic, frame an issue surrounding the topic,
and propose strategies rooted in, but not limited to, landscape and
design. Students are asked to propose novel design strategies and
action plans that address the ecologic, social, and economic facets
of the issue while evolving with, supporting, and creating feedback
loops in response to the issue as framed. In this class we refer to
this three-decision phase process as programming.
The following projects are the results of this inquiry.
Valerie S. Friedmann, MLA, Assoc. ASLAAdjunct Assistant
Professor, Landscape ArchitectureUniversity of Tennessee College of
Architecture and Design http://archdesign.utk.edu
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50
70
90
110
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In the 20th century, the Tennessee Valley Authority undertook
the largest infrastructural project that our country had ever seen.
As part of the New Deal under the Roosevelt administration, TVA was
thought of as an acronym savior. It was to provide jobs for
thousands of unemployed, create a navigable passage along the
Tennessee River, control flooding of the Tennessee River, and
provide electricity to all, especially the impoverished,
Appalachia.
TVA accomplished this and more...
The latter half of the 20th century has TVA remain true to its
goal of providing cheap, reliable energy. To do so, they have
expanded not only their hydro-electric generating capacity, but
also their nuclear, fossil fuel, solar and wind capacity.
The company has set goals for the year 2020 to increase nuclear
production and provide more environmental benefits through
stewardship of our land, air, and waters. However, with most of
TVAs, or our grandfathers infrastructure beginning to crumble,
parts of TVA may be reaching the end of its lifespan.
TVA has the opportunity to rebrand themselves for the 21st, and
possibly 22nd, century. They are standing on the edge of their next
great watershed moment and they have the opportunity to affect the
infrastructure of our country yet again.
What will the future of TVA look like?
Clay Lezon
The New-New Deal in TVAs Future
source: http://explorepahistory.com
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3
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TVA TIMELINE
KY
TN
MS AL
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970
May 8, 1933-Congress passes the TVA Act and it is signed by
President Roosevelt as part of the New Deal.
By the end of the 1930s, TVA electricity changed modern life for
residents in the region.
In order to support the needs of WWII, 12 hydroelectric plants
were built by 1942.
TVA became self-financing in 1959.
source: tva.com
TVA has a rich and storied history that is close to reaching a
centennial celebration. We know what TVAs past looks like, but what
will their future hold? What types of information do we have that
can help us begin to predict some future scenarios for TVA?
4
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OH
NC
VA
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
From the 70s 80s. TVA became a national leader for energy
efficiency and reliable , low-cost rates.
TVA cut operating costs by $800M and developed plans to reduce
environmental contaminants.
TVA adopted a plan to meet the needs of the region through
2020.
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TVA Hydroelectric Dams
+
+TVA Hydroelectric dams
TVA Hydroelectric pump stations
While there are close to 50 reservoirs within the Tennessee
Valley Region, there are only 29 hydroelectric facilities. TVA only
receives 1/10th of their energy supply from those 29 facilities.
When you compare this with the fact that they receive 30 percent of
their power from nuclear plants and 50 percent of their power from
fossil fuel plants, it is quite easy to predict a future scenario
in which the cost of maintaining their power plants far outweighs
their benefit. What do you do with 29 hydroelectric dams and
facilities when they are no longer profitable?
One option is to completely get rid of them...BLOW THE DAMS!
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Something Doesnt Add Up
of TVA regions power comes from 29 hydroelectric plants and 1
stored pump station.
1/10th
Year by which major U.S. dams will be at the end of their
lifespan.
2070
The percentage of U.S. dams rated as potentially high
hazard.
17.6%
source: eai.gov, GSD Infrastructure Lifespans7
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From Grey to Green
+
Blowing the dams would dramatically change the Tennessee River
watershed, as well as all of the sub watersheds within the
Tennessee Valley Region. Currently, because of the dams and
reservoirs, the Tennessee River Watershed kind of acts like a
system of bathtubs and faucets. As water enters one bathtub it is
held until a need requires that it is pushed further down the
chain, through the watershed. However, if the dams were gone, the
watershed could be treated like a giant sponge. Depending on how
the drained reservoirs are treated, water could be filtered,
cleaned, and pushed through the watershed in a much more natural
manner.
The drained reservoirs offer incredible potential for the states
in which they exist. They could create allkinds of new typological
potentials once the water is gone. Tennessees wetlands could be
restored,new types of residential development could be pursued, we
would have new environmentalresearch opportunities...the list could
go on and on. But before we could even begin to think about these
things, we would need to prepare the land that we just
uncovered.
Current Watershed Infrastructure
Possible Watershed Infrastructure
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Increase the amount of wetlands lost in Tennessee
Create new and more varied recreation types
Uncover new land within reservoirs, outside of the
floodplain
Create new teaching opportunities
Create new and varied research opportunities
What are the Possibilities?
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Whats On the Horizon?
1,83
0
36,2
3724
,900
67,9
00
67,0
7015
,500
43,1
00
5,47
0
10,3
70
2,29
0
205,
600
33,8
40
160,
300
10,7
01
14,6
0039
,090
1,07
0
28,4
20
70
4,18
0
7,05
0
10,2
30
10
-
28,7
8128
,420
4,40
087
2
7,55
0?
6,43
0
813,479 ac
Once TVAs 29 hydroelectric facilities are destroyed, Tennessee,
Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and Kentucky will be faced with
sharing a tremendous amount of new land that will have been
uncovered.
By draining the reservoirs, over 813,479 acres will be created.
That is equal to 1,271 square miles and roughly the same size as
the state of Rhode Island and ten times the size of Knoxville,
TN!
What the regions, or states, or cities do with this new land
would be entirely up to them. But it would create an interesting
and novel dialogue between the different parties which could result
in unorthodox and innovative solutions to some of our regions
greatest problems.
TVA could most definitely help with some of these future
issues...but in what capacity?
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source:
http://www.google.com/hostednews/getty/media/ALeqM5hPA_mqaaEPRaH1lqthBo-B3Mu6_w
These new worlds of uninundated land would have to be prepared
before we could inhabit them.
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Future Scenarios
PAST FUTUREThe dissolution of TVAs hydroelectric facilities.
We are here.
As we have already posited, TVA could continue along its current
course and plan its future as safely, and as predictably as
possible. Or, they could try to create a new future for themselves,
one that assumes the dissolution of their hydroelectric facilities
and the almost instantaneous uncovering of thousands of acres of
new land. If TVA was being prudent, they would look to build upon
current technologies and create a market for themselves. This would
not only benefit TVA, but also their customer base. In a way, TVA
would be diversifying their already successful business model for
the future.
But how could they do this?
What would this look like?
13
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TERRA-DRONE
TERRA-DRONE_front view
Telescopic Stabilizer Arm
(2) Propeller Engine Compartments with full rotational
capability
360 degree rotation
Housing Compartment
Interchangeable, Titanium Bit*
Attachments List
*TerraDrone bits are specially designed to dig through bedrock,
limestone, granite, clay, topsoil, loam, sandstone, marble, shale,
slate and other such geologies.
-Bore-Spade-Vacuum-Blower-Spreader-Claw-Magnet-more under
development
Contains the motherboard, the engine, and the geospatial
analytics
0-1
00 (
typ
.)
360 degree rotation on 2 engines allows the TerraDrone to
manipulate the land in both the X,Y, and Z axis
varie
s
14
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TERRA-DRONE_top view
TERRA-DRONE_side view
Solar Panels 3 - 0
6 - 0
12 - 0
33 degrees
3 - 6
By combining and building upon technologies which already exist,
TVA could revolutionize an entire industry. They could create the
Terra Drone, the worlds first automated, geospatial, terraforming,
vehicle.
These newly drained reservoirs would exhibit highly sloped,
highly unstable, bare soil. This would be terrible for the new
water channels that were created by blowing the dams. Therefore,
TVA would need something that would be able to reform and amend the
land quickly. There just wouldnt be time to wait for extremely
invasive bulldozers and backhoes to prepare thousands of acres of
land.
TVA could create a niche market for themselves by changing the
face of terraforming as we know it.
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TERRA DRONING
1 Geospatial analysis is uploaded to the drone, along with the
new desired topography for the site.
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23
The drone passes back and forth across the site, systematically
forming the land.
With the proper attachments, the perfect amount of cut and fill
can be created and the waterway can be protected from sediment
runoff.
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TERRA DRONING
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45
After changing attachments, the drone can then bore holes and
carry trees to the proper, geolocated planting location.
