Framework 7 project EC Contribution of 7 Million Euro 39 partners Co-ordinated by CEH Clare Howard, Mark Sutton, Eiko Nemitz Centre for Ecology & Hydrology,

Framework 7 projectEC Contribution of 7 Million Euro39 partnersCo-ordinated by CEH

Clare Howard, Mark Sutton, Eiko Nemitz Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UK+ ÉCLAIRE Consortium

What is ÉCLAIRE about?

ÉCLAIRE is targeting climate-ecosystem-atmosphere interactions and their implications for ecosystem effects at the European scale, combining observations and experiments in the field and laboratory with modelling experiments from plot to European scales, while accounting for changes in global background.

Overall Project Objectives

Focusing especially on the role of ozone and nitrogen, and

(where relevant) their interactions with volatile organic

compounds, aerosols and sulphur, ÉCLAIRE aims:

O 1. to provide robust understanding of air pollution impacts

on European land ecosystems including soils under

changing climate conditions, and

O 2. to provide reliable and innovative risk assessment

methodologies for these ecosystem impacts of air

pollution, including the economic implications, to support

EU policy.

Key questions

• What are the expected impacts on ecosystems due to changing ozone and

N-deposition under a range of climate change scenarios, taking into

consideration the associated changes in atmospheric CO2, aerosol and

acidification?

• Which of these effects off-set and which aggravate each other, and how do

the mitigation and adaptation measures recommended under climate

change relate to those currently being recommended to meet air pollution

effects targets?

• What are the relative effects of long-range global and continental atmospheric

transport vs. regional and local transport on ecosystems in a changing

climate?

• What are the appropriate metrics to assess O3 and N impacts on plants and

soils, when considering state-of-the-art understanding of interactions with

CO2 and climate, and the different effects of wet vs. dry deposition on

physiological responses?

Key questions (continued)

• What is the relative contribution of climate dependence in biogenic

emissions and deposition vs. climate dependence of ecosystem

thresholds and responses in determining the overall effect of climate

change on air pollution impacts?

• Which mitigation and/or adaptation measures are required to reduce

the damage to “acceptable” levels to protect carbon stocks and

ecosystem functioning? How do the costs associated with the emission

abatement compare with the economic benefits of reduced damage?

• How can effective and cost-efficient policies on emission abatement

be devised in the future?

WorkflowWP3

Modelling emission processes

WP1Field studies on exchange

processes

WP2Controlled studies on exchange processes

WP4Surface exchange

modelling

WP5Past and future changes of

atmospheric pollutants transported into Europe

WP6Emissions on regional,

European to global scale

WP8Assessing local & regional

variation

WP7Modelling European air pollution & deposition

WP19Integrating effects of

air pollution under climate change

WP18Econ. impacts &

valuation of ecosystem services

WP20Implications for mitigation and

adaptation strategies

WP9Synthesis & meta-analysis

of measurements of plant-soil responses

WP10Field scale ecosystem

manipulation & controlled studies on ecol. responses

WP11Investigation of novel

ecosystem – air pollution –climate interactions

WP17Local variation in

threshold exceedance

WP16European maps of novel

thresholds & exceedances

WP15Air pollution - climate

impacts on biodiversity & soil quality

WP12Development &

assessment of novel thresholds

WP13Modelling C stocks, GHG and vegetation

change

C1: Emissions & Exchange Processes

C2 Emissions & exchange at local, European to global scales

C3: Ecological response processes and thresholds

C4: Ecological responses at regional and European scales

C5: Integrated risk assessment and policy tools

WP21 (T2)Common

Measurement Protocols

WP21 (T1)Harmonization of scenarios

(climate, air chemistry, land-use)

WP21 (T3)Model protocols and uncertainty

WP21 (T4)Data quality & database

Management

Linking all components

Samples for experiments

Analysis of new & existing datasets

New paramet-erizations

Temporal and spatial patterns

Standardizing inputs for model intercomparison of climate –air pollution interactions

Campaign measurements of air – ecosystem exchange

Climate effect on source-receptor relationships

Effects of climate on emissions & air chemistry transformations

European conc-deposition fields & feedbacks

Upscaling of biogeochemical models & novel thresholds

Estimates from case studies

Driver Interactions:•Climate(radiation, T, water)•Atmos. Composition(O3, N CO2, aerosol)•Land management

PEGASOS FP7 ProjectClimate, air quality and human health

WP14 Air pollution-climate

impacts on European C stocks & GHG

Provision of site deposition estimates (including air composition monitoring)

