FP1_Book

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai


thesis statement03

Urban metabolism is the conservation and expansion process of a specific system through the evaluation of energy intake and the waste generated within an environment. The analysis that is derived from this evaluation will demonstrate and suggest methods in which urban sustainability can be approached. Sustainable development is an ever-growing notion that is challenged in Nairobi by rapidly increasing population rates, the illegal construction of infrastructure, and consequently the deterioration of natural resources.

By controlling the urban expansion and implementing a modular, responsive

eco-tourism network on top of the existing city plan, we can begin to limit and manipulate the transition zone between the built and the natural environment. The scale and application of the network will be a direct response to the energy intake and outtake of specific sites in Nairobi, which is turn will stimulate a more sustainable urban growth model/system.

By strategically establishing active nodes based on sensory and experiential parameters that respond to land regeneration rates, the improved eco-tourism network can address issues of conservation and localize the tourism job market. Consequently, the goal is not necessarily to increase the number of tourists, but to maximize the tourist experience, while at the same time minimizing its footprint.


table of contents05

• Thesis Statement• Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION:

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INTRODUCTION

NAIROBI, KENYA

The chosen site is Kenya’s capital and most developed metropolitan city, Nairobi, which was established about a century ago during the construction of the Uganda railway. The railway is the main connecting system between Kampala, the largest city and capital of Uganda, and Mombasa, Kenya’s second largest city and major port.

The central location of Nairobi between these major cities transformed the region from swampland to a main transportation hub. The Uganda Railway and a major international airport have made Kenya very accessible and because of that, the city has become a central hub for a lot of businesses, international corporations and international conferences.

This caused an increase in it development, and therefore, the city has been growing rapidly over the years.

Nairobi

Nanyuki

Nakuru

Kisumu

Torore

Arua

Kasese

Mwanza

Kigoma

Mpanda

Tabora

ArushaMoshi

Magadi

Tanga

Dar es Salaam

Kidatu

KENYA

UGANDA

train station

airport / train station

railroad

TANZANIA

Mombasa

Kampala

demographics09


References:1. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107678.html2. http://kenya.rcbowen.com/cities/nairobi.html

INTRODUCTION

Population Density

Poverty Rate

>600

>65

300-600

55-65

100-300

45-55

20-100

34-45

<20

<35

What stands out about Kenya is not only its diversity, but also the stark contrast that exists within various regions and landscapes.

natural

urban

built

rural

demographics11


Major Ecosystem Types

Predicted Diversity of Mammal Species

69-79

forest

63-68

bush/woodland

56-62

cropland

48-55

savanna/grassland

37-47

bare areas

This notion is most evident in central and south-western Kenya, where the land is most developed due to the number of rivers that are accumulated in this region.

arid

wildlife

tropical

community

INTRODUCTION

Rift Valley

Climate

6,000 km valley from Southwest Asia to South East Africa

1067

4

6162

86566

260

66364

059

Jan

Feb

Mar Apr

May Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

NAIROBI FACTS

Nairobi is located within a 100km radius of the Great Rift Valley (lowland between mountains created by a geologic rift), which is a 6,000 km trench running from northern Syria to central Mozambique.

Due to its location right on the equator, Nairobi has a moderate subtropical highland climate. The city is located 1,795 above sea level, therefore the evenings can be fairly chilly. Besides the difference between the wet and dry seasons, there’s very little difference between the seasons.

The city houses over 100 major international companies, the Nairobi Stock Exchange, the United Nations Environment Program and UN headquarters, which have all made Nairobi a financially, politically and socially prominent city.

The major exports include coffee, rice, fruit, flowers, sugar and tea, which amounts to approximately $5 billion worth of goods exported.

demographics13


Economy

Exports

Nairobi Stock ExchangeKenyatta Intl. Conference CenterMajor international companies and organizations based in Nairobi

Coffee Rice Fruit Flowers Sugar Tea

References:1. http://www.jambokenya.com/jambo/location/rvalley.htm2. http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=546&cid=49393. http://daniel-workman.suite101.com/top-kenyan-exports-imports-a404544. http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu26ue/uu26ue0o.htm

INTRODUCTION

NAIROBI GROWTH

With a population of 3,318,369 people, Nairobi is the largest city in Kenya and the 4th largest African city.

The city is growing at a rate of 3.8% annually, which amounts to over 127,000 people per year.

As one of the world’s overpopulated cities, its condition creates a conflicts between the human population and its environment.