The drones are also capable of plugging, tilling, and spraying
seed to stabilize the edges closer to the water.
x
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GREEN ENERGY
TECHNOLOGY
RESTORED WATERSHED
ECOLOGICALREVITALIZATION
$$$TVA
Nuclear
SubStations
Cities Industry
Residential
Fossil
Hydro
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Reaping the Benefits
RESTORED WATERSHED
Terraforming
Landscape Services
Construction/Lifting
Excavation
ECOLOGICALREVITALIZATION
While we have no idea what the future holds for TVA, we can
imagine a scenario in which they would need to rethink their
current business model. If TVA continues with their current trends,
then our nuclear production will continue to eclipse our
hydroelectric facilities, rendering them financially
disadvantageous. What happens when the cost outweighs the benefit
of keeping the hydroelectric facilities?
What happens when TVA decides to destroy their hydroelectric
facilities and reinvest that money and, in so doing, create an
entirely new industry?
These are the types of questions that I enjoyed positing and
trying to begin to answer with this project. I find that there is a
duality to these types of projects. While on the one hand, they are
incredibly fun for me to try and predict, on the other hand, I am
constantly struggling with the practicality.
This project, I think, has a little bit of both. Its a crazy
proposition... and yet its just crazy enough to work. We have the
technology, we just have to reappropriate it at a different scale.
This could be an incredibly revolutionizing program that has the
potential to create a national green infrastructure. The
possibilities are exciting to think about.
Your move TVA...
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Photo credits & sources:1. source: GoogleEarth, accessed
12/14/142.
www.worldmapsonline.com/historicalmaps/1W-TN-KN-1886.htmgif3.
GoogleEarth, accessed 10/12/144.
garysoutdoorwanderings2.blogspot.com5.
www.sawmillrivercoalition.org6.
www.knoxnews.com/weather/storm-damage-knoxville-area-june-24-20117.
http://archives.huduser.org/rbc/archives/newsletter/vol10iss1_2.html8.
www.vaughnmelton.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/First-Creek-Drainage-Improvements-Fairmont-Drive-Channel-640x427.jpg9.
www.metropulse.com/stories/features/first-creek-journey. (Photos:
Holly Haworth)10.
stewartinc.com/portfolio-post/little-sugar-creek-stream-restoration-and-greenway/11.
Low Impact Development: Opportunties for the PlanET Region.
2013.12. www.theolinstudio.com13.
www.locallinks.com/kodak_v570.htm14.
www.news.appstate.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/stream_restorations_01.jpg15.
greenworkspc.com/stormwater/zidell-green-infrastructure/16.
www.communityprogress.net17. www.asla.org/2009awards/091.html
(Photo: Taeoh Kim)18.
apps.ncdot.gov/newsreleases/details.aspx?r=6391
Urban Stream Resurgence
The U.S. lacks one cohesive national water policy. Instead,
there are numerous governance and pol-icy structures at the
federal, state and local levels. While agencies have strengthened
their focus on watershed based decision making, no over-arching,
collaborative watershed framework exists.
If we look at how our country is presently organized, we can see
that rivers run through multiple states that have multiple water
resource needs and regulations.
Jessica Neary
Our nations waters are in decline and climate change will have
unforeseen effects on supply and flooding. As our urban centers
experience the antic-ipated population growth, our urban waterways
will be challenged to perform ecologically and hydro-logically.
Within a watershed framework, how do we go about making it possible
for an urban stream resurgence?
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political boundariesdivide + conquer
watershed boundariesintegrate + regenerate
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...a new way of looking at the country.
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A Watershed Commonwealth is the new governance framework within
which water resource decisions are made.
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Nested watersheds cross political boundaries.Zooming in to the
Tennessee River Watershed which is Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) 2, it
is apparent that there are smaller watersheds nested within. The
First Creek Watershed (HUC12) mostly falls within the political
boundaries of Knoxville. State and county lines intersect and
fragment various watersheds, but the watersheds themselves are
nested within each other, forming a hierarchy inherent to the
efficient management of water resources.
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Tennessee River WatershedHUC2
Watts Bar Watershed HUC8
First Creek Watershed HUC12
Knox CountyKnoxville
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where we were
where we began
where we are
Knoxville, 1886
a meandering stream
First Creek, Knoxville, 2014
1
2
3 28
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A natural stream or river is dynamic. It moves across space over
time.It is connected to a floodplain that is subject to land
shaping and water flow processes.
Burial of the Saw Mill RiverYonkers, NY 1922
4
5
6
Broadway StreetKnoxville, TN 2011
The relationship between cities and streams, past and
present.
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A transect of First Creek reveals that the spectrum of
functional value varies along its path reflecting the complex
situations of this urban stream. A singular approach to re-create a
pre-colonial ecology is impossible.
cost of insurance
mitigation fundinginsurance subsidies
developer
scale of decision making
citizen
$4 billion/year average flood in-surance claims 2003-2012.1
Approximately 10 million homes are located in floodplains across
America.1
The Tennessee River is the 14th most polluted river in the
country.2
Watershed governance resolves the conflicting policies and
actions of the numerous political entities upstream and down; it
ensures cohesive and efficient efforts across political boundaries.
It matches decision-making to the scale of the watershed. Smaller
scale water-sheds tailor the overall goals, incentives and actions
to their unique geographical and social situation.
Given the proposed policy changes under the Watershed
Common-wealth, ways in which a degraded urban stream at the HUC12
wa-tershed scale can be regenerated to reduce flooding and increase
water quality are examined.
1. www.floodsmart.gov2. Rob Kerth & S. Vinyard, Wasting Our
Waterways 2012: Toxic Industrial Pollution and the Unfulfilled
Prom-ise of the Clean Water Act,Frontier Group and Environment
America Research and Policy Center, Published March 22, 2012,
revised May 2012, accessed 12/8/14 at
www.environmentamerica.org/sites/environment/files/reports/Wasting%20Our%20Wateways%20vUS.pdf
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business owner
localpolitician
homeowner
city engineercity planner
federalgovernment
regional agencies
ecologist
large scale w
atershedm
edium
scale watershed
small scale w
atershed
goals + policiesestablish regulatory thresholds
financial incentivesparticipatory planning
management of:floodplains
wetlandsrare +endangered species
participatory planning
land use planningerosion control
greenbelt developmentparticipatory planning
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The established rural-urban transect systemizes development
pat-terns from green to gray. Does this transect represent the
con-ditions of First Creek? The idea that there is no room for
green within the urban stream corridor is challenged.
The rural-urban transect
http://transect.org/transect.html
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733
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co
nd
itio
ns
of
Fir
st
Cre
ek
a r r a y o f t e c h n i q u e s1.
7
8
the urban stream spectrum
socialeconomicecologicalhigh functional value
First Creek is listed on the Tennessee Department of Environment
and Conservation 303(d) List, with pollutants exceeding water
quality standards. Intense development contributes to the
degra-dation, as well as to increased flooding. The stream runs
behind large commercial buildings and under roads and parking lots,
diminishing its social and economic value as well. Many stream
conditions are not functioning at a high value.
to improve First Creeks water quality, decrease flooding,
improve property values and the public realm.
4 10 11 1213
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99
low functional value
9
14 15 17 1816
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2 3 4 5 6
the acupuncture approachFi
rst C
reek
pote
ntial
inte
rven
tion
sites
tech
niq
ues
I-640
Broadway
A transect of First Creek reveals that it does not follow a
gradation from green to gray; the spectrum of functional value
var-ies along its path reflecting the complex situations of this
urban stream. A singular approach to re-create a pre-colonial
ecology is impossible.
socialeconomicecologicalhigh functional value
First Creek transect
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7 8 9 10
I-40
Magnolia
Summ
it Hill
James White
Local watershed-based decisions are made to improve the stream
for the benefit of the community and downstream users. An
acupunctural method is proposed as a strategy to move First Creek
towards the high functional value
side of the spectrum, treating the stream at specified points
resulting in a hybrid stream system that is diverse and resilient,
meeting the ecological, economic
and social needs of the watershed. Opportunities are discovered
to maximize First Creeks ecological potential.
T e n n e s s e e R i v e r
low functional value
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Yellow Snow: Recycled Waste Water Used for Ski Slopes
Just outside of Flagstaff Arizona there is a sustain-able water
movement taking place at Snowbowl Ski Resort. The resort has
decided to start using treated waste water to produce snow for
recre-ational use. This is not an abnormal approach to water
conservation due to the fact the many resorts around the world are
beginning to incorporate this process into there snow making.
Although Snowbowl plans on using 100% recycled water which will
make it the first resort in America to do so. There has been mixed
views on this issue from locals, environmentalist, and Native
Americans. Pro-tester are claiming that this practice is a
desecra-tion of scared land, harmful to the local ecosystem, and
unsafe for human interaction.
Brandon Orrick
Removal of 30,000 TreesTo get the pipe line from Flagstaff to
Snowbowl a large amount of vegeta-tion had to be cleared.
Treatment Facility Water treatment plant filters the Grey and
black water before being sent out for use as irrigation and to
produce snow.
Public ContributionAll the water used in your home is
transported via sewer infrastructure to a Water Treatment
Plant.
