Foundations of American Education: Perspectives on Education in a Changing World, 15e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 The.

Foundations of American Education:Perspectives on Education in a

Changing World, 15e

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Chapter 2

The Early History of Educationin a Changing World

Foundations of American Education, 15eJohnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.2-2

Perspectives shaped by our lens Perspectives shaped by our lens

Celebrationist historiansCelebrationist historians

Liberal historiansLiberal historians

Revisionist historians Revisionist historians

Postmodernist historiansPostmodernist historians

Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al 2-2



Roots of formal EducationRoots of formal Education Informal education for survivalInformal education for survival

No formal records exist about China, Africa, No formal records exist about China, Africa, South AmericaSouth America

Increasingly complex societiesIncreasingly complex societies

Development of written language formalized Development of written language formalized educationeducation

Formal education in Non-Western world early as Formal education in Non-Western world early as 2000 BCE2000 BCE

2-3Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al



Roots of Western EducationRoots of Western Education

Formal Education reached West around 500 Formal Education reached West around 500 BCEBCE

Greece first Western country with formal Greece first Western country with formal systemsystem

Spartan education for military ambitionsSpartan education for military ambitions

Athens stressed intellect and aesthetics Athens stressed intellect and aesthetics




Early Western PhilosophersEarly Western Philosophers

Socrates and the Socratic methodSocrates and the Socratic method

Plato and the three-tiered societyPlato and the three-tiered society

Aristotle, and education for improvement of Aristotle, and education for improvement of humankindhumankind

All believed that educating women and slaves All believed that educating women and slaves was uselesswas useless




Roman influenceRoman influence Roman schools developed after conquer of Roman schools developed after conquer of

GreeceGreece

Development of Latin Grammar Schools Development of Latin Grammar Schools ((Grammaticus)Grammaticus)

Quintilian and the importance of educationQuintilian and the importance of education

Roman organizational skills impacted Ancient Roman organizational skills impacted Ancient worldworld




Education in the Middle AgesEducation in the Middle Ages

Roman Catholic church becomes powerful forceRoman Catholic church becomes powerful force

Church focus on afterlife de-emphasizes Church focus on afterlife de-emphasizes educationeducation

Human knowledge digressed during Dark AgesHuman knowledge digressed during Dark Ages

Political and religious oppression common Political and religious oppression common causescauses




Revival of EducationRevival of Education

Reign of CharlemagneReign of Charlemagne Alcuin and the seven liberal artsAlcuin and the seven liberal arts Rediscovery of ancient writingsRediscovery of ancient writings Thomas Aquinas and the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas and the philosophy of

scholasticismscholasticism Harmony between church doctrine and Harmony between church doctrine and

philosophyphilosophy Establishment of the Medieval University Establishment of the Medieval University




RenaissanceRenaissance

Renaissance, common people protest Renaissance, common people protest church authoritychurch authority

Spread of Spread of humanismhumanism

Vittorino da Feltre rekindles interest in Vittorino da Feltre rekindles interest in knowledgeknowledge

Erasmus and humanistic theory of education Erasmus and humanistic theory of education




ReformationReformation

Reformation, reaction against church doctrineReformation, reaction against church doctrine Martin Luther rebels against the Catholic ChurchMartin Luther rebels against the Catholic Church Believed people should interpret Bible for Believed people should interpret Bible for

themselvesthemselves Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuit responseIgnatius of Loyola and the Jesuit response Comenius introduces textbooks with imagesComenius introduces textbooks with images John Locke’s philosophy, tabula rasaJohn Locke’s philosophy, tabula rasa




Age of ReasonAge of Reason

Revolt of intellectuals against ignoranceRevolt of intellectuals against ignorance

Rationalism, belief in human rational powerRationalism, belief in human rational power

Education becomes critical for human Education becomes critical for human empowermentempowerment




Influence of Rene DescartesInfluence of Rene Descartes

Descartes rationalismDescartes rationalism

Reason is supremeReason is supreme

Laws of nature invariableLaws of nature invariable

Truth verified through empirical testingTruth verified through empirical testing




RationalismRationalism

Voltaire, the American and French Voltaire, the American and French

RevolutionsRevolutions Frederick the Great and the rise of free Frederick the Great and the rise of free

speechspeech Prussian laws for teacher preparationPrussian laws for teacher preparation




Emergence of the Common ManEmergence of the Common Man

Better life for common folkBetter life for common folk

Jean Jacques Rousseau ideal educationJean Jacques Rousseau ideal education

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi put Rousseau’s theory Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi put Rousseau’s theory into practiceinto practice

Johann Friedrich Herbart – the Herbartian teaching Johann Friedrich Herbart – the Herbartian teaching methodmethod

Friedrich Froebal – Father of KindergartenFriedrich Froebal – Father of Kindergarten




Colonial education in the U.S.Colonial education in the U.S.