All the development caused a mass migration to the city from surrounding villages and towns, in hope of better opportunities, and ultimately, a better life. This is also the reason why Nairobi has a fairly young population. What actually ends up happening when people move to the city is that they end up in a dense region and are unable to find jobs.

The city also doesn’t have the resources to sustain the growing population, which results in massive pollution as one consequence and also the displacement of the local poor to the boundaries, ultimately resulting in informal settlements.

rural Kenya

hope for a better life

dense urban fabric

inability to sustain (/metabolize)

consequence: informal sprawl

demographics15


Urban Growth

Pop

ulat

ion

Den

sity

(peo

ple/

km2 )

0

1000

2000

2,000,000

3,000,000

3000

1,000,000

500,000

1,500,000

2,500,000

5000

6000

1906

1928

1931

1936

1944

1962

1969

1979

1989

1999

2009

2005

5,000+ people move from rural areas to urban

areas in

Kenya

every

day!

References:1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9tpabRBrjWY2. http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/NCEO_Report_FF_New_Text.pdf3. http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl?a=d&d=HASH36d6 40644c86b4ce92061b.7.5.np&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p. s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa=

INTRODUCTION

ACCESSIBILITY

Amsterdam

DakarFreetownMonroviaAbidjan

Lagos

Yaounde

Kinshasa

Johannesburg

Maputo

HarareLusaka

Lilongwe

Lubumbashi

Mahe-Seychelles

Mayotte

NairobiZanzibar

Dar es Salaam

Douala

Contonou

Bamako

London

Paris

Cairo

Djibouti

Dubai

Nairobi’s major airport is Jomo Kenyatta International Airport. As the largest airport of East and Central Africa, it handles millions of passengers on a yearly basis.

This airport is also considered the main transportation hub for visiting Africa’s safari lands, serving not only Kenya, but also other cities in East and Central Africa.

Located within 20 km from downtown Nairobi, it serves passengers ranging from Europe to Asia.

Plans for the expansion of the airport will allow for direct flights from other far destinations, such as the United States, therefore accomodating growing number of visitors and air traffic.

demographics17


Mumbai

Bangkok

Hongkong

Guangzhou

References:1. http://www.kenyaairports.com/jkia/IndexJkia.php2. http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/jomo-kenyatta/

INTRODUCTION

NAIROBI GROWTH CITY GROWTH [1]

2005

1988

1976

6 x

Population: 827,775Area: 25.4 km2

Density: 1,210 people/km2

10 x

Population: 1,324,570Area: 684 km2


20 x

Population: 2,751,860Area: 696 km2


Currently, Nairobi has a population of over 3 million people, and it is predicted that it will reach 4 million by 2015.

Its convenient location caused an increase in it development, and therefore, the city has been growing rapidly over the years. That presents a problem because the city’s master plan has not been updated since 1948 [2], so they city is not in the condition to sustain its growing population.

Nairobi has been growing in a very contained manner, meaning that the center which was also the most developed region has remained intact. The city center started growing towards the flat lands, away from the protected lands, and around the main roads and high ways that branched off of the railway.

demographics19

Kahawa

Mbagathi

Kangemi

Kasarani

Embakasi

Kabete

Nairobi City

Dandora

Dangoretti

Riruta

Wilson AirportJKIA

airport

city

train station

railroad

highway

main road

boundary

References:1. http://unepatlas.blogspot.com/2. http://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/2022.pdf


INTRODUCTION

DENSITY VS. POVERTY

Transportation and Ecotourism

Eco-tourism

Airport

Bus stop

Density per km2

34,668-75,471

23,161-34,667

11,811-23160

5,274-11,810

154-5,273

Poverty >70%60-70%50-60%

30-40%40-50%

20-30%<20%

Most of the activity in Nairobi is established within its core, but what’s interesting is that the most impoverished settlement in Nairobi, Kibera, is attached to that core, demonstrating the disparity in economic levels within the same region.[1]

This creates a dilemma of rich vs. poor, where the poor are not benefiting from the economic sector. The economic sector is mainly driven by the service industry, where 63% of the annual revenue is generated from tourism.[2]

This contrast has also been the cause of the displacement of the indigenous and local communities, where they’re being pushed to the outskirts and are forced to settle on open lands.