Issues in the Community
LOCAL
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Landscape Architects Can HelpWater conservation and reuse is an
undeniable fact of our future. Climate change is happening all over
the world and it is effecting the Southwest of the United States
with increased droughts and higher temperatures. It is time to
start looking at every option to conserve potable water as it will
be the most valuable resource in the near future. Landscape
Architect are the best qualified professionals to start this
process for planning development, principals that prevent
desecration and environmental degradation of natural landforms.
Pipe Line Snowbowl constructs a 14.8 mile long pipe line for the
transportation of recycled waster water through an Alpine
Eco-region.
Distribution Center Once treated water reaches the resort it is
distributed through a pump house to different parts of the
mountain.
SnowblowersSnowblowers turn the recycled water into snow that is
used to build up a base snow pack for the ski trails.
Protesters Protesters are calling for the closing of the resort
and Native American groups have file law suits against the resort
owners.
GREY WATER GAZETTEFriday, October 9, 2014 Sustainable Water
Practices
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GREY WATER GAZETTE
Grand CanyonSnowbowl
Tempe
Arizonas Snowbowl
Friday, October 9, 2014 Sustainable Water Practices
1B
SOURCES:www.arizonasnowbowl.comwww.onthesnow.com
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TRAVELLocating Areas of Interest
2B
Skiing in the Southwest When most people think about visiting
Arizona snow is not in those thoughts. Snowbowl is lo-cated 7 miles
north of Flagstaff. Located on the western slope of Humphreys Peak
the highest summit in Arizona. Humphreys Peak is part of a volcanic
mountain range called San Francisco Peaks. The mountain range is
with in the Coconino National Forest and is a popular recreation-al
destination. The resort is one of the oldest Ski Resorts in the
country, and has been instrumental in the develop-ment of the sport
in the United States.
Image From:www.arizonasnowbowl.com
Climate Report:ANNUAL SNOWFALL: 260ANNUAL RAINFALL: 21.86AVERAGE
SUNNY DAYS: 266AVERAGE WINTER TEMPERATURE: 32SKI SEASON LENGTH:
122
Resort Information:YEARS OPEN: 76ELEVATION: 920-11500VERTICAL
DROP: 2300TRAILS: 40LIFTS: 6SKIABLE TERRAIN:777 ac.LONGEST RUN: 2
mi.WEBSITE:www.arizonasnowbowl.com
SNOWBOWL TRAIL MAP
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GREY WATER GAZETTEFriday, October 9, 2014 Sustainable Water
Practices
1C
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
4,000,000
Lodging
Restaurant
&Bar
Transportation
Shopping
Tickets
Other
Groceries
Direct Expenditures for Snowbowl 2011-2012 Ski Season
Is Snowbowl Worth It? Is the economic value that Snowbowl ski
resort brings to Flagstaff worth the possible environmental
degradation and infringement of religious rights? Snowbowl has been
the main driving factor in winter tourism since the fifties and
gen-erates 27 million in direct winter visitors expenditure to the
Flagstaff community.
In 2012 Snowbowl purchased 60 million gallons of recycled waste
water from the city of Flagstaff for a price tag of 100,000
dollars.
SOURCES:http://www.flagstaff.az.gov/DocumentCenter/Home/View/14302http://sites.dartmouth.edu/anth499/the-city-of-flagstaffs-perspective/
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BUSINESSFraming: Economic Value of Snowbowl Resort
2C
Snowbowl employees 309 people seasonally.
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
Snowbowl Grand Canyon
Annual revenue generated from tourism from visitors to Snowbowl
and The Grand Canyon 2001-2011
The Other Side of the CoinThere are some groups that say
Snowbowl is not that important to the local tourism economy. They
believe that with the revenues generated from the Grand Canyon
visitors and other area attractions, that losing Snowbowl would not
effect the tourism industry in Flagstaff.
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GREY WATER GAZETTEFriday, October 9, 2014 Sustainable Water
Practices
1D
Arizona has been feeling the effects of climate change in the
past few years with higher than normal temperatures and an
in-crease in droughts. This especially effects Flagstaff since the
city source of water is the aquifer that is changed by snow melt
and rain. Snowbowl has taken the sustainable approach to
conserv-ing water following resort models in Australia. The resort
is using 100% recycled waster water to produce snow.
Environmentalist and locals are concerned about the resort using
recycled water for its production of snow. Concerns are focused
around soil and vegetation contamination from the use of
potentially toxic effluent.
Species in DangerThe San Francisco Peaks are home to a very rare
and scared plant to Native Americans. The San Francisco Peak
Ragwort is only found along these peaks and no where else in the
world. Many are worried about the introduction of water with proven
high contents of nitrogen and phosphors will drastically effect the
Ragwort and potentially push it to extinction.
Recycled Water Good or Bad
(Image from: protectthepeaks.org)
Protect the PeaksPeople have come to-gether to protest against
the resorts expansion, use of waster water, clear-ing of Alpine
forests, and desecration of culturally scared land to local native
Americans. Protests have been going on over the development of this
resort since 1969.
120,000,000 Gallons of treated
Waste Water Per Year
181.81Is the amount of Oliympic Swimming Pools it could
fill.
SOURCES:www.protectthepeaks.orgwww.arizonasnowbowl.comwww.flagstaff.az.gov
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HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTALFraming: Impacts of Grey Water on the
Environment and Humans
2D
Is it Safe?The main concern is the snow produced safe for human
to interact with? According to the city of Flagstaff the water is
considered A+ quality based on the EPAs Safe Drinking Water Act.
This classifica-tion is considered potable, but the city is only
using it for irrigation purposes. The majority of the Southwest
uses recycled water for irrigation of lawns, gardens, sports
fields, cemeteries due to the lack of available water. To date
there has been no reports of peo-ple becoming sick for interaction
with the snow.
Sustainable ResortsFour states in the U.S. have ski resorts
using recycled waste water to produce snow. This practice has been
used by Austrailian and Candania resorts for years.
APPROVED
2 Cemeteries
12 Schools
10 Parks
4 Golf Courses
9 Public Buildings
.
AREAS IN FLAG-STAFF IRRIGATED BY RECYCLED WATER.
45
-
GREY WATER GAZETTEFriday, October 9, 2014 Sustainable Water
Practices
1E
San Francisco Peaks are located seven miles north of Flagstaff
and have been a skiing destination for over 70 years for many
Arizona natives. In 2002 Snowbowl Ski Resort proposed an
expatiation and the use of recycled water to make its snow. Native
American tribes like the Hopi and Navajo have filed petitions to
stop the use of recycled water concerned it will be detrimental to
the environ-ment and a desecration of scared cultural land of 13
Native American tribes.
Controversy on the Peaks
1930Local enthusiasts started using a old cabin as a base for
skiing.
1948Arizona gives Native Americas the right to vote.
1969Full scale resort is proposed and community and tribal
opposition rose in strong response.
1937-1938Ski Lodge was built by the Co-conino national forest
and Flag-staff Ski Club was established under special permit for
forest service.
1956Current lodge was built.
1971Grossmon broth-ers propose new plan for Snowbowl. 6000
protester cause brothers to aban-don development.
1930 1945 1960 1975 1990 2005 2020
SOURCE:www.protecthepeaks.org
46
-
CULTURALFraming: Religious and Cultural Importance of San
Francisco Peaks
2E
Indians vs. Snowbowl & U.S. Forest ServiceNative Americans
have been trying to fight the development in courts from many
different angles without any results. The owners of Snow-bowl and
the U.S. Forest Service say that no religious sites have been
disturbed or paths impeded due to the development. The ski resort
has offered for the Indians to use there ski lifts to reach
religious sites.
1979Forest service ap-proves expansion of resort and 9000
protesters and 11 appeals tried to stop it.
1998Resolution of the Navajo council to oppose desecration of
mountain
1983Wilson vs. BlockHopi and Navajo file to preclude expansion
of the resort.
1997Snowbowl sub-mits plans to add 66 more acres of trails.
Forest Service requires a full EIS before anymore develop-ment can
happen.
2009Save the Peaks Coalition filed a lawsuit to stop the use of
waste water for snow making.
2002Snowbowl pro-poses new trails and the use of waste water to
make snow.
2012Snowbowl first year of using waste water 29 million gallons
were used to make snow.
1930 1945 1960 1975 1990 2005 2020
47
-
GREY WATER GAZETTEFriday, October 9, 2014 Sustainable Water
Practices
1F
PipingWater extracted from the cistern will be transported to a
pump house to be distrib-uted to the snowblowers.
AquiferThis should be the last resort for water due to the fact
that it supplys most of the citys potable water.
