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Ship Shape Production Systems
n FSO - Floating Storage Offloading
n FPSO - Floating Production Storage & Offloading
n FPDSO - Floating Production Drilling Storage & Offloading
n New Build
n Tanker Conversion
n Own
n Lease
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Growth in the World’s FPSO Fleet
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001
FPSO Fleet inService at YearEnd
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Drivers - FPSO SelectionMajor Factors Favor FPSO Selectionn Oil Productionn Wet Tree Developmentn Lack of Pipeline/ Infrastructure n Requirement of Early Production Systemn Client Looking for Leased Solutionn Greater Water Depth
Factors Favor Other Systemn Local Regulations in Some Countriesn Gas Productionn Harsh Environmentn Cost
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Conversion – Hull Availability Driven By:Topside Definition (Weight)Changes to Hull and Ship Systems are DetrimentalAge/Life Extension – Structural WorkMaintenance
Purpose Built:Delivery Time Driven by Ship Yard Slot AvailabilityFlexibility Only During Basic Engineering
Conversion of New-Builds:Complete Hull at Shipyard, No Carry-over WorkDon’t Integrate Ship Systems with Topside Systems
Minimise Ship System Changes
Conversion vs New Build
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UNDERESTIMATES:Immaturity (Norms, Cost Factors)
SCOPE DEFINITION (Customer/Contractor)Fit For Purpose ExpectationProcess Design IncompleteControl of ChangesLayout Incomplete - Maintenance/Operations
INTERFACE WITH MARINE SYSTEMS:What is Topside / What is Ship
OPERATOR INTERFACE:Topside Process Differs from Ship System
SCHEDULE - OVER OPTIMISTIC EXPECTATIONSTopsideHullIntegration
FPSO Problem Areas & Lessons LearnedFPSO Problem Areas & Lessons Learned
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DESIGN/ENGINEERINGInvest in Basic EngineeringEstablish / Define Basis }Process/Controls
}Safety}Layout
Review Construction / Integration MethodRigorous Weight Monitoring
TOPSIDES TOPSIDES -- ENGINEERING/PROCUREMENTENGINEERING/PROCUREMENT
PROCUREMENTEarly Commitment Major EquipmentAvoid Delivery of Equipment to Site with Punch List
INTERFACE CONTROLShip / Hull / TopsidesEngineering / FabricationManagement of Change
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Construction Method – Topside Package Sizing
Complete Fabrication at Fab Yard
Execute Pre Commissioning at topsides Fab Yard
Simplify hook-up
Fix interfaces with Marine Systems
Maximise inshore Pre Commissioning at Integration Facility
Fabrication & Integration Fabrication & Integration
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Operational Input into the DesignOperational Input into the Design
OPERATIONALProcess start up and operating philosophies
Offshore vessel inspection philosophies
MAINTAINABILITYMaintenance philosophiesAccessibilityTransport and mechanical handlingSpare philosophy
SAFETYHAZOPsSystem isolation philosophiesEscape and evacuation
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Success Factors
n Comprehensive Role by Topsides Engineer:
n Utilization of experienced personnel and lessons learned
n Process design for the entire complex
n Perform detailed design for topsides
integration and commissioning
n Value Engineering
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Success Factors
Construction:
n Construction management supported by Engineering staff
through completion of fabrication and commissioning
n Constructability reviews early and across all interfaces
n Participants exchange execution procedures
n Minimize and simplify participant interfaces
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Critical Issues To First OilCritical Issues To First Oil
n Concept Selection
n Critical Path Determination
n Shipyard Slot Reservation
n Process Facilities Definition
n Realistic Schedule Expectation
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Drivers for ContractingDrivers for Contracting
• Early Partner Selection
• Contractors Selected for “Best-in-Class”
• Agreed Execution Strategy
• Agreed Division of Work
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Project Controls
• Estimating• Scheduling• Cost Management• Interface Management
Success FactorsSuccess Factors
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Bonga Project
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Dry Tree Unit with a FPSO
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Crude Oil SeparationCrude Oil Separation
Gas DehydrationGas Dehydration
Associated Gas CompressionAssociated Gas Compression
Oily Water Clean-upOily Water Clean-up
Water InjectionWater Injection Process Support UtilitiesProcess Support Utilities
Conventional FPSO Processes
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COMPONENT BREAKDOWNCOMPONENT BREAKDOWN
FPSO Components
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FPSO Topside Module LayoutFPSO Topside Module Layout
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Trading Tanker Conversion to a FPSOTrading Tanker Conversion to a FPSO
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Motion Analysis at FPSO
Akpo size FPSO - Extreme Regular waves : H = 6.6 m, T = 11.4 s, Offshore Nigeria
Note : Animation speed is 5 times actual for clarity !