Pages 24-27 demonstrate the scattered urban fabric that emerges within city districts.[3] Pages 28-29 display the large gap that exists between the economy and community in Nairobi.


density21

References:1. http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/NCEO_Report_FF_New_Text.pdf2. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf3. http://csud.ei.columbia.edu/?id=projects_nairobi_maps

AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIAL

LANDUSE


landuse23

RESIDENTIAL TRANSPORTATION

LANDUSE

FOREST RECREATIONAL


25

EDUCATIONAL UNDEVELOPED

landuse

EMPLOYMENT

I N D U S T R Y - 1 6 % A G R I C U L T U R E - 2 2 %

Source of Income

Land Distribution

R E S I D E N T I A L - 2 5 . 2 2 %

I N D U S T R I A L - 4 . 5 7 %i n d u s t r i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o nq u a r r y

A D M I N . / C O M M E R C I A L - 0 . 4 0 %r e s e a r c h c e n t e r sl e a r n i n g i n s t i t u t i o n sh o s p i t a l s

I N F R A S T R U C T U R E - 2 . 2 8 %a i r p o r tr a i l w a y s t a t i o ns e w a g e p l a n t sr o a d s

R E C R E A T I O N - 1 . 7 2 %p a r k s / g a r d e n sg o l f c o u r s ep l a y g r o u n d sr a c e c o u r s ed r i v e - i n s

U R B A N A G R I C U L T U R E - 1 3 . 9 0 %c r o p sp l a n t a t i o n sr a n g e l a n d s

O P E N L A N D S - 2 8 . 5 5 %

O T H E R - 2 2 . 0 6 %n a t i o n a l p a r kg a z e t t e d f o r e s t

W A T E R B O D I E S - 1 . 6 9 %d a m sr i v e r i n e a r e a s


employment27

S E R V I C E / T O U R I S M - 6 2 %

Employment DistributionI n f o r m a l S e c t o r - 7 7 %

A g r i c u l t u r e & F o r e s t r y - 4 . 1 %

M i n i n g & Q u a r r y i n g - 0 . 3 %

B u i l d i n g & C o n s t r u c t i o n - 1 %

T r a d e , R e s t a u r a n t & H o t e l s - 2 . 2 %

T r a n s p o r t & C o m m u n i c a t i o n s - 1 . 3 %

E l e c t r i c i t y & W a t e r - 0 . 6 %

F i n c a n c e , I n s u r a n c e & R e a l E s t a t e - 1 . 1 %

C o m m u n i t y , S o c i a l & P e r s o n a l S e r v i c e s - 9 . 6 %

M a n u f a c t u r i n g - 3 . 1 %

INTRODUCTION

NATIONAL PARKS IN KENYA

Kenya has a total of 55 national parks and reserves, totalling to 580,367 km2 of protected land.[1]

Land-based tourism is a major economic activity in Africa, drawing millions of visitors to different sites across the region every year and generating millions of dollars in foreign exchange earnings. Tourism not only generates revenue to support conservation and management of natural environments but also generates many jobs.

Approximately 180,000 people in Kenya are employed by the tourism industry, however only about 15% of the tourism money reaches Kenya.[2]

With over 1,810,700 visitors to Parks yearly, the tourism earnings total to about $73 million.[3]

Nairobi is located within a 100 km radius of some of the nation’s most popular national parks.

total of 580,367 km2 of protected areas

total of 55 National parks and reserves

total of 435,275 km2 of rangelands

total of 363,454 km2 of unprotected rangelands

Northern21.6%

protected12.3%

unprotected87.7%

built land25%

rangelands75%

unprotected83.5%

protected16.5%

Coast10.1%

Southern57.6%

Central9.6%

Western1.1%

context29

Gatamaiyo Forest Nature Reserve

Oldonyio Sapuk National Park

Downtown Nairobi

Mwea National Reserve

Lake Naivasha National Park

Longonot National Park

Suswa

Hell’s Gate

30 km

50 km

60 km

70 km

80 km

90 km

References:1. http://www.kws.org/parks/2. http://castinet.castilleja.org/private/faculty/peggy_mckee/africaweb/betsy-andmeagan/TourisminKenya.htm3. http://allafrica.com/stories/201110240181.html


INTRODUCTION

The Big Five

TOURISM IN KENYA Safari

Tourism in Nairobi mainly consists of wildlife and safari.

The city offers the big 5, which are elephants, black rhinos, buffalos, lions and leopards. Of course the main draw in the interaction between humans and wildlife.

Within city boundaries, there are numerous tourist attractions within walking distance from the city core. It is also within a 10 min driving radius of forests, parks and national reserves.