Sub-grid procedure

Coup

led

flux-

effec

t stu

dies

Talks by:Camilla GeelsDavid SimpsonRoy Wichink-Kruit

Talk by:Giacomo GerosaPosters by:Mhairi CoyleGiacomo Gerosamyself

C1: Flux networkHyytiala forest (FI-Hyy)

Potrodolinskoyearable (UA-Pet)

Bugac grassland (HU-Bug)

Ispra forest (IT-Isp)

Speuld forest (NL-Spe)

Grignon arable (FR-Gri)

Auchencorthgrassland (UK-AMo)

Posieux grassland (CH-Pos)Bosco Fontana Forest (IT-BFo)

-20-15-10

-50

11/04/2013 13/04/2013 15/04/2013 17/04/2013 19/04/2013

-20-15-10

-50

-20-15-10

-50

O3 f

lux

[nm

ol m

-2 s

-1]

-20-15-10

-50

-20-15-10

-50

-20-15-10

-50

Bugac grassland [HU]

Ispra forest [IT]

Bosco Fontana forest [IT]

Auchencorth Moss grassland [UK]

Grignon arable [FR]

Posieux grassland [CH]

~41.5 m

M Coyle, CEH 2012

C1 Campaign: Bosco della Fontana, Mantova

O3CO2/H2O

~32 m

~24 m

~16 m

~8 m

GRAEGOR

GRAEGOR

O3

O3

O3

O3

CO2/H2O

Gas inlet

Gas inlets

Gas inlet

Gas inlet

Gas inlet~5 m

Met : wind; rainfall (bucket & WXT);Temperature (RHT & APT);

Direct/Diffuse PAR; Net. Rad

Met : RHT & APT

Met : RHT & APT

Met : RHT & APT

Met : RHT

Metek sonic

Gill HS sonic

Gill Windmaster sonics

INRA In-canopy flux monitoringAuto-chambers

Tow-a-van & Cabin- PTR-MS, PTR-ToF-MS- HR-ToF-AMS- EEPS- NO flux- GRAEGOR- Gradient O3/NOx/CO2/H2O

AETHALOMETER, APS, DMPS

CEILOMETER by offices

Surface wetness clips

UHSAS/CPC

(In-canopy) chemistry of:NO-O3-NO2

O3-VOCNH3-HNO3-NH4NO3

VOC fluxes (as a driver of in-canopy chemistry)

0

1

2

3

Isoprene concentration [ppb]

00:0021/06/2012

12:00 00:0022/06/2012

12:00 00:0023/06/2012

12:00 00:0024/06/2012

20

10

0

Isop

rene

flux

[nm

ol m

-2 s

-1] PTR-MS

PTR-ToF-MS

Concentration

Flux

20

15

10

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0

VO

C f

lux

[nm

ol m

-2 s

-1]

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001:

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003:

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isoprene (m69) MVK/MACR (m71) methanol (m33) acetone (m59) acetaldehyde (m45) hexanal (m101) EVK (m37) monoterpenes (m137)

Coverage (%) MT totals(LIDAR) nmol m-2s-1 Dev. St. nmol m-2s-1 Dev. St. nmol m-2s-1 Dev. St. nmol m-2s-1 Dev. St. nmol m-2s-1 Dev. St. nmol m-2s-1

Quercus robur 17 2.639 0.675 0.016 0.009 n.d. n.d. 0.001 0.001 0.025 0.016 0.042Quercus rubra 9.6 1.008 0.268 0.000 0.003 n.d. n.d. 0.003 0.003 n.d. n.d. 0.003Carpinus betulus 40.2 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.006 0.005 0.013 0.003 0.106 0.056 0.129Corylus avellana 0.88 0.001 0.000 0.004 0.003 n.d. n.d. 0.002 0.005 0.135 0.091 0.140Acer campestre 0.626 0.000 0.005 0.013 0.005 n.d. n.d. 0.019 0.007 0.006 0.002 0.038Sambucus nigra n.a. 0.005 0.302 0.000 0.000 n.d. n.d. 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002Cornus sanguinea n.a. 0.441 0.266 0.001 0.022 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.005 0.050 0.050 0.051Shadow + Grassland 8TOTAL 76.306

Isoprene a-pinene sabinene b-pinene limonene

Courtesy of Giannelle et al. (2007)

Field site

The vegetation survey was performed for the entire forest, but Quercus was more abundant in our site

Carpinus betulus

Quercus robur

Corylus avellana

Acer campestre

Contour Graph 2

X Data

20 40 60 80 100 120

Y D

ata

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

C1: Comparison satellite vs. ground based NH3

50x1015

40

30

20

10

0

Col

um

n c

on

cen

tra

tion

[m

ole

cule

s cm

-2]