What Can They Do?Snowbowl faces a difficult situations when it
comes to collection of water. Only receiving around 30 inches of
rain per year. I believe that the approach they have taken to
ensure the future of there resort is innovative approach to their
issue. With that being said, there are other alternatives to
consider incorporating into their scheme. By placing large cisterns
strategically throughout the resort to capture stormwater run off
via infiltration swales help reduce there con-sumption of waste
water. Tapping into the aqui-fer located below the caldera would be
a last resort because the city uses it for it water source, but it
could provide an adequate source of wa-ter. But I believe the best
approach is to use all three. By combined the three sources with
natu-ral snowfall reduction of waste water use could be cut to a
fraction.
48
-
EDITORIAL OPINIONSFraming: Religious and Cultural Importance of
San Francisco Peaks
2F
CisternLarge holding tanks for stormwater that has been
col-lected through out the year.
49
-
National Parks as Curators of Change
For almost a century, the US National Park Service (NPS) has
existed as an institution which protects our cultural and natural
resources. Through conservation, preservation, and traditional
resource curation the NPS has frozen in time the history of our
changing land and culturally diversifying peoples.
I propose that a new model be developed by the NPS which seeks
to curate our cultural and natural changes as they occur.
The process of curation would be inclusive and would engage the
public as citizen scientists in the process of documentation. A
living document would result, curating what we see every day on a
micro and macro scale.
This model could be implemented by park managers and visitors
while within the U.S. National Park Service and therefor would take
a different shape based on its people groups and locations. Glacial
retreats and animal habitation are some examples to consider.
The primary delivery and collection method of information and
visualizations would be through a user generated interface which
chronicles these changes over time and provides opportunities for
experiential and quantifiable data extraction.
Base image: Louis H. Pedersen (1917)
Cameron R. Rodman
50
-
National Parks as Curators of Change
For almost a century, the US National Park Service (NPS) has
existed as an institution which protects our cultural and natural
resources. Through conservation, preservation, and traditional
resource curation the NPS has frozen in time the history of our
changing land and culturally diversifying peoples.
I propose that a new model be developed by the NPS which seeks
to curate our cultural and natural changes as they occur.
The process of curation would be inclusive and would engage the
public as citizen scientists in the process of documentation. A
living document would result, curating what we see every day on a
micro and macro scale.
This model could be implemented by park managers and visitors
while within the U.S. National Park Service and therefor would take
a different shape based on its people groups and locations. Glacial
retreats and animal habitation are some examples to consider.
The primary delivery and collection method of information and
visualizations would be through a user generated interface which
chronicles these changes over time and provides opportunities for
experiential and quantifiable data extraction.
Base image: Louis H. Pedersen (1917)
Cameron R. Rodman
51
-
PARK DECLINESYMPTOMS
9%
17%
16DAY$
5%NATIONAL PARKS VISITATION
WHAT DO THE NUMBERS REALLY SAY???
140 MILLIONREDUCTION IN FUNDINGIN 2011
OVE
RN
IGH
T S
TAYS
LE
GIS
LA
TIO
N
FEDERAL SHUTDOWN
BU
DG
ET
ALL PARK TYPES - REC. VISITORS
HTTP://WWW.NPCA.ORG
WWW.NPS.GOV
ICON CREDIT: JAMES CHRISTOPHER,
13.5 MILLION
4.8 MILLION
2.8
MIL
LIO
N
THE SPORTSMENS HERITAGE ACT
ANTIQUITIES ACT
CLEAN WATER PROTECTION RULE
FUTURE PARK DESIGNATIONS
NATIONAL PARK FUNDING
DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS
FRACKING THREATENS HEALTH OF NATIONAL PARKS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY?
acti
ve
en
ga
ge
me
nt
webs
ites
visito
r cen
ters
interp
retive
guide
s
book
s/pam
phlet
s
range
rs/VIPsta
ff
signa
ge
comm
unity
enga
geme
nt
citize
n scie
nce
parks
as cl
assro
oms
pa
ssiv
e
en
ga
ge
me
nt
VISITOR ENGAGEMENT METHODS
While in the nations parks, visitors are engaged in a variety of
ways. Some are actively engaged while others are passively engaged.
Each of these engagement types creates a typified response which
alters the actions and experience of the park visitor. Much like
traditional marketing and current social media marketing trends,
engagement is everything. Without engagement, the consumer, in our
case the park visitor leaves without buying into the idea or
product (the national park). This can be detrimental to our
national parks longevity and the successful sharing of our
countries greatest idea through generations and culture groups.
Actively engaging park visitors and those who have yet to come to
the parks is essential to creating a feeling of empowerment within
the visitor. An accurate understanding of which areas need improved
engagement techniques and those that are currently working but can
be further built upon is essential.
52
-
PARK DECLINESYMPTOMS
9%
17%
16DAY$
5%NATIONAL PARKS VISITATION
WHAT DO THE NUMBERS REALLY SAY???
140 MILLIONREDUCTION IN FUNDINGIN 2011
OVE
RN
IGH
T S
TAYS
LE
GIS
LA
TIO
N
FEDERAL SHUTDOWN
BU
DG
ET
ALL PARK TYPES - REC. VISITORS
HTTP://WWW.NPCA.ORG
WWW.NPS.GOV
ICON CREDIT: JAMES CHRISTOPHER,
13.5 MILLION
4.8 MILLION
2.8
MIL
LIO
N
THE SPORTSMENS HERITAGE ACT
ANTIQUITIES ACT
CLEAN WATER PROTECTION RULE
FUTURE PARK DESIGNATIONS
NATIONAL PARK FUNDING
DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS
FRACKING THREATENS HEALTH OF NATIONAL PARKS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY?a
cti
ve
en
ga
ge
me
nt
webs
ites
visito
r cen
ters
interp
retive
guide
s
book
s/pam
phlet
s
range
rs/VIPsta
ff
signa
ge
comm
unity
enga
geme
nt
citize
n scie
nce
parks
as cl
assro
oms
pa
ssiv
e
en
ga
ge
me
nt
VISITOR ENGAGEMENT METHODS
While in the nations parks, visitors are engaged in a variety of
ways. Some are actively engaged while others are passively engaged.
Each of these engagement types creates a typified response which
alters the actions and experience of the park visitor. Much like
traditional marketing and current social media marketing trends,
engagement is everything. Without engagement, the consumer, in our
case the park visitor leaves without buying into the idea or
product (the national park). This can be detrimental to our
national parks longevity and the successful sharing of our
countries greatest idea through generations and culture groups.
Actively engaging park visitors and those who have yet to come to
the parks is essential to creating a feeling of empowerment within
the visitor. An accurate understanding of which areas need improved
engagement techniques and those that are currently working but can
be further built upon is essential.
53
-
IDENTIFY LANDS IDENTIFY LANDS
STORY FROZEN IN TIMESTORY GROWS
WITH TIMEREINTERPRETATION
CONSERVE CONSERVEPRESERVE PRESERVE
TRADITIONAL INTERPRETATION
Our parks each tell a story. The decades of history, cultural
richness, ecological variations, and scenic wonders are all wrapped
up in the container that are the national parks.
These lands, through local movements and political legislation,
have been bound up and protected by the people and for the people
for generations to come. Each park unit is often maintained to
represent before a specific time in history. Meaning that at a
certain point cultural associations and relationships no longer
develop as part of the identity of the place.
The place is locked in time. While staff continue to work with
ever changing dynamics within the parks (pollution, landscape
systems, animals, plants, etc.), cultural and historical changes
fail to find integration into the curated identify of the
parks.
Many may ask why change should be introduced and recognized
within the parks. Is this the goal and duty of the parks? Does this
new idea not threaten the idea of the parks? Should people be
included as part of the parks ever changing image and history?
DYNAMIC INTERPRETATION
If parks are ever changing and the experience of people within
these parks is always changing...why not then include these
experiences as part of the story? While nature has the ability to
exist without our presence and contribution to the story line, it
is our experience of and in nature that enriches our memory of the
place. This is true culturally, spiritually, and physically.
What would happen if we injected the concept and ideas that
these landscape are always changing and that the political
climates, amongst other things, all play a role in the development
and identity of these places?
We will see that the park stories change. This doesnt mean that
we have to build signs at the entrance of each park that says this
park made possible by your state senator. Rather, the engagement of
these changing stories helps us identify with these special lands
in a way that creates and promotes ownership by park visitors.
The inclusion of people and their experiences, as a means of
developing pride and ownership, is essential for creating future
success for these wonderful places.
54
-
IDENTIFY LANDS IDENTIFY LANDS
STORY FROZEN IN TIMESTORY GROWS
WITH TIMEREINTERPRETATION
CONSERVE CONSERVEPRESERVE PRESERVE
TRADITIONAL INTERPRETATION
Our parks each tell a story. The decades of history, cultural
richness, ecological variations, and scenic wonders are all wrapped
up in the container that are the national parks.
These lands, through local movements and political legislation,
have been bound up and protected by the people and for the people
for generations to come. Each park unit is often maintained to
represent before a specific time in history. Meaning that at a
certain point cultural associations and relationships no longer
develop as part of the identity of the place.