Nairobi National Park, the largest park within the city limits, was the first established National Park in Kenya, established in 1946. [1]

The park offers more than 400 species of animals and covers an area of 117 km2.

Interaction with humans

1 mile = 1.6 km

1/4 mile = 400 m

WALKING RADIUS = 400m

tourism31

ecotourism sites

museums/shops/parks

restaurants

lodging

References:1. http://kws.go.ke/parks/parks_reserves/NANP.html


Nairobi National Park

Ngong Road Forest

Ngong Forest

Gigiri Forest

Karura Forest

Ngong Hills National Reserve

INTRODUCTION

Modes of TransportationTourist Transportation

Bus

Taxi

Matatu

Rental Car

Tuk Tuk

TRANSPORTATION

The main mode of transportation in Nairobi is the Matatu, which is a minibus. [1]

While other modes of transportation do exist, due to the lack of infrastructure and proper roads, the vehicles cause trail damage, ultimately leading to erosion, land degradation, and loss of biodiversity.

Furthermore, most people in Nairobi cannot afford public transportation. [2]

http://www.foldabikes.com/CurrentEvents/Story/EastAfrica.html

http://lovingthebigisland.wordpress.com/tag/best-snorkeling/


layers33

water basins

boundaries

roads

contours

terrain

About 1.9 percent of Kenya is covered by water. Kenya’s network of perennial rivers is most dense in the central and western parts of the country, leading to uneven supplies of surface water.

Road transport in Kenya consists a total of 63,265 kilometres of interurban roads, 8,933 km of which are paved. Kenya has one of the best paved highway networks and some of the busiest roads south of the Sahara, but maintenance is often neglected.

Nairobi is the capital and largest city of Kenya. While it is also the most populous city in East Africa with a population of over 3 million people, it is also the most developed within its surroundings.

The lowest point on Kenya is at sea level on the Indian Ocean. The highest point on Kenya is 5,199 meters above sea level at Mount Kenya. Nairobi lies at 1,661m above sea level.

Kenya’s landscape ranges from deserts to snow capped mountains, sandy coastlines to freshwater lakes, savannah grasslands to fertile agricultural plantations, extinct volcanoes to coral reefs. 8.01% of the land is arable. Permanent crops occupy 0.97% of the land. 1030 km² of Kenya’ land is irrigated.

References:1. http://www.thedaysnew.com/Transport_Nairobi.html2. http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5263. http://www.wri.org/publication/content/9506#ch3

INTRODUCTION

ECO-TOURISM IN KENYA

Kenya has been recognized as one of the top 10 eco-tourism destinations in the world.

This title is based on the effects that eco-tourism has in these regions.

Whereas the larger dots on the map (including Kenya) have been successfull at promoting sustainable tourism, destinations such as Gabon, Laos and Ireland are making progress. The islands of Turks & Caicos and Greece on the other hand are facing challenges that years of eco-tourism have presented.[1]

While eco-tourism has been promoted as low-impact travel, over the years, it has presented more challenges than benefits.

demographics35


Brazil Dubai

Canada

Greece

Ireland

Belize

Gabon

Turks & Caicos

Laos

Kenya

References:1. http://ngadventure.typepad.com/blog/2008/03/beyond-green--2.html

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY OF ECO-TOURISM

The current eco-tourism industry has become a mass market, where the offering of predefined packages are the norm.[1] As a consequence, there is a lack of understanding and exploration of other landscapes, settlements and communities that have a lot to offer.

Eco-tourism really started booming in the past 30 years, however at the same time, we are now realizing that even the most miniscule impact has negative effects on the environment.[2]

A definition eco-tourism is the practice of low-impact, educational, ecologically and culturally sensitive travel that benefits local communities and host countries”. Many of the ecotourism projects are not meeting these standards. Even if some of the guidelines are being executed, the local communities are still facing other negative impacts.[3]

establishment of first National Park (Nairobi National Park)

first form of eco-tourism

legalization of hunting in Africa

creation of recreational hunting zones

creation of protected lands

awareness of biodiversity decline

hunting became illegal

change in safari & start of new eco-tourism with more ideals

eco-tourism became more widely known & studied

more education = growth of eco-tourism

more awareness of traveling alternatives

less mass-market tourism -> more environmentally sensitive, intimate & integrative

“green movement” becomes mainstream

institutionalization of info & teaching to public

1910

1946

1950

1970

1980

1990

2000

demographics37


References:1. http://www.keralaforest.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=159&Itemid=2012. http://www.medindia.net/news/Eco-tourism-can-Have-Negative-Impact-on-Wildlife-40587-1.htm3. Kamauro, O. (1996). Ecotourism: Suicide or Development? Voices from Africa #6: Sustainable Development, UN Non-Governmental Liaison Service. United Nations News Service.

