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FR Mandibula Komplit

Oct 04, 2015

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Ezha Naezhyra

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Fraktur Mandibula

FRAKTUR MANDIBULAAnatomi Mandibula

Anatomic units of the mandible

Muscles of MasticationOUTER SURFACE

Muscles of MasticationINNER SURFACE

Muscles of Mastication4 muscles of masticationMasseter TemporalisMedial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid Supplied by V3, testament to same embryologic origin as the mandible from the 1st branchial arch

MasseterDivided into 3 headsSuperficial: largest headArises anterior 2/3rds of the lower border of the zygomatic archWide insertion to angle, forwards along lower border and upwards to lower part of ramusIntermediate:Middle 1/3 of the archDeep:Deep surface of the archAction: elevator and drawing forward the angleMasseterIntermediate and deep fuse and pass vertically downwards to fuse with ramusNerve and artery divide muscle incompletely into 3 partsMasseteric nerve (Br of anterior division of V3) runs between deep and intermediateBr of superficial temporal and transverse facial runs between superficial and intermediate

TemporalisArises temporal fossa between inferior temporal line and infratemporal crestInserts at posterior border of the coronoid process and ascending ramusUpper and anterior fibres elevate the mandiblePosterior fibres (horizontal) retract the mandible (only muscles that do so)

Medial pterygoid2 heads:Deep:Larger Medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate and the fossa between 2 platesSuperficial :Tuberosity of the maxilla and pyramidal process of palatine bonesInsert lower and posterior part of angle (with masseter)Action: upwards and forwards and medially

Lateral pterygoid2 heads:Superior:Infratemporal fossa Inferior:Lateral surface of the lateral pterygoidFuse into a short thick tendon that inserts into pterygoid foveathe upper fibres passing into articular disc and anterior part of the capsuleAction: side-to-side plus only muscle to open jaw

Temporomandibular JointArticulationSynovial joint between the condyle of the mandible and the mandibular fossa in the squamous part of the temporal boneBoth bone surfaces covered with layer of fibrocartilage identical to the discNo hyaline cartilage, therefore an atypical jointTemporomandibular JointUnique feature of the TMJs is the articular disc.Composed of fibrocartilaganeous tissue Divides each joint into 2:Inferior compartmentSuperior compartmentTemporomandibular JointInferior compartment Allows for pure rotation of the condylar head,corresponds to the first 20 mm or so of the opening of the mouth. (opening and closing movements)Superior compartment involved in translational movements sliding the lower jaw forward or side to sideTemporomandibular Joint

Temporomandibular JointAtypical synovial joint separated into upper and lower cavities by a fibrocartilaginous discNo hyaline cartilageCapsule attached high on neck of mandible around articular margin, then to transverse prominence or articular tubercle and as far posteriorly as squamotympanic fissureFibrocartilage attached around periphery to capsuleAnteriorly near head of mandible, so mobilePosteriorly near temporal bone, so more fixedThinner in middle than periphery, crinkled fibres to allow movement and contouringLateral TM ligament is a stout fibrous band passing from zygomatic arch to posterior border of neck and ramus, blending with capsuleTightens with movements away from restSphenomandibular ligament runs between sphenoid spine and lingula of mandibleRemains constant tension through range of motion as the lingula is the axis of rotation of the mandibleSensation supplied by auriculotemporal nerve with some supply from nerve to masseter (Hiltons law)

TMJ Ligaments3 ligaments associated with the TMJ: 1) Temporomandibular ligament (Major) is really the thickened lateral portion of the capsule, and it has two parts: an outer oblique portion (OOP) and an inner horizontal portion (IHP)Lower border of zygomatic arch to posterior border of the neck and ramus

TMJ Ligaments2) stylomandibular ligament (minor) separates the infratemporal region from the parotid region runs from the styloid process to the angle of the mandible3) Sphenomandibular ligament (minor) runs from the spine of sphenoid to the lingula of the mandibleTMJ LigamentsThe minor ligaments are important in that they define the limits of movements, ie the farthest extent of movements of the mandible. Not connected to jointHowever, movements of the mandible made past these extents functionally allowed by the muscular attachments BUT will result in painful stimuli TMJ Ligaments