The place is locked in time. While staff continue to work with
ever changing dynamics within the parks (pollution, landscape
systems, animals, plants, etc.), cultural and historical changes
fail to find integration into the curated identify of the
parks.
Many may ask why change should be introduced and recognized
within the parks. Is this the goal and duty of the parks? Does this
new idea not threaten the idea of the parks? Should people be
included as part of the parks ever changing image and history?
DYNAMIC INTERPRETATION
If parks are ever changing and the experience of people within
these parks is always changing...why not then include these
experiences as part of the story? While nature has the ability to
exist without our presence and contribution to the story line, it
is our experience of and in nature that enriches our memory of the
place. This is true culturally, spiritually, and physically.
What would happen if we injected the concept and ideas that
these landscape are always changing and that the political
climates, amongst other things, all play a role in the development
and identity of these places?
We will see that the park stories change. This doesnt mean that
we have to build signs at the entrance of each park that says this
park made possible by your state senator. Rather, the engagement of
these changing stories helps us identify with these special lands
in a way that creates and promotes ownership by park visitors.
The inclusion of people and their experiences, as a means of
developing pride and ownership, is essential for creating future
success for these wonderful places.
55
-
WEATHER
MOST COMMON VIEWS
AVERAGE SPEEDS
TRAIL ELEVATION
ANIMAL ENCOUNTERS
TRAIL CONDITIONS
TRAIL DIFFICULTY
TRAIL TRACKING
PHENOLOGY DATA COLLECTED
TAGGED IMAGES
SHARES TO SOCIAL MEDIA
FAVORITE MOMENTS IN PARK
SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE
EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE
FAVORITE VIEWS
SKILLS DEVELOPED
HIKE DIFFICULTY
PUREDATA
VISITOR EXPERIENCES INTERPRETED
INPUT OUTPUT
BIG DATA EXPERIENCE - MAPPING
SOCIOLOGY
USER DATA - SOCIAL SCIENTIST PICS/PHENOLOGY/ANIMALS
PERSONALIZE EXPERIENCE: TRIP AND TAKE HOME
USER SOCIAL MEDIA EXPERIENCE - FB - YEARBOOK
EXPERIENTIAL
Younger generations have begun to view their world in a very
different way. Digital technology is one of the methods through
which these generations view their world. A misconception is
that younger generations need technology to view nature.
Instead, viewing is now layered. Current generations are now
learning to view the world with multiple layers of information. Our
desire for layering information on almost everything has
driven the successful development of digital technologies.
People dont need to simply have a friend. For example, many people
now look to have a friend, understand their friends social
network, their personal interests, their travels, and much
more.
Nature is the same. Now, when people look at nature they want to
understand the relationship to climate change, food production,
endangered species, and local/regional implications. Nature, for
this generation, needs to be more than just a bear walking through
the woods. This logical
and educational complexity helps layer reasons that they should
prioritize their concern for this object. These layers can be
viewed through any tool. Magazine, book, hiking group,
interpretive
ranger, or an ipad. They all accomplish a similar goal. They
diversify and layer the story.
ENHANCING OUR PERCEPTION AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE WORLD
THROUGH A DIGITAL LENS
56
-
WEATHER
MOST COMMON VIEWS
AVERAGE SPEEDS
TRAIL ELEVATION
ANIMAL ENCOUNTERS
TRAIL CONDITIONS
TRAIL DIFFICULTY
TRAIL TRACKING
PHENOLOGY DATA COLLECTED
TAGGED IMAGES
SHARES TO SOCIAL MEDIA
FAVORITE MOMENTS IN PARK
SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE
EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE
FAVORITE VIEWS
SKILLS DEVELOPED
HIKE DIFFICULTY
PUREDATA
VISITOR EXPERIENCES INTERPRETED
INPUT OUTPUT
BIG DATA EXPERIENCE - MAPPING
SOCIOLOGY
USER DATA - SOCIAL SCIENTIST PICS/PHENOLOGY/ANIMALS
PERSONALIZE EXPERIENCE: TRIP AND TAKE HOME
USER SOCIAL MEDIA EXPERIENCE - FB - YEARBOOK
EXPERIENTIAL
Younger generations have begun to view their world in a very
different way. Digital technology is one of the methods through
which these generations view their world. A misconception is
that younger generations need technology to view nature.
Instead, viewing is now layered. Current generations are now
learning to view the world with multiple layers of information. Our
desire for layering information on almost everything has
driven the successful development of digital technologies.
People dont need to simply have a friend. For example, many people
now look to have a friend, understand their friends social
network, their personal interests, their travels, and much
more.
Nature is the same. Now, when people look at nature they want to
understand the relationship to climate change, food production,
endangered species, and local/regional implications. Nature, for
this generation, needs to be more than just a bear walking through
the woods. This logical
and educational complexity helps layer reasons that they should
prioritize their concern for this object. These layers can be
viewed through any tool. Magazine, book, hiking group,
interpretive
ranger, or an ipad. They all accomplish a similar goal. They
diversify and layer the story.
ENHANCING OUR PERCEPTION AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE WORLD
THROUGH A DIGITAL LENS
57
-
NATIONALPARKS
USE DIGITAL EXPERIENCE
PRESERVE
RESEARCH
ENGAGEMENTSOCIAL MEDIA
YEAR BOOK
ADVENTURE LOG BOOK
RESOURCE CURATION
MAPPING
DU
AL M
AN
DA
TE
DU
AL M
AN
DA
TE
TRADITIONAL PARK EXPERIENCE
VIS
ITO
R
EN
GA
GE
ME
NT
BIG DATA
VIPS
TRAIL USE/DEGRADATION
TRAIL DAMAGE
INVASIVE
FRONT AND BACKCOUNTRY USE
TAGS
TRAFFIC
ANIMAL ENCOUNTERS
VISITOR DATA
PLANTS
ANIMALS
TAGS
JOURNAL
BADGES
FRIENDS
DESTINATIONS
TRAILS
IMAGE
VIDEOS
500 MILE PLUS CLUB
RESOURCE PROTECTION
NATURAL SYSTEMS
ANIMALS
HABITAT
PERSONAL DEVICE
RENTAL DEVICE
Phenology
UPLOAD MOBILE CLIENT
TABLET
MOBILE
WARNINGS
CAN CONNECT TO SOCIAL PROFILES
INTELLIGENT USER INTERFACE
AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE (AI)
QUESTIONNAIRE
VISUALIZE HOTSPOTS W/APP
APPROACH - PUSH NOTIFICATION (I.E. WATERFALL, OVERLOOKS)
SELFIE UP/LOAD W TAG RECOMMENDATIONS
VIDEO/IMAGES/SOUNDS/TRIVIA/GAMES
INPUT PERSONAL SELECTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCE
Project NOAH
INP
UT
OUTPUT
CITIZEN SCIENCE
CAN CONNECT TO SOCIAL PROFILES
58
-
NATIONALPARKS
USE DIGITAL EXPERIENCE
PRESERVE
RESEARCH
ENGAGEMENTSOCIAL MEDIA
YEAR BOOK
ADVENTURE LOG BOOK
RESOURCE CURATION
MAPPING
DU
AL M
AN
DA
TE
DU
AL M
AN
DA
TE
TRADITIONAL PARK EXPERIENCE
VIS
ITO
R
EN
GA
GE
ME
NT
BIG DATA
VIPS
TRAIL USE/DEGRADATION
TRAIL DAMAGE
INVASIVE
FRONT AND BACKCOUNTRY USE
TAGS
TRAFFIC
ANIMAL ENCOUNTERS
VISITOR DATA
PLANTS
ANIMALS
TAGS
JOURNAL
BADGES
FRIENDS
DESTINATIONS
TRAILS
IMAGE
VIDEOS
500 MILE PLUS CLUB
RESOURCE PROTECTION
NATURAL SYSTEMS
ANIMALS
HABITAT
PERSONAL DEVICE
RENTAL DEVICE
Phenology
UPLOAD MOBILE CLIENT
TABLET
MOBILE
WARNINGS
CAN CONNECT TO SOCIAL PROFILES
INTELLIGENT USER INTERFACE
AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE (AI)
QUESTIONNAIRE
VISUALIZE HOTSPOTS W/APP
APPROACH - PUSH NOTIFICATION (I.E. WATERFALL, OVERLOOKS)
SELFIE UP/LOAD W TAG RECOMMENDATIONS
VIDEO/IMAGES/SOUNDS/TRIVIA/GAMES
INPUT PERSONAL SELECTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCE
Project NOAH
INP
UT
OUTPUT
CITIZEN SCIENCE
CAN CONNECT TO SOCIAL PROFILES
59
-
HOW I SUPPORT THE PARKWHO I MET WHAT I LEARNED
WHERE I HIKED
WHAT I SAW
FRANCOIS
PICSICONS: SIMON CHILD, MONIKA CIAPALA, EALANCHELIYAN S
BASE IMAGE: NATIONAL PARK FOUNDATION
VIDEO FIRE SWIMMING TRACKINGXU
LAUREN
CLARK
MY PARK EXPERIENCETHE PERSONALIZED PARK EXPERIENCE
The digital platform has the current ability to collect and
organize a persons individualized experience throughout the park
system. A large variety of data can be automatically collected and
additional information can be supplemented with the goal of
generating a takeaway that reminds the visitor of their experience,
the relationships they developed, and the knowledge that they
acquired while visiting.