After the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, coastal communities in Thailand, Southern India and Sri Lanka were permanently relocated inland while their traditional lands were earmarked for tourism development.

In Kenya, the Endorois were expelled from their lands to make way for a conservation area in 1973.

http://www.gwu.edu/~sigur/assets/docs/scap/SCAP25-Tsunami2.pdf http://www.essex.ac.uk/human_rights_centre/hrc/projects/Endorois_case.

INTRODUCTION

Human-Wildlife Conflicts

Displacement of wildlife through snaring and fencing can cause crop raiding by herbivores, livestock depredation by large carnivores, transmission of wildlife diseases to livestock, human injury and death, and destruction to other property.

Increasing human settlements and associated infrastructure in the vicinity of protected area boundaries can cause Illegal grazing of livestock in protected areas.

Illegal extraction of medicinal plants, timber, firewood, wood carving, thatching and construction materials causes land depletion, degradation and deforestation.

Fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural activities outside protected areas, and industrial and domestic effluents infiltrate into aquatic habitats, such as wetlands, streams and rivers .

Off road driving and associated destruction of fragile habitats, harassment of wildlife, feeding of wildlife, construction of tourist accommodation facilities, and poor enforcement of park rules.

Human Encroachment

Over-Exploitation of Natural Resources

Pollutants

Tourism Impacts

Threats Causes Effects

demographics39


Effects

Tourism Life-Cycle

Construction of Infrastructure & Facilities Unmanagable Waste Disposal of Campsite Sewage in Rivers

Exploitation of Non-Renewable Energy sources Deforestation Contamination of Wildlife

discovery launch increasing accomodation increasing # of tourists displacement of locals environmental degradation decline ?

discovery launch stagnation decline

INTRODUCTION

TOURISM IN KENYA Wildebeest Population Trends

1978 = 29,000 1999 = 1,500

Wildlife Density 1977 Wildlife Density 1999

>125>12545-12545-125

15-4515-450-150-15

Kenya has been recognized as one of the top 10 eco-tourism destinations in the world.

This title is based on the effects that eco-tourism has in these regions.

Whereas the larger dots on the map (including Kenya) have been successfull at promoting sustainable tourism, destinations such as Gabon, Laos and Ireland are making progress. The islands of Turks & Caicos and Greece on the other hand are facing challenges that years of eco-tourism have presented.[1]

While eco-tourism has been promoted as low-impact travel, over the years, it has presented more challenges than benefits.


wildebeest migration41

February

April

July

November

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

104 82 60

6761 62 65 6660 63 6459

wildebeest migration pattern average climate and rainfall annual rainfall

INTRODUCTION

THREATS Example of Deforestation near Nairobi (Mumoni Hill Forest Reserve)

Since independence in 1963, Kenya’s human population has dramaticallyincreased putting a lot of pressure and demand on the available land and associated resources. This has led to an increased demand for agricultural land and settlement both in rural areas and urban centres.

From the mid-1970s, human encroachment by agricultural communities in the less productive and semi-arid rangelands, which now supports most wildlife, has skyrocketed. This has precipitated multiple problems such as environmental degradation, human–wildlife conflicts, competition forwater and forage resources and a serious general hatred and negative altitude towards wildlife, tourism and conservation areas.

desertification factors43

Historical, socio-economic & political factors of low-

potential areas

insuffiecient education for nomadic life

basin drain through urban drift

modification of microclimates

soil erosion

desertification

increased run-off & less water penetration

herb layer destruction

tree & shrub destruction

soil compaction

drought overgrazing more livestock night enclosures

concentration of human & animal impact around settlements

increasing livestock herds for subsistence & fora herds for

insurance against drought mortality

expanding human populations

more fuel & building materials

traditional land tenure communal ownership of landprivate ownership of animals

increased sedentarization of

nomads

sedentary education fac.

insufficient security against

raiding

insufficient range management & grazing control

insufficient livestock

marketing fac.

boreholes & dams

low sale price of animal products

reduced infant mortality

increased adult survival

intrinsic capacity for

increase

veterinary facilities

medical care

famine relief

government & quasi-government services

References:1.http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?a=p&p=about&c=hdl