TMJ Ligaments

Nerve SupplyInferior alveolar nerve branch of the mandibular division of Trigeminal (V) nerve, enters the mandibular foramen and runs forward in the mandibular canal, supplying sensation to the teeth. At the mental foramen the nerve divides into two terminal branches: Incisive nerve: supplies the anterior teethmental nerve: sensation to the lower lip Diagnosis Fraktur MandibulaAnamnesisPemeriksaan FisikPemeriksaan PenunjangAnamnesisHupp et al:WhoWhenWhereHowHupp JR, Ellis E, Tucker MR. Contemporary Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Ed. Ke-5. Mosby Elsevier. St. Louis. 2008.a. Siapa pasien tersebut? b. Kapan trauma itu terjadi? c. Dimana trauma itu terjadi? d. Bagaimana trauma itu terjadi? e.Perawatan apa yang telah diberikan sejak trauma terjadi (bila ada)?f. Apakah ditemukan adanya gigi atau serpihan gigi ditempat kejadian trauma? g. Bagaimana status kesehatan umum pasien? h.Apakah pasien mengalami mual, muntah, pingsan, amnesia, sakit kepala, gangguan penglihatan, atau kebingungan setelah kejadian? i.Apakah ada gangguan oklusi? a. Siapa pasien tersebut? Jawabannya meliputi nama pasien, umur, alamat, nomor telepon, dan data demografi lainnya. b. Kapan trauma itu terjadi? Pertanyaan ini merupakan salahsatu pertanyaan penting karena beberapa penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa semakin cepat gigi avulsi dapat direposisi, maka semakin baik prognosisnya. Sama halnya dengan hasil yang diperoleh dari perawatan fraktur alveolar yang disebabkan oleh penanganan yang terlambat. c. Dimana trauma itu terjadi? Pertanyaan ini penting karena kemungkinan terdapat kontaminasi bakteri atau kimia. d. Bagaimana trauma itu terjadi? Trauma yang alami dapat memberikan perkiraan tentang hasil cedera jaringan akan seperti apa nantinya. Sebagai contoh, penumpang mobil yang terlempar ke depan dashboard dengan kekuatan besar, selain dapat merusak beberapa gigi juga dapat menyebabkan cedera leher yang tersembunyi. e. Perawatan apa yang telah diberikan sejak trauma terjadi (bila ada)? Dari pertanyaan ini didapatkan informasi mengenai kondisi awal dari daerah

cedera. Seperti pertanyaan, bagaimana gigi yang avulsi disimpan sebelum diberikan kepada dokter gigi? f. Apakah ditemukan adanya gigi atau serpihan gigi ditempat kejadian trauma? Sebelum diagnosis dan rencana perawatan ditentukan, harus terlebih dahulu diketahui jumlah gigi pasien sebelum trauma terjadi. Jika selama pemeriksaan klinis ditemukan adanya gigi atau mahkota gigi yang hilang dan tidak dapat diperkirakan apakah gigi atau mahkota gigi tersebut hilang di tempat kejadian, maka diperlukan pemeriksaan radiografi pada jaringan lunak sekitar mulut, dada, dan regio perut untuk memastikan ada atau tidaknya gigi atau mahkota gigi tersebut di dalam jaringan atau rongga badan lainnya. g. Bagaimana status kesehatan umum pasien? Penting diketahui tentang riwayat kesehatan umum dari pasien tersebut sebelum dilakukan perawatan, yang meliputi ada atau tidaknya alergi terhadap obat, kelainan jantung, kelainan darah, penyakit umum lainnya, dan riwayat penyakit terakhir yang diderita sebelum trauma. h. Apakah pasien mengalami mual, muntah, pingsan, amnesia, sakit kepala, gangguan penglihatan, atau kebingungan setelah kejadian? Bila jawabannya ya maka kemungkinan ada indikasi cedera intrakranial dan operator harus segera melakukan konsultasi medis. i. Apakah ada gangguan oklusi? Apabila jawabannya ya maka kemungkinan ada indikasi pergeseran gigi atau fraktur dentoalveolar ataupun fraktur rahang

Pemeriksaan Fisik

Pemeriksaan PenunjangX foto cranium AP/L

X-foto cranium lateral-oblique

X-foto oclusal

X-foto proyeksi Eisler

X-foto proyeksi Townes

X-foto proyeksi Reverse Townes

Penatalaksanaan Fraktur MandibulaPrinsip penanganan awal : Primary survey : jalan nafas (airway), pernafasan (breathing), sirkulasi darah termasuk penanganan syok (circulaation)Secondary survey : pemeriksaan neurologis, scalp, orbita, telinga, hidung, wajah, rongga mulut, oklusi Tahap kedua adalah penanganan fraktur secara definitif : reduksi/reposisi fragmen secara tertutup (close reduction) dan secara terbuka (open reduction) Tujuan utama penatalaksanaan fraktur: mengembalikan oklusi yang stabilmengembalikan bidang pergerakan yang adekuatmengembaikan bentuk wajah dan lengkung mandibulamengembalikan fungsi tanpa sakitmencegah internal derangement sendi temporomandibulamencegah gangguan perkembangan mandibulaReduksi TertutupReduksi TertutupPenanganan fraktur mandibula secara konservatif, yaitu dengan melakukan reposisi tanpa operasi langsung pada garis fraktur dan imobilisasi dengan interdental wiring atau eksternal pin fixation