Pictures, videos, linking to new friends via social networking,
and an account of the trails and locations that they visited are
all captured in this living document which grows with each
subsequent park visit. Each park unit visit adds to the experience
and the story that people relate to our national park units. This
living document places value on the place of our national parks and
the resources that we strive to protect.
60
-
HOW I SUPPORT THE PARKWHO I MET WHAT I LEARNED
WHERE I HIKED
WHAT I SAW
FRANCOIS
PICSICONS: SIMON CHILD, MONIKA CIAPALA, EALANCHELIYAN S
BASE IMAGE: NATIONAL PARK FOUNDATION
VIDEO FIRE SWIMMING TRACKINGXU
LAUREN
CLARK
MY PARK EXPERIENCETHE PERSONALIZED PARK EXPERIENCE
The digital platform has the current ability to collect and
organize a persons individualized experience throughout the park
system. A large variety of data can be automatically collected and
additional information can be supplemented with the goal of
generating a takeaway that reminds the visitor of their experience,
the relationships they developed, and the knowledge that they
acquired while visiting.
Pictures, videos, linking to new friends via social networking,
and an account of the trails and locations that they visited are
all captured in this living document which grows with each
subsequent park visit. Each park unit visit adds to the experience
and the story that people relate to our national park units. This
living document places value on the place of our national parks and
the resources that we strive to protect.
61
-
President RooseveltSept. 2 1940Park Dedication
1900
2000
Educational and historical platforms can provide visitors with
an unique user specific experience.
INTERESTS VISUALIZED
Decades of historical information swim around our national
monuments and in our national parks. The decreasing funding to our
national parks reduces the ability of our park staff to interact
with visitors. Having the opportunity to more fully understand the
cultural and historical significance of our treasured lands and
landmarks is available.
The Roosevelt Monument is one example of technologies ability to
present the decades of events that surround the monument. Visitors
can learn about the grassroots movement to secure the lands for the
park from the timber industry, the dedication of the park, the
efforts of the CCC throughout the park, how the Appalachian trail
crosses through this location, and how the weather fluctuates atop
this wondrous gap.
Visitors can watch events such as the 75th anniversary
celebration or view images from the original park dedication by
President Roosevelt. Previously input personal preferences would
highlight specific info over others. If a visitor is more
interested in plants or animals instead of history this would be
shown.
INTERESTS VISUALIZED
image credit: ADAM BRIMER/NEWS SENTINELimage credit: NPSColor
calender credit: https://www.behance.net/Emigo
62
-
President RooseveltSept. 2 1940Park Dedication
1900
2000
Educational and historical platforms can provide visitors with
an unique user specific experience.
INTERESTS VISUALIZED
Decades of historical information swim around our national
monuments and in our national parks. The decreasing funding to our
national parks reduces the ability of our park staff to interact
with visitors. Having the opportunity to more fully understand the
cultural and historical significance of our treasured lands and
landmarks is available.
The Roosevelt Monument is one example of technologies ability to
present the decades of events that surround the monument. Visitors
can learn about the grassroots movement to secure the lands for the
park from the timber industry, the dedication of the park, the
efforts of the CCC throughout the park, how the Appalachian trail
crosses through this location, and how the weather fluctuates atop
this wondrous gap.
Visitors can watch events such as the 75th anniversary
celebration or view images from the original park dedication by
President Roosevelt. Previously input personal preferences would
highlight specific info over others. If a visitor is more
interested in plants or animals instead of history this would be
shown.
INTERESTS VISUALIZED
image credit: ADAM BRIMER/NEWS SENTINELimage credit: NPSColor
calender credit: https://www.behance.net/Emigo
63
-
Rangers would now have additional assistance in educating
visitors on the dangers of approaching and feeding wildlife through
on-screen prompts.
WILDLIFE EDUCATION
Millions of visitors enter our park each year looking to view
wildlife. Wildlife viewing is one of the largest recreational
industries in our nation and in the world. In-ear tracking can be
used by the parks to embed information for veterinary care. This
information can be pared with visitor programs which provided
educational material to visitors.
Visitors can learn about the habitat, feeding habits,
hibernation patterns, and even the history of the specific animal.
This helps the visitor view the animal as something worth
protecting and communicates value of the animal in the overall
system of the park.
Some may worry that this would encourage visitors to get closer
to the animals. This would be untrue. Locating technology would be
at a far distance and would actually encourage responsible visitor
behavior through on screen warnings and educational material. When
visitors tap the more info tab, an on screen prompt would pop up
which required a type of interaction indicating that visitors have
read and understand the danger of wild animals and the potential
impacts that the human presence can have.
WILDLIFE EDUCATION
64
-
Rangers would now have additional assistance in educating
visitors on the dangers of approaching and feeding wildlife through
on-screen prompts.
WILDLIFE EDUCATION
Millions of visitors enter our park each year looking to view
wildlife. Wildlife viewing is one of the largest recreational
industries in our nation and in the world. In-ear tracking can be
used by the parks to embed information for veterinary care. This
information can be pared with visitor programs which provided
educational material to visitors.
Visitors can learn about the habitat, feeding habits,
hibernation patterns, and even the history of the specific animal.
This helps the visitor view the animal as something worth
protecting and communicates value of the animal in the overall
system of the park.
Some may worry that this would encourage visitors to get closer
to the animals. This would be untrue. Locating technology would be
at a far distance and would actually encourage responsible visitor
behavior through on screen warnings and educational material. When
visitors tap the more info tab, an on screen prompt would pop up
which required a type of interaction indicating that visitors have
read and understand the danger of wild animals and the potential
impacts that the human presence can have.
WILDLIFE EDUCATION
65
-
VISITOR CENTERS
Over 9 million visitors enter the Great Smoky Mountains National
Park each year. Numerous visitors stop at the Oconaluftee and
Sugarlands visitor centers. These two visitors centers are among
numerous information hubs located throughout the park.
Visitor centers, heritage centers, research facilities,
educational facilities, and even basic facilities offer
opportunities for the park to reach out to visitors and provide
education, information, and resources.
Current information curation within these facilities and at
outdoor centers allow for limited user engagement. An information
center like the one pictured below on the far wall is only able to
receive the 6-8 people comfortably. Other than the TV. the
information presented is static and unlayered.
If paired with digital technology a visitor could use the
display from across the room, watch videos, download interactive
educational material, download maps, they could even share the
information with their friends and social media networks.
Digitally curated information is the future. Presenting layered
information multiplies the reach of the park staff and diversifies
the information available.
VISITORCENTERS
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VISITOR CENTERS
Over 9 million visitors enter the Great Smoky Mountains National
Park each year. Numerous visitors stop at the Oconaluftee and
Sugarlands visitor centers. These two visitors centers are among
numerous information hubs located throughout the park.
Visitor centers, heritage centers, research facilities,
educational facilities, and even basic facilities offer
opportunities for the park to reach out to visitors and provide
education, information, and resources.
Current information curation within these facilities and at
outdoor centers allow for limited user engagement. An information
center like the one pictured below on the far wall is only able to
receive the 6-8 people comfortably. Other than the TV. the
information presented is static and unlayered.
If paired with digital technology a visitor could use the
display from across the room, watch videos, download interactive
educational material, download maps, they could even share the
information with their friends and social media networks.
Digitally curated information is the future. Presenting layered
information multiplies the reach of the park staff and diversifies
the information available.
VISITORCENTERS
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INTERACTIVE INFO
Current visitor center displays can be enhanced with additional
layered information. The 3d topo and trails/road map below can be
enhanced by introducing an overhead projection system which
projects user generated information onto the surface below. This
resource would augment the presence and abilities of volunteers
within the visitor center.
Park visitors could visit this table for traffic directions,
trail information, areas to avoid due to traffic jams or icy road
conditions, and most popular sites within the park. Features like
this can also serve the park by providing visitors with recommended
alternative destinations so they can avoid overcrowded and stressed
resource sites.
The information panels, as well as the table as a whole, can be
embedded with mobile interactivity. As visitors walk around the
table they can hold their mobile device between the table and
themselves. They will then see options to learn more about the
geology or phenology of the park. They could learn about the
history of the parks original inhabitants (Native Americans) and
their displacement by European settlers.
WEATHERSnow and rain can set in fast in the Smokies. Be prepared
with the proper hiking supplies and always know your abilities and
the forecast.