INTRODUCTION

CONSEQUENCES & RISKS

There exists a broad consensus that biological diversity is critically threatened and that large-scale interventions are necessary for its protection. Since nature protection by definition is a social and political process, it stands to reason that responses to the biodiversity crisis will have to focus on questions of human organization.[1]

The indigenous peoples’ movement and conservation organizations have a vital common goal--to protect biological diversity--and could work effectively and powerfully together to protect the planet and preserve biological diversity. Yet for more than a hundred years, these two forces have been at odds. The result: thousands of unmanageable protected areas and native peoples reduced to poaching and trespassing on their ancestral lands or “assimilated” but permanently indentured on the lowest rungs of the money economy.[2]

Displacement of local communities

http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/7289.pdf

http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/how-vulnerable-are-kenyas-internally-displaced/

demographics45


landnessnessland-based

re-establishment

joblessness re-employment

alternate land or new job opportunities

continuous, long-term health monitoring

rebirth of community institutions

require institution building & concurrence from host area

population

new means of livelihood

marginalization social inclusion

loss of access to common property resources

restoration of community assets

homelessness house reconstruction

increased morbidity

adequate nutritionfood insecurity

improved health care

community disarticulation

networks & community rebuilding

References:1. http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/pwilshus/scholarship/snr_sqwh2.pdf2. Dowie, Mark, “Conservation Refugees”, The MIT Press, 2009.

EXAMPLES

EcoCamp Patagonia Torres del Paine National Park, Chile

The domes have semi-spherical structures, which minimize external surface area and temperature exchange through walls, as well as giving maximum internal space and ensuring a uniform distribution of wind stress. The dome exteriors are green and of limited height so they blend harmoniously into the natural environment. All walls have an outer canvas layer and thick insulation cushion, ensuring warmth and protection from strong winds. Skylight windows allow guests to follow natural light patterns, star gaze at night, and utilize natural heat and light resources. Recycled materials are used for amenities and wooden dome structures, and fallen dead wood is used in fireplaces. Walkways connecting domes are raised so as not to damage the terrain, and to allow animals to roam around freely without structures blocking their path. As they walk between domes on these walkways, guests can responsibly connect with their outside surroundings.

SUCCESSFUL TOURISM

FincubeDolomite Mountains, Italy

The 506 sq ft Fincube is designed to coexist with, not to trample Mother Nature. Designed as a high-tech, low-energy, small footprint resident offering magnificent views of Italy’s Dolomite Mountains, the one-bedroom residence is built on a pedestal, with minor damange to the ground below it and also a portability factor of a small house that is easy to move.The Fincube is oriented in a helical pattern, so when visitors enter up through the pedestal, they travel in a circle through the kitchen, living area, then the bedroom and finally the bathroom. Triple-glazed windows cover the entire facade of the home, offering 360 degree views of the surrounding landscape, and an exterior shade screen with walkway cages in the house. The shade screen provides shading and ventilation for the house without impinging on the stunning views

The current eco-tourism industry has become a mass market, where the offering of predefined packages are the norm.[1] As a consequence, there is a lack of understanding and exploration of other landscapes, settlements and communities that have a lot to offer.

Eco-tourism really started booming in the past 30 years, however at the same time, we are now realizing that even the most miniscule impact has negative effects on the environment.[2]

A definition eco-tourism is the practice of low-impact, educational, ecologically and culturally sensitive travel that benefits local communities and host countries”. Many of the ecotourism projects are not meeting these standards. Even if some of the guidelines are being executed, the local communities are still facing other negative impacts.[3]

http://goglamping.net/americas/ecocamp-patagonia/

http://www.fincube.eu/en

demographics47

Kimana wildlife sanctuary in AMBOSELI

Ilngwesi tourism bandas in LAIKIPIA

Lumo wildlife sanctuary in TSAVO

Mwaluganje Elephant sanctuary in SHIMBA HILLS

Communities who depend on plant and wildlife resources for their livelihood often contribute to stresses on vulnerable natural resources. An approach known as community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) sees management of human and natural resources as part of the same equation: when communities are able to increase their incomes through improved agricultural practices and alternative economic activity, precious natural resources are sustained.

Kenya’s Wildlife Sanctuary has established conservation areas on communally owned land in the hope that small scale sustainable tourism will generate income for the community.The Kimana community has been able to recognize ways to coexist with wildlife as a key partner in sustainable wildlife conservation.