Indikasi untuk reduksi tertutup (closed reduction)Favorable fracture : closed reduction mengurangi resiko keadaan tidak sehatComminuted fractureKurangnya soft tissue yang menutupi tempat fraktur Fraktur pada anak-anakFraktur koronoid Fraktur kondilus

Teknik yang digunakan secara closed reduction adalah fiksasi intermaksilerFiksasi ini dipertahankan 3-4 minggu pada fraktur daerah kondilus dan 4-6 minggu pada daerah lain dari mandibula

Beberapa teknik fiksasi intermaksilaris :Teknik Gilmer mudah dan efektif tetapi mempunyai kekurangan yaitu mulut tidak dapat dibuka untuk melihat daerah fraktur tanpa mengangkat kawat

Teknik eyelet (ivy loop) sedikit menimbulkan kerusakan jaringan periodontal, rahang dapat dibuka dengan mengangkat ikatan intermaksilaris. Kerugiannya kawat mudah putus

Teknik continous loop (stout wiring) Terdiri dari formasi loop kawat kecil yang mengelilingi arkus dentis bagian atas dan bawah, dan menggunakan karet sebagai traksi yang menghubungkannya

Teknik arch bar Indikasi pemasangan arch bar: gigi kurang/ tidak cukup, disertai fraktur maksila, didapatkan fragmen dentoalveolar pada salah satu ujung rahangKeuntungan penggunaan arch bar : biaya murah, mudah adaptasi dan aplikasinyaKerugiannya ialah menyebabkan keradangan pada ginggiva dan jaringan periodontal

Teknik Kazanjian : dengan menggunakan kawat yang kuat untuk tempat karet dipasang mengelilingi bagian leher gigi. Teknik ini untuk gigi yang hanya sendiri atau insufisiensi pada bagian dari pemasangan arch bar

Teknik Bone Screw : potensi komplikasi pada sistem ini adalah kondilus dapat tertarik dari fossa pada pasien yang tidak memiliki gigi geligi posterior jika kawat ditarik terlalu kuat

Reduksi terbukaOpen reduction adalah tindakan operasi untuk melakukan koreksi defromitas-maloklusi yang terjadi pada patah tulang rahang bawah dengan melakukan fiksasi dengan interosseus wiring atau dengan mini plat+skrup serta imobilisasi dengan menggunakan interdental wiring. Indikasi untuk open reduction antara lain : a. Unfavourable fraktur pada sudut mandibula. b. Unfavourable fraktur pada symphisis atau korpus mandibula. c. Displaced fraktur kondilus bilateral d. Perawatan tertunda dari fragmen fraktur non-contacting displaced. e. Malunions diperlukan osteotomi. f. Fraktur mandibula dimana maksila lawannya edentulous g. Fraktur edentulous mandibula dengan displacement yang hebat. h. Kasus dimana closed reduction merupakan kontra indikasi.

i. Medical compromised pasien. j. Multiple fraktur tulang wajahDaerah insisi saat pembedahan di pilih yang paling dekat dengan fraktur dan yang paling sedikit menimbulkan kerugian. .

Empat metode insisi di daerah wajah adalah :

1. Intraoral a. Keuntungannya lebih mudah dilakukan dan tidak menyebabkan jaringan parut ekstra oral. b. Kemungkinan komplikasi dan infeksi persentasenya hampir sama dengan pendekatan ekstra oral. c. Fraktur simfisis dan parasimfisis dapat diakses melalui insisi genioplasti. Perhatikan serabut saraf mentalis agar tidak terpotong. d. Fraktur korpus, angulus dan ramus dapat diakses melalui insisi di vestibular yang dapat memanjang hingga linea oblique setinggi dataran oklusal mandibula

2. Submandibula a. Sering disebut Risdon Approach. b. Insisi dilakukan 2 cm di bawah sudut mandibula pada lipatan kulit. c. Lebar insisi sekitar 4-5 cm

3. Retromandibular a. Pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh Hinds dan Girotti (1967) b. Insisi dilakukan kurang lebih 0,5 cm dibawah lubang telinga dan meluas ke arah inferior 3 3.5 cm di daerah batas posterior mandibula yang dapat memanjang ke bawah sudut mandibula.