DANGER:Numerous people have lost their lives attempting to get
near dangerous features. Always exercise caution around cliffs,
water, and in the park.
The availability of information allows people to act with a more
informed mindset. Delivering this information in a variety of ways
is essential to accomplishing this.
INTERACTIVE INFO
Traffic
heritage centergrassy
baldgreat views
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INTERACTIVE INFO
Current visitor center displays can be enhanced with additional
layered information. The 3d topo and trails/road map below can be
enhanced by introducing an overhead projection system which
projects user generated information onto the surface below. This
resource would augment the presence and abilities of volunteers
within the visitor center.
Park visitors could visit this table for traffic directions,
trail information, areas to avoid due to traffic jams or icy road
conditions, and most popular sites within the park. Features like
this can also serve the park by providing visitors with recommended
alternative destinations so they can avoid overcrowded and stressed
resource sites.
The information panels, as well as the table as a whole, can be
embedded with mobile interactivity. As visitors walk around the
table they can hold their mobile device between the table and
themselves. They will then see options to learn more about the
geology or phenology of the park. They could learn about the
history of the parks original inhabitants (Native Americans) and
their displacement by European settlers.
WEATHERSnow and rain can set in fast in the Smokies. Be prepared
with the proper hiking supplies and always know your abilities and
the forecast.
DANGER:Numerous people have lost their lives attempting to get
near dangerous features. Always exercise caution around cliffs,
water, and in the park.
The availability of information allows people to act with a more
informed mindset. Delivering this information in a variety of ways
is essential to accomplishing this.
INTERACTIVE INFO
Traffic
heritage centergrassy
baldgreat views
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Defending the Fort:a vision for Knoxvilles Fort Sanders
Neighborhood
One of the lost treasures in Knoxville Tennessee is the historic
inner-city neighborhood of Fort Sand-ers. The site of an important
Civil War battlefield and one of the citys first street car
neighborhoods, the community is a playground for history buffs and
residential architecture fanatics alike. Beauti-ful old homes in
various states of repair, along with narrow, charming streets, all
being close to the University of Tennessees campus and downtown
Knoxville - the community should be one of the hottest and most
beloved neighborhoods in town.
Unfortunately, much of the neighborhood has fallen into
disrepair. Dr. Ron Foresta, an urbanist and instructor at the
nearby University of Tennes-see, refers to the community as
Knoxvilles most defeated neighborhood. Students who dont live there
are generally afraid to step foot there, considering the numerous
assaults and burglaries reported and publicized.
What has gone wrong? Is the area a hopeless victim of inner city
downward filtration, never to exude charm again? Or is there hope
for neighbor-hood revitalization and a new appreciation from
residents and the larger city?
Being a Landscape Architect, I never think it too late. There is
always hope for a new wave of energy and opportunity, even in the
most run down, de-feated neighborhood in town. The question is, how
could we apply innovative, creative, and appropri-ate strategies in
order to imagine an incredibly defended Fort Sanders?
Caroline Sneed
image: library of congress70
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71
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wealthywilling & able to mobilize
high social capitallarge skill pool
poorlack of social mobilization
encroaching institutionsunwanted facilities
defeatedneighborhoods
defendedneighborhoods
Photo by Josh Flory/News Sentinel The Pickle Mansion, at 1633
Clinch Avenue
http://allaroundktown.com72
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wforesta
sneedforesta
foresta
sneed
sneed
Knoxvilles Ultimate Defeated Neighborhood
HResidents InstitutionsStudent renters overwhelm-ingly comprise
the resident population. In addition, a homeless population, a
small homeowner population, and a few landlords have a presence as
well.
Institutions in the Fort can be divided into two categories:
invasive and non-invasive. The invasive institutions include the
hospital and the University of Tennessee. These establish-ments
arent bad in and of themselves, but they invade the space and
quality of life of the neighborhood.
lack of identitylack of prideunsafedisrepair
fort sanders forestaforesta
sneed
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A Defended Fort Sanders
BRAND
badass young grass roots stick it to the man quirky & unique
scruffy entrepreneurial creative & stealthy do it yourself
The Fort is currently :: a community of
learning uts counterculture proud to not be fancy experimental
&
exploratory (to young people)
Increase Neighborhood
Defenses
CITY PLANNERS
building guidelines increase safe
connectivity mixed use zoning diversify residential
population
target students + empty nesters
+young professionals
EMPOWER LOCALS
tactical urbanism
movement thru
ROW painting
small, quirky,
original, unique
businesses
RESIDENTS BUSINESS OWNERS
to claim the fort as their own!
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Identity Pride Safety Beauty
VALUE-GENERATIVE
DESIGN
STUDENTSTOURISTSEXPERIMENTATION
aimed at
outdoor libraries safe open space
networks free space for
gathering & recreation
history attraction parks &
monuments home tours more signage
infrastructural demonstrative entrepreneurial productive social
ecological
CALL UPON SUPERIOR
POWERS
POLICY MAKERS
regulate home inspections
rent caps for student living
maintain streetcar
neighborhood aesthetic
connect to downtown + campus
+ happy holler
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fort sanders
Brand
First, I propose a rebranding of Fort Sanders. Having a
reputation for a certain character or aura will address the
communitys lack of identity and ownership among residents. So the
question is: What is Fort Sanders? What sort of character does the
neighborhood have? How can we pull positive characteristics of the
area and amplify them into a new identity for the neighborhood?
Even though the neighborhood is not officially associated with
the university, it is primarily a young community of learning. The
majority of residents primary occupation is to glean knowledge from
Tennessees flagship university for a few short years. But, the
people here are a sort of counter culture to the typical university
population. This area is not fraternity row, or the newly
constructed Sorority Village, or the high-end Woodland apartments
or
another fancy student living conglomeration. The fort is
Knoxvilles scruffy student living neighborhood. The neighborhood
has a sort of pride for being rough around the edges, and alums
have a nostalgia for the good ole days of poverty and student
life.
With many of these student residents out on their own for the
first time, an underlying theme to the Forts culture is exploration
and experimentation. This leads to a brand for the neighborhood
that is very grass roots. A sort of stealthy, do-it-yourself with
what you have, entrepreneurial feeling should permeate any and all
interventions or suggestions for the neighborhood. Even if policy
changes or city interventions happen, it should feel like it comes
from the bottom up.
badass young grass roots stick it to the man quirky & unique
scruffy entrepreneurial creative & stealthy do it yourself
The Fort is currently :: a community of
learning uts counterculture proud to not be
fancy experimental &
exploratory (to young people)
grass roots operation
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Call Upon Superior Powers
Some changes in the Fort Sanders neighborhood simply must come
from the top-down. Perhaps once the tactical urbanism strategies
begin to pick up momentum (discussed in detail later), city
officials and planners will begin to see benefit in investing time
and energy into Fort Sanders.
First, city planners should create building guidelines that
standardize future construction on historic homes in the
neighborhood. Often, landlords will jam as many students into a
house as possible, in order to maximize rental profit. Instead of
enclosing porches or constructing uncharacteristic add-ons to
create one more tiny apartment, form based codes should protect the
charm and beauty of these early 20th century homes. Also, for
current rental properties, home inspections must be regulated, not
only to preserve the architecture of the house but also to protect
the rights of (student) renters. The goal here is to preserve
neighborhood character by preserving the architectural charm.
Second, city planners should work to diversify the residential
population - in other words, to partially gentrify the area. Making
the neighborhood appealing to young professionals and empty
nesters will increase the number of permanent residents,
increasing the social capital and the skill pool for the
neighborhood. A pivotal manifestation of this strategy is to
increase safe connectivity of Fort Sanders to other downtown areas,
so that residents who move downtown are able to easily access the
amenities of Gay Street, Market Square, the Old City, and the Happy
Holler areas. Better and more efficient public transportation, bike
lanes, and pedestrian corridors are the ideal solution to better
connectivity.
Lastly, the area should be a true mixed-use of spaces. Small,
entrepreneurial businesses should feel welcomed, as well as
specialty shops and small artist galleries. This is a neighborhood
for experimental entrepreneurs hopefully, this would be the sort of
community that would support such business models.
We must be careful to not completely gentrify the area. The
neighborhood is currently a scruffy community of learning, and
should continue to be. Rent caps could be a possible defense
against complete gentrification, to ensure the majority of rental
properties are still affordable to students.
taxjusticeblog.org
policies + planning
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Empower Localstactical urbanism
Imagine.
It is the first Friday evening after classes have started back
up at the University of Tennessee. It is warm and clear, energy is
high from a summer off, and students are excited to be back with
their college friends. There is much anticipation for a new year,
for new classes, for new experiences, for new jobs, for a new
football season, new roommates, and perhaps a new apartment. People
are out walking around, visiting old friends and meeting new ones.