The area welcomes about 86,000 visitors every year and its tourism demonstrates the economic viability of wildlife conservation by providing employment and income for many residents. The staff involved in the construction and subsequent running of the lodge are all group ranch members and the project therefore provides an increase in local employment.It is constructed with materials from the local area, and water heating and electricity are powered by solar systems.

The Mwaluganje Elephant Sanctuary is a community-based organization that works to alleviate human-wildlife conflicts arising from the large population of elephants in Mwaluganje and the conflicting land use practices of local farmers. It aims to resolve human-elephant conflicts in the Golini-Mwaluganje area, encourage communities to support wildlife conservation by funding social projects and enterprise development related to wildlife conservation, and ensure that community and individual landowners within the Mwaluganje – Shimba Hills National Reserve corridor benefit from wildlife conservation and Eco-tourism development.

http://www.africaodyssey.com/kenya/il-ngwesi http://www.kenya-safari.tv/lumo-sanctuary.html

h t t p : / / w w w . e l e p h a n t m w a l u g a n j e . c o m /ABOUT%20US/aboutus/Aboutus.htm

http://www.naturalhighsafaris.com/explore/kenya/kimana-wildlife-sanctuary


PROPOSAL

Current Condition

Proposed Condition

The new eco-tourism network proposes to redefine the boundaries by constructing new and improved transport infrastructure. The reinforcement of new tourism “hubs” outside the capital will create wealth and promote sustainable development versus uncontrolled growth.

The scheme will provide an integrated environmental plan that provides for an ecological balance while at the same time supporting new technologies and energy initiatives throughout the regions.

By improving the quality of life for both the residents and the visitors, the new network will strengthen the identiy of the existing towns and communities.

The new network proposes to integrate community, economy and environment. Currently, these sectors are functioning separately, without benefiting from one another. The new network will create a synthesis amongst the three sectors in order to create a more efficient settlements.

NEW TOURISM NETWORK

Economy

Community

Environment

Economy

Community

Environment

surrounding settlements49

Ngong

Downtown Nairobi

Mlolongo

Sabuk

Athi River

Kitengela

Isinya

Kajiado

Mitaboni

KagundoIndustry Core

Salama

Thika

Kiambu

urban rural

Kikuyu

Limuru

Ruiru

Current Tourism Condition

Proposed Network of TourismFinal Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

LOOKING FORWARD

For this proposal to be able to function properly, threats to biodiversity and their implications need to be addressed early on to lessen the negative impact.

The diagram on the right shows a 100 year plan that focuses on these issues and presents specific events that can take place in order to address them.

The diagram shows the synthesis between community, environment and economy and how they can potentially work together.

From top to bottom, you can predict revenue streams, infrastructure development, and ecological strategies.

Transformation of Kibera

1. consultants hired2. education in local facilities

3. scientific research4. experimental processing

facilities5. processing facilities

development6. industry at optimum

proficiency7. peak intensity

8. focus towards leisure & national park maintenance

9. conversion of former plants to new usage

A. establishment /re-organization of community

eventsB. networked economy allows

events to take place all over the region

C.communities move away from forest land and require indoor

space for community eventsD.community events dispersed

over the entire region

Environment connections

Economic connections

Community connections

community amenities

leisure activities

community events

PROPOSAL


communal, economical & environmental development51

existing roads

0 years 10 years 20 years 30 years 40 years 50 years 60 years 70 years 80 years 90 years

REVIVED ECONOMY

LOCAL JOB MARKET

personal mobility infrastructure

non-renewable energymicro-renewable energy

water management

ecological & biodiversity increase

communications

recycling center

urban pantry

“Pioneer species are species which colonizes previously uncolonized land, usually leading to ecological succession.”

“Secondary successionoccurs when anestablished eco -system has beendisturbed by man ornature”

“Tertiarry species pavethe way for a stablestate eco-systemwhere there isoptimum balancebetween diversity andsustenance.”

pioneering plant species

pioneering plant species

secondary succession

secondary succession

tertiary succession

tertiary succession

recolonization = regeneration if eco-system is destroyed/

altered

mycelium

spread

mycelium

spread

mycelium

spread

hiking hiking

hiking

safari

observatory

picnics

wild food walks

safari

safari

safaricrop harvesting

crop harvesting

new revenue

com

post

was

te

rem

edia

ted

soil

natu

ral s

oil b

uild

up

safarifood growing program

food growing program

food growing program food

growing program

community eateries

bird watching

EVENTScelebrations

feastseducation

community

bird watching

bird watching

nature trails

1

2

A

B

C

D

3 4

5

6

7

8

9

elevated transport

Existing Urban Settlements vs. Current Poles of Attraction:

while most tourists visit Nairobi solely for the safari experience, many are unaware of other settlements and areas in close proximity to the city.

