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The Oil IndustryProduced by Peter Hollamby.This presentation
includes Flash animations running within PowerPoint. For this to
work the following will need to be installed on the PC: Macromedia
Flash from www.macromedia.com/downloads/ Swiff Player from
www.globfx.com/products/swfplayer/
An avi format video clip is also included.
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Left-click the mouse once to startThe Oil Industry
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It is composed of a very large mixture of hydrocarbons It was
formed from the remains of sea animals and plants that died and
were buried millions of years ago.
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Hydrocarbon molecules
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Oil refining involves the separation of these hydrocarbons into
mixtures (fractions) which are very important and extremely
useful.They are separated byfractional distillationLiquids in a
mixture can be separated if they have different boiling points.
Because there are so many hydrocarbon molecules in crude oil,
the fractions contain groups of molecules will similar molecular
masses.
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Fractional Distillation in the school laboratory
Can you name the parts???????Click on each question mark to
reveal the answer or on the buttons to move onignore this test
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???thermometer??next guessignore this test
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????thermometer pocket?next guessignore this test
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????Liebig condenser?next guessignore this test
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????Receiver adaptor?next guessignore this test
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????fractionating column?next guessignore this test
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????round bottomed flask?next slidenext guess
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The raw material (i.e. - Crude oil) is heated in a furnace and
then passed into the lower part of the column The majority of the
fractions in the oil are already in a gaseous state when they enter
the column
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The hydrocarbon vapours rise quickly up the column until they
reach the tray where the temperature is slightly below their
boiling point. Here they condense and become a liquid again on the
tray. This is how the different fractions are separated
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They are then drawn off by pipes from their respective trays.
This is a continual process as more hot crude oil flows into the
column Residue is left over and flows out of the bottom of the
column.Each fraction has its own use. In the case of crude oil no
fraction is wasted
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The heaviest compounds fall to the bottom of the column. These
compounds have the highest molecular masses and are the least
volatile.The most volatile fractions. (i.e. - those with lowest
boiling point) come out of the top of the column and are gases, as
these have very low molecular masses (e.g. methane).
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Covering this hole is a piece of metal which prevents gases
being forced up through the next tray, without first bubbling
through some of the liquid which has collected in that tray.This is
called a bubble cap. There is a hole in each tray in the
fractionating column.
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To watch a movie on fractional distillation, click on the box
below
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Uses of the products
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fractions
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some products obtained from the fractions
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Click on the links below to go to some useful web-sites for
fractional distillation and related topics. Then press F11 to set
full screen.www.schoolscience.co.uk/petroleum/
www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/chemistry/fossils/p8.html
www.dit.ie/DIT/science/chemistry/rsccomp/competition00/distillation/topframe.html
http://chemistry.about.com/cs/howthingswork/a/aa070401a.htmAll
web links checked Oct 2004