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Export Options: Traditional Offloading from an FPSO
H
H
H
3) CALM
2) Tandem
1) Side by Side
Spread or Turret Moored
Standard Tanker
Standard Tanker
Spread Moored
Tug
Tug
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Offloading with a D.P. Tanker
Approaching an FPSO Approaching an FPSO with a Dynamically with a Dynamically Positioned tanker:Positioned tanker:
Shown here in North Shown here in North Sea, Sea, may be attractive for more remote & deeper waters, e.g. GoM.
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Offloading with a D.P. Tanker
Use of an air gun Use of an air gun for to carry a for to carry a messenger line messenger line to the D.P. to the D.P. tankertanker
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Offloading with a D.P. Tanker
Transfer hose Transfer hose visible is at left on visible is at left on FPSO stern.FPSO stern.
Mooring hawser (for Mooring hawser (for safety backup) at safety backup) at a dedicated bow a dedicated bow loading station on loading station on a D.P. tankera D.P. tanker
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Offloading with a D.P. Tanker
No tugs
No hose/hawserhandling vessel
Able to hookup in rough weather.
Waves up to 5.5m
Brazil & GOM deepwater?
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Deep Water Offloading System
Function
n Oil transfer from production vessel to tanker
Objectives
n Reduce loads on FPSO from offloading system
n Efficient loading, i.e. low pressure loss
n High reliability at low maintenance and inspection requirements
n Competitive price
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Motion Analysis at Offloading Side
Bluewater CALM buoy. Extreme Regular Wave: H = 6.6 m, T =11.4 s, Offshore Nigeria
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Station Keeping Methods
� Catenary moored� Taut wire moored� Turret - Internal vs. External� Tendons� Dynamically positioned (DP)
� Suction or driven pile� Chain wire chain� Chain polyester chain
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Mooring System
� Temporary Mooring
� Drilling Rig/ Vessels� Permanent Mooring
� Single Point / Turret Mooring � Spread Mooring ( SPAR/ SCF/ FPSO/ Barge)
� Taut Mooring � Foot Print is Small� Anchors are closely spaced and has higher vertical load
� Catenary Mooring � Foot Prints are Larger� Anchors are spread out and installed primarily for
horizontal load
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Spread Mooring
� Chain Only� Huge load on vessel� Preferably shallow water
� Chain Wire Chain� Used traditionally� System weight becomes a challenge in deepwater
� Chain Polyester Chain� Reduces system weight in deepwater and ultra deepwater� May increase installation cost
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Deepwater Characteristics Related To Mooring
� Vessel Offset determines mooring selection
� Length/elasticity of lines is significant for optimization
� Taut systems are most often advantageous solutions
� Permanent and large vertical loads on anchors
� Soft or very soft soils
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Mooring Components
� Anchors
� Mooring Lines and Tethers
� Connecting Components and Details
� Installation Aids
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Spread Mooring
� Design Code� API RP 2SK - Regular Mooring� API RP 2SM- Synthetic Mooring� DNV
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Mooring Layout
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W. Africa Mooring System Layout
Figure 6-2 BONGA FPSO MOORING CATENARY PLOTBase Case Configuration @ pretension = 136 tons
0
150
300
450
600
750
900
1050
-1500 -1250 -1000 -750 -500 -250 0 250
X from Fairlead (m)
Hei
ght a
bove
Sea
bed
(m)
1340 meters long86mm w ire rope
457meters long90mm K4 chain
1,496 m fairlead to anchor horizontal distance
46 meters long92mm K4 chain
CATENARY MOORING SYSTEM
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Mooring Line Assembly/ Make Up
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Comparison of Anchors for Taut Moorings
BUCKET ANCHORW = 100%
HICAP ANCHORW = 55%
HIVEL ANCHORW = 25%
Equal Capacity and Soil Conditions
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Anchor Pile Installation
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Suction Anchors
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Subsea Connector