Green Corridors & Open Space:

by revitalizing the existing settlements, the population of Nairobi can decentralize to other regions for better opportunities. The new infrastructure will link towns across the existing network of roads, river and rail lines by improving and cleaning up the city’s arteries.

CLEANING ARTERIES

As the current tourism hubs are set up in near proximity to Nairobi, the main footprint is implemented on Nairobi.

By revitalizing these regions and bringing the main economic driver, which is the tourism industry to the existing settlements in the region, we have the opportunity to create a more integrated network of communication, transportation, infrastructure, and tourism. This will eventually improve and clean up the cities arteries.

PROPOSAL

demographics53


Ngo

ng

Dow

ntow

n N

airo

bi

Mlo

long

o

Sabu

k

Ath

i Riv

erK

iteng

ela

Isin

ya

Kaj

iado

Mita

boni

Kag

undo

Indu

stry

Cor

e

Sala

ma

Thik

a Kia

mbu

Kik

uyu

Lim

uru

Rui

ru

WASTE ECONOMY

By introducing a new waste economy system. the process of land regenaration can potentially be accelerated, and eventually optimized.

The system operates within the restoration strategy, providing jobs and livelihoods for communities.

The proposal involves localized renewable energy production, which can be developed by using re-processed waste products.

This recycling process makes use of existing transportation paths, but also proposes the rehabilitation of new transportation infrastructure.

Infrastructure changes as vegetation grows and biological diversification increases, thus transforming the types of activities that take place in a particular area.

This waste economy system ultimately creates a regenerative loop that enables self-sustainability of nature and community.

PROPOSAL

0 years

2 years

10 years

waste processing55

output

input

inorganic and organic waste

mycelium added

remediated organic matter

with various plants

energy generator

conversion

food waste collected

compost waste collected

edible plants sorted

community restaurant

system is integrated with safari/eco-tourism

composting toilets

microfiltration of graywater for

purification

composting facilities

plants

rainwater harvest

rainwater/graywater

system

help global waste economy

educate

rain

injection moulding machines

biodegradable pellets

biodegradable food/drink/perishable packaging

birds spread seeds across

country

biodegradable packaging can be composed

packaging degrades into

soil

seeds absorbed/eaten

by birds

bio-gas accumulation

general public

transfer area

systems/facilities needed for regeneration


PROPOSAL

UNDERSTANDING CONTEXT

In order to start regenerating land, it is important to take the exisiting biodiversity into account.

The new strategy proposes to accomodate wildlife habitat and habits in order to avoid scaring off the animals or encroaching onto their territories.

Instead of having the animals be the objects on display, perhaps the humans in turn can be viewed by the animals in a non-threatening matter.

By reversing the roles, we start questioning the relationship between humans and wildlife, which can ultimately spark an investigation into animal lifestyles and needs.

demographics57


cliff

passpeak

ridge

valley

lake

drumlin

kettle

hill

forest

mountain slope

crest

spursummit

plateau mountain torrent

solar radiation

condensation

action of windevaporation

percipitation

river

evaporationsurface runoff

underground flow

intrusive rocks

mountain range

water level

river bed

sedimentary rocks

metamorphic rocks

granitic layer

igneous rocks

basaltic layer

volcano

infiltration

transpiration

percipitation cliff

References:1. http://visual.merriam-webster.com/earth/geology/mountain.php

Current state of Kibera

Vision of Kibera in the future

PROPOSAL

The new eco-tourism network proposes to redefine the boundaries by constructing new and improved transport infrastructure. The reinforcement of new tourism “hubs” outside the capital will create wealth and promote sustainable development versus uncontrolled growth.

The scheme will provide an integrated environmental plan that provides for an ecological balance while at the same time supporting new technologies and energy initiatives throughout the regions.

By improving the quality of life for both the residents and the visitors, the new network will strengthen the identiy of the existing towns and communities.

The new network proposes to integrate community, economy and environment. Currently, these sectors are functioning separately, without benefiting from one another. The new network will create a synthesis amongst the three sectors in order to create a more efficient settlements.

VISION OF FUTURE

demographics59


FP1_Book

Documents

p project f11 arch

ted ngaifinal project

largest city

ted ngaiintroductionnairobi

ted ngaireferences

uganda railway

developed metropolitan

central location of