As dusk begins to settle in, students, locals, and store own-ers
emerge from their front porches with paintbrush and paint bucket in
hand. This years color is cyan if you forgot to purchase your
gallon of bright blue, your neighbor can probably share. If you
cant af-ford a new paintbrush, your roommate or the res-taurant
owner down the road probably has an extra. The festivities begin,
and the streets become sub-merged beneath a blanket of blue.
78
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Empower Locals
79
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Empower Localstactical urbanism
google earth
In the morning, from above, the Fort Sanders neigh-borhood is a
mosaic of freshly painted cyan on top of former years colors
magenta, chartreuse, in-digo, gold they create a stained-glass map
of the current and former Fort Sanders inhabitants. Over the years,
an observer would eventually be able to tell the boundaries of the
Fort Sanders neighbor-hood by the presence of new or old brightly
col-ored paint on the streets. The neighborhood would be defining
itself and its boundaries. Hopefully, this tactical urbanism
strategy would generate pride and ownership among residents, even
if only for the year of cyan.
2015: coral
2016: blue
2017: gold
2018: green
80
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Empower Locals
google earth81
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Social
Entrepreneurial/Social
Value Generative Designaimed at experimentation
The next proposal Ill talk about is this idea of
val-ue-generative design. This is a sort of framework for any
future development, construction, or re-purposing of properties. I
propose that any sort of future design should be aimed at students,
tourists, or experimentation. All of these, I believe, will build
defenses in Fort Sanders.
The first goal of the Forts value-generated design is to be
experimental. Say an open lot is up for de-velopment, or a home
must be torn down, or a sur-face parking lot is removed how could
we use this land? Being that the brand of the neighborhood is this
DIY experimentation mentality, it could be-come a space for
experimental use by the city, by residents, or by local business
owners.
Having open spaces that are used for non-tradi-tional purposes
will create an attraction in and of itself. This will bring in ally
defenses from other user groups not currently associated with the
Fort Sand-ers neighborhood.
82
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Productive/Social
Productive/InfrastructuralDemonstrative/Social
Ecological/Infrastructural
83
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Value Generative Designaimed at tourists
parkingvacancies
parksBattle of Fort Sanders History Trail
existing land use
proposed land use
The second target group of value-generative de-sign is tourists
specifically, history buffs. Fort Sanders is the site of an
important civil war battle, and all that is left to tell the story
are a few markers squeezed alongside the buzz of traffic.
I propose to create an attraction in the midst of Fort Sanders
one that commemorates the battle held on the grounds during the
civil war. If we convert-ed all surface parking and vacant lots
into an open space system, there is immense opportunity to cre-ate
such a trail. Interested tourists could come visit the neighborhood
and either ride their bikes or walk along this history trail that
has been laid out by local historians.
Creating attractions in neighborhoods builds de-fenses. Not only
would people who live in the neigh-borhood rally around the
importance of this sort of trail system, but also people not
associated with the neighborhood would want to invest in the area
as well. I foresee organizations associated with the uni-versity
and other history groups around Knoxville rallying around the
upkeep of a Battle of Fort Sand-ers History Trail. In a sense, wed
be rallying the ally defenses, which are the history geeks.
84
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library of congress
85
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aimed at studentsValue Generative Design
complete street user groups
pedestrians bikers drivers
The final target group of the Fort Sanders value-generative
design is students. It is widely known that students make up the
majority of the Forts population. This population is constantly
changing faces. The general attitude from students about the Fort
Sanders area is very short term why should they invest in or take
care of this property that they dont own and they wont be around
for much lon-ger?
I think that creating neighborhood spaces that cater to students
will begin to generate a sense of owner-ship and pride for the
community from the student
population. Students who walk through the neigh-borhood probably
value a sense of safety as they commute this goal could manifest
into a network of safe sidewalks and safe open spaces, in the forms
of parks, greenways, or small plazas. Also, in the open spaces
there should be a series of covered outdoor libraries, which
consist of tables, chairs, charging stations and Wi-Fi access so
students can comfortably work or study on their computers when the
weather is nice. These moves would hopefully create a sense of
pride and generate ownership among students who live in the
Fort.
86
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free event space
outdoor libraries
open recreation
87
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A Defended Fort Sanders
Increase Neighborhood
Defenses
BRAND
CALL UPON SUPERIOR
POWERS
EMPOWER LOCALS
building neighborhood
value
88
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VALUE-GENERATIVE
DESIGN
In summary, I am dreaming of ways to defend Knoxvilles most
defeated neighborhood. I think that rebranding Fort Sanders, that
calling upon the higher ups, that empowering local residents, and
that using value-generative design tactics would be a good place to
start. It is my hope and goal that these strategies Ive outlined
would bring about pride, identity, safety, and beauty for the Fort
Sand-ers neighborhood, and ultimately, would make it an incredibly
defended community.
Identity Pride Safety Beauty
89
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Urban Wildnesseco-literacy in the urban landscape
We cannot separate ourselves from nature. We are undoubtedly
part of the ecology of this planet. Yet, as a species, humans have
grown to believe that nature is out there in the wild, separate
from our human ecosystems. We tend to see our urban areas as being
void of nature.
The truth is, humans are nature and we can have a big impact on
the natural world we live in. Were helping to shape new types of
ecosystems across the planet.
However, without a clear understanding of how we are connected
to the Earth, we have no understanding of our place within it.
But it doesnt have to be that way. We can change the way we see
ourselves in nature. We can learn to see the complex
interconnections between ourselves, other organisms, and our
physical surroundings.
Whitney Tidd
90
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91
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GIS sources: NLCD 2011 land use data; 2010 U.S. Census
92
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median age 24-35
highly intense humandevelopment
low intensity human development
human population density
median age of population
dense settlements
industrial development
forested
water body
intensity of human development
pasture
7,000-10,000people per SQMI
49.5-84
highlow
0-24
0-750people per SQMI
Knoxville: an anthromeThis map shows an anthropogenic biome, or
an anthrome. Over this area there is a grouping of similar physical
characteristics, as well as similarities in species, vegetational
communities and climate. Its also dominated by humans. Within it
are different types of ecosystems and habitats. Because its an
anthrome, its full of novel ecosystems. We can use these novel
ecosystems as tools to communicate our message. Theyre really the
backbone of the lesson were trying to teach here - humans and
nature are inseparable.There are many different conditions that
create novel ecosystems. This map shows the overlapping of
different characteristics that can lead to some typical types of
novel ecosystems. Some of these are highlighted in the call-outs.
Many of them are in the highly developed and densely populated
areas - like downtown Knoxville.So how do we use these novel
ecosystems to increase eco-literacy? We need a strategy.
93
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Its important to consider what has been done in the past so we
can improve our strategies. We can learn from both successes and
failures.
Several different groups have attempted to educate the public
about ecology and our connections to natural systems. Landscape
architects, for example, have tried to reveal ecological function
through design, but have not always succeeded.
Non-profit organizations, like the Center for Eco-Literacy,
contribute tremendous knowledge to the subject. They often focus on
educating youth, but do not reach a wide audience.
Contrast this with the mass media industry, who are obvious
experts in reaching and influencing a wide audience. The mass media
is a persuasion powerhouse, relying on tried-and-true communication
strategies to educate the public on important issues. What can we
learn from these communicate experts? What tools can we borrow from
them to help increase eco-literacy?
green infrastructure + interpretive signage
eco-revelatory design
outdoor classroom
lets build a strategypublic education
center for eco-literacy
mass media
landscape architecture
image sources: William E. Clark Presidential Park Wetlands:
www.ecologicaldg.com; NC Office of Environmental Education:
http://eenewstips.blogspot.com94
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public education
center for eco-literacy
mass media
landscape architecture
Outdoor classroomsNature-based learningScience - chemistry,
biology, physicsEducating future generations
Very limited demographic
Create ecologically rich, educational spacesGreen infrastructure
and ecological restoration projectsHelp bring people outside
Message is not always clearParks can perpetuate idea that nature
is separateLandscape architects not trained to educate
Oversaturation of informationIncreasing audience
fragmentation
Wide reachExperts in persuasionEffective communicationFully
leverage existing technologiesYears of communication research
ResearchContributes to body of knowledgePurpose is to increase
eco-literacyEducating future generations
Small demographicNot trying to reach new audiencesContent is
static - not visual or interactive
+
+
-
-
+-
+-
vs
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Effective communication:the relational process of conveying and
interpreting messages that elicit the intended response
In order to teach people, we must be able to communicate
effectively with them. If the intent behind our message is not
perceived accurately, then weve missed our chance at
communicating.
senders intent
ineffective communication
effective communication
senders intent
receiversperception
receiversperception
96
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develop a common languageSo whats our strategy?
when individuals communicate, they adjust their speech, vocal
patterns, gestures, and message types to accommodate others1
Convergence is the process of adjusting your communication style
to more closely resemble the communication style of your audience.
In essence, you develop a common language in which to communicate
with.
communication a