11/06/2012 21/06/2012 01/07/2012 11/07/2012

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Su

rface

con

cen

tratio

n [µ

g m

-3]

50x1015

40

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10

0

Col

um

n c

on

cen

tra

tion

[m

ole

cule

s cm

-2]

11/06/2012 21/06/2012 01/07/2012 11/07/2012

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Su

rface

con

cen

tration

[µg

m-3]

IASI column MARGA daily MARGA 10 am / 10 pm

Monte Cimone

Bologna

SPC

BoscoFontana

IASI Product

ÉCLAIRE flux network / Forest sites

C1: Laboratory work: NO emissions from soils & litter

Litter emissions (20˚C)

NO litter emissions at 20°C

%WW

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

NO

em

issi

ons

[µg

NO

-N h

-1 k

g-1]

0

100

200

300

400

ISPRA FORESTBOSCO FONTANASPEULDER BOSHYYTIÄLÄ

NO soil emissions at 20°C

WFPS [%]

0 20 40 60 80 100

NO

em

issi

ons

[µg

NO

-N h

-1 m

-2]

0

100

200

300

400

500

ISPRA FORESTBOSCO FONTANASPEULDER BOSHYYTIÄLÄ

NO soil emissions (top 6 cm) (20˚C)

C3: Solardome experiments

Results from Ozone × Nitrogen interaction solardome experiments, UK, 2013.Generating data for model development.

r² = 0.46, p <0.001

55.5

66.5

77.5

8

0 20 40 60 80Mea

n di

mat

er p

er tr

ee, m

m

Target mean ozone (ppb)

10 kg ha yr

30 kg ha yr

50 kg ha yr

70 kg ha yr

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

10 30 50 70St

omat

al c

ondu

ctan

ce, m

mol

m-2

Nitrogen treatment, kg ha-1 yr-1

C3: Lab work on leaf level protection mechanisms

C4: % NPP enhancement in global ‘FACE experiment’

Without C-N

With C-N

C2: Wildfire emissions

Representations of emissions of biogenic pollutant precursors have been improved, in particular regarding wildfire emissions and nitrogen. These improvements the investigation of separately and jointly the effects of climate change and changes in socioeconomic conditions on wildfire emissions.

Emissions of CO and particle mass computed with LPJ-GUESS global ecosystem model and GFED burned area according to different emissions models. CF: combustion factor for woody litter.

CO e

mis

sion

[Mt C

]

Aero

sol [

Mt P

M]

C5: Interaction with policy

‘Estimating environmentally relevant fixed nitrogen demand in the 21st century’ (Winiwarter et al., 2013), Climatic Change

Estimation of Nitrogen fixation to 2100, through the use of RCP’s, and assigning key drivers to underlying scenarios.

C5/C2: NH3 emission predictions – temperature effect

Sutton et al., Proc. Roy. Met. Soc. 2013

Figure S5: Estimated relative change in projected anthropogenic NH3 emissions over the period 2008 to 2100, based on Lamarque et al. (2010). These estimates are developed for the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) for use by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change according to different warming scenarios of 2.6, 4.5, 6.0 and 8.5 W m-2. The additional effect of the estimated climate feedback on anthropogenic NH3 emissions is illustrated for RCP 8.5 according to a 5 ºC warming by 2100 based on Table S2.

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

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2.60

2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100

Estim

ated

emiss

ion r

elati

ve to

200

8

RCP 2.6RCP 4.5RCP 6.0RCP 8.5RCP 8.5 + climate (mid)RCP 8.5 + climate (low)RCP 8.5 + climate (high)

Selected achievements

• Integrated dataset on in-canopy chemistry

• Dataset for validation of IASI EO products

• Growing database on flux measurements for process parameterisations across 9-site network

• Direct emissions of isoprene oxidation products

• Identification of litter as major NO source

• Effects of multiple drivers (composition × climate)

• Scenarios of N usage and emissions

• Quantification of effect of temperature on NH3 emissions

Preliminary results

First results indicate that climate change will worsen the threat of air pollutants on Europe’s ecosystems:

• Climate warming may cause an increase the emissions of many trace gases, such as biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), ammonia (NH3) and the soil component of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. These effects are expected to increase ground-level concentrations of NH3, NOx and ozone (O3), as well as atmospheric nitrogen deposition. The emerging message is that this interaction is likely to be significant

• Climate warming may increase the vulnerability of ecosystems towards air pollutant exposure or atmospheric deposition. Such effects may occur as a consequence of combined perturbation, as well as through specific interactions, such as between drought, O3, N and aerosol exposure. Further evidence is required before clear statements can be made