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HiCap Anchor ® - Installation1. MATING 2 LOWERING AND POSITIONING
3. EMBEDMENT BY SUCTION 4 RETRIEVAL OF INSTALLATION LID
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Anchor - Installation1 Lowering to Seabed 2. Weight Penetration
3. Embedment by Suction 4. Retrieval of Installation Lid
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Pile Installation
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TLP Anchors
Decisive factors selecting the optimum type� Soil conditions (strength, layering)� Acceptable/Required transfer of loads into the seabed
(dynamic loads - ‘suction’, permanent loads weight and shear or weight only)
� Total logistics thus installation methodMain types� Soft clay (e.g. GoM, West Africa)� Layered, ‘difficult’ soil profile
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TLP Anchor Soft Clay (e.g. GoM, West Africa)
Steel Plate10 mm
LWA Concrete200 mm
Composition ofthe Cylindrical Shell
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TLP Anchor for Layered Seabed (e.g. N. Sea)
Soft
Stiff/hard
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Anchor - Installation Method
40 m120 ft
100 m300 ft
Tension 250 t
Thrust 35 tThrust 35 t
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Mooring Lines
Types considered in optimization of the mooring systems
� Steel Wire Ropes (sheathed)� Polyester Ropes� Stiff Fiber Ropes (Aramid, Kevlar, …)
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Asgard ‘A’ FPSO
ASGARD A
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External Turret
West Africa New Build FPSO Shape
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11 path swivel serves: • Oil•Gas •Water
Plus• hydraulic• chemical injection• signal/optical
Petrobras 37Petrobras 37 FPSOFPSO
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Petrobras 37Petrobras 37 FPSOFPSO
Turntable and Swivel installed on top of turret to serve43 risers
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Tendons
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Deepwater Tendon Options� Pressurized Tendons
� Technology Exists� Design and Safety Concerns
� Staggered Wall Tendons
� Step Diameter Tendons
� Composite Tendons� Requires New Technology (Under Development)� Extensive Test Program
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TLP Tendons - Stresses Due Water Pressure
p (z)outer p (z)out er p (z)outer
p (z)inne r
CONVENTIONAL DESIGN ABB DESIGNAlt. A Alt. B
Price 100% Price 70%
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Tendon Systems
� Top Tendon Connector� Bottom Tendon Connector� Tendon Pipe Connector� Tendon Weight vs Depth� Deepwater Tendon Options
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Pivot Latch Top Tendon Connector
� Auto Length Adjustment� Ratcheting Design� Pre- or Co-Installed� Threaded or Grooved Load
Segment� Synchronized & Centralized� No Rotation Required� Remote Hydraulic Operation &
Installation W/Manual Override
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Tendon Porch
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TG-5 Bottom Tendon Connector
� No Rotation to Install� Few Moving Parts� Simple Stab/Release� Integral Centralizer� Resets on Removal
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Tendon Pipe Connector
� Optimized Profile to Balance Load Transfer
� Improved Fatigue Design� Easy Installation
� Stab to Preset� Pressure to Release
� No Rotation Required
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J Lay Tower for Tendon Installation
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J Lay Tower for Tendon Installation
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Saibos J Lay
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ROV to Monitor Pile Installation
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TLP Tendons - Tow Method
Leading tug
Tendon
Towline
Trailingtow gear
Clump weight
Trail ing tug
Leading towinggear
Arranged as a fail-to-safe system
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Upending of Tendon by Lowering
Towline
Lead tug
Leadingtow gear
Clump weight
Auxiliary towlineTrailingtug
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Installation - Dragging to Target and Pull-in
Lead tug
Tendon
Anchor
Towline
Trailing tug
Tuggerl ine
Pull-inline
Towline
Upendedtendon
Tow gearAnchor Clump
weight
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Installation Vessel