4. Preaurikular a. Pendekatan ini paling baik untuk membuka daerah TMJ. b. Insisi dilakukan pada lipatan preaerikular, kurang lebih sepanjang 2,5-3,5 cm. d. Perhatikan agar tidak melakukan insisi ke arah inferior, karena dapat melukai saraf fasialis yang masuk ke batas posterior glandula parotis.

Ada dua macam fiksasi pada intermaksilar : 1. Wire Intraosteal Wiring (Wire osteosynthesis), tiga teknik dasar : a. Simple straight wire b. Figure-of-eight wire c. Transosseous circum-mandibular wiring (Obwegesers technique) 2. Fiksasi dengan plat atau screw a. Load bearing osteosynthesis b. Load sharing osteosynthesis

Komplikasi yang dapat terjadi pada fraktur mandibula sebagai berikut :a) Delayed union dan nonunion b) Infeksi c) Malunion d) Ankilosis sendi temporomandibula e) Trauma saraf alveolar inferior dan cabang-cabangnya

60ABSTRACTThe article evaluates 12 cases of conservative treatment of displaced mandibular fractures in adults. Twelve cases of displaced mandibular fractures treated surgically, either by closed reduction (IMF) or open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) served as controls. Occlusion, maximal mouth opening, lateral jaw movements, neurological dysfunction (=sensory deficit), and bone remodeling were evaluated and scored in both groups, and results were compared. No sig-nificant differences were found between the two groups in all the evaluated parameters.It is concluded that in certain cases, with displacement of 2 - 4 mm, where a surgical approach is not feasible, reasonable spontaneous reduction and bone remodeling can occur. Meticulous follow-up is mandatory.

Keywords: Mandible; Jaw Bone; Trauma; Displaced Fracture; Conservative Management 61IntroductionFractures of the mandible are generally treated by closed or open reduction.The aim of the treatment is to re- duce the displaced fracture and restore proper occlusion and facial contour. The closed reduction methods involve intermaxillary fixation (IMF) using splints, arch bars, or maxillomandibular fixation screws. There are several disadvantages with IMF, including:compromised airway, poor oral hygiene, speech difficulties, impaired nutritional intake disusing atrophy of the masticatory muscles. Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) using wires, pins, screws, or plates are among the common methods.In some reports, closed reduction with IMF was considered as conservative treatment 62Material and Methods Twenty-four cases of mandibular fracture were included in the present study. The control group (n = 12) was treated surgically by either closed reduction (IMF) or open reduction (ORIF). The experimental group (n = 12) was also advised to undergo surgery, either closed or open reduction. How- ever, due to personal or medical reasons, they were not operated on. The first patient, who was the trigger for the present study, was a 34-year-old psychiatric female patient with a displaced fracture of the mandible, who refused to stay at the hospital for surgery. For some other participants in the experimental group, there were medical contra-indications for general anes- thesia due to comorbid conditions, the legal guardians were not available, or they refused general anesthesia for some personal or religious reasons. 63Clinical examination of the functional state of the mandible was performed by one of the authors (LB) as part of the standardized procedure followed for all jaw trauma patients at the hospital. The examination included: occlusion, maximal mouth opening, lateral jaw move- ments, neurological dysfunction (=sensory deficit), and bone remodeling. Data were classified according to a numerical scale, based on the clinical dysfunction index of Helkimo [19] with modification [20]. The patients were classified as clinically symptom-free (SF), having mild symptoms (MS), or having severe symptoms (SS). Patients in both groups were followed routinely in a similar manner. The follow-up evaluation was done for an average of 12 months post-treatment. 64

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69Alpert et al. described four types of complications: Wound infection from ORIFMalocclusion from improper treatment, injury to the marginal mandibular nerve due to technical mistakes, malocclusion from no treatment 70In the present series, 12 patients were treated conservatively. The results are more than satisfactory, as they are very similar to the results of patients treated by closed (IMF) or open reduction (ORIF). 71Conservative or non-surgical treatment, consisting of observation and soft diet only, has been reported as a treatment option in greenstick or non-displaced mandi- bular fractures with normal occlusion [24,25]. Ellis et al., reports 687 patients, 32% of the total sample of 2137 patients, did not undergo surgery for correction of their mandibular fracture and were observed for 4 - 6 weeks. Ghazal et al. [25] reported on 28 cases of mandibular fractures that were managed by observation and soft diet only. This conservative approach resulted in spontaneous healing of the fractures. 72Conclusion Conservative treatment of displaced fracture of the mandible carries higher risk of complications compared to IMF or ORIF. However, in certain cases, with dis- placement of 2 - 4 mm where no other treatment modality is feasible, it can be a treatment option with respectable results. Meticulous follow-up for these patients is mandatory. 73Terimakasih.selesai7475

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