East coast settlements in three groups of East coast settlements in three groups of coloniescolonies

Southern, Middle and Northern coloniesSouthern, Middle and Northern colonies

Colonies consisted of different demographic Colonies consisted of different demographic groupsgroups

Groups developed different educational Groups developed different educational systemssystems




Southern Colonies Centered Southern Colonies Centered in Virginiain Virginia Large tobacco plantationsLarge tobacco plantations

Need for cheap labor, imported African slavesNeed for cheap labor, imported African slaves

European indentured servantsEuropean indentured servants

Two primary classes, wealthy landowners, Two primary classes, wealthy landowners, laborerslaborers




Southern Colonies EducationSouthern Colonies Education

Landowners disinterest in educating slavesLandowners disinterest in educating slaves

Missionaries provided limited education to slavesMissionaries provided limited education to slaves

Landowners hired tutors to teach children at Landowners hired tutors to teach children at homehome

Distance, transportation hindered development Distance, transportation hindered development of schools of schools

Older children attended universities in EuropeOlder children attended universities in Europe




MiddleMiddle Colonies – Centered in Colonies – Centered in New YorkNew York

Inhabitants from diverse national, religious Inhabitants from diverse national, religious backgroundsbackgrounds

Diversity inhibited agreement on common school Diversity inhibited agreement on common school systemsystem

Respective groups established own schoolsRespective groups established own schools

Apprenticeship model commonly utilized Apprenticeship model commonly utilized




Northern Colonies Centered in Northern Colonies Centered in New EnglandNew England Primarily Puritans with common religious Primarily Puritans with common religious

heritageheritage Lived closer to each other and towns rapidly Lived closer to each other and towns rapidly

emergedemerged Industrial economy, large middle class quickly Industrial economy, large middle class quickly

developeddeveloped Colonies passed early school lawsColonies passed early school laws Education aimed at saving souls.Education aimed at saving souls.




Types of Colonial SchoolsTypes of Colonial Schools

Dame Schools, Writing, Church and Charity Dame Schools, Writing, Church and Charity schoolsschools

Latin Grammar School, college prep for boysLatin Grammar School, college prep for boys

Harvard University (1636) prepared ministersHarvard University (1636) prepared ministers

Other early post-secondary options Other early post-secondary options




Common Elementary Schools Common Elementary Schools

Monitorial Schools in New YorkMonitorial Schools in New York Horace Mann and the push for common schoolsHorace Mann and the push for common schools Henry Barnard, first U.S education Henry Barnard, first U.S education

commissionercommissioner Religion permeated early elementary schoolsReligion permeated early elementary schools Strict discipline, formal and impersonal schoolsStrict discipline, formal and impersonal schools Teachers poorly prepared, content primarily 3 Teachers poorly prepared, content primarily 3

R’s R’s




Secondary School MovementSecondary School Movement Benjamin Franklin and the American AcademyBenjamin Franklin and the American Academy

Purpose, prepare students for employmentPurpose, prepare students for employment

Usually private, often co-educationalUsually private, often co-educational

English High School, three-year course in select English High School, three-year course in select subjectssubjects

Junior high schools emerged in early 1900sJunior high schools emerged in early 1900s




Developing Teaching materialsDeveloping Teaching materials

Hornbook, commonly used for reading instructionHornbook, commonly used for reading instruction Battledore, contained the alphabet and religious Battledore, contained the alphabet and religious

prayersprayers New England Primer, first textbook (1600s)New England Primer, first textbook (1600s) Blue-backed speller, American Spelling BookBlue-backed speller, American Spelling Book Slates replaced by paper and pencil by 1900Slates replaced by paper and pencil by 1900 McGuffey Readers teach American virtues. McGuffey Readers teach American virtues.




HornbookMost common

teaching deviceConsisted of a sheet

of paper showing the alphabet

Covered with a thin transparent sheet of cow’s horn

Tacked to a piece of wood



Battledore

As paper became available,the hornbookevolved into aseveral-pagebook.



New England Primer



Blue-Backed Speller

Only reading textbookUsed in Colonial SchoolsReplaced the New England Primer



Slates



McGuffey’s Reader



Educating Diverse GroupsEducating Diverse Groups Students of color, girls, and students with Students of color, girls, and students with

disabilities underserved.disabilities underserved. French, Spanish missionaries educated African French, Spanish missionaries educated African

AmericansAmericans Church concern that educating slaves meant Church concern that educating slaves meant

emancipationemancipation Educating African Americans became an uphill Educating African Americans became an uphill

battlebattle Literacy rates increased significantly among Literacy rates increased significantly among

African Americans by 1900. African Americans by 1900.




Educating Diverse Groups Educating Diverse Groups (continued(continued))

Asian population increased significantly since Asian population increased significantly since 1970s1970s

Many achieve success, majority struggledMany achieve success, majority struggled Asians typically place high value on educationAsians typically place high value on education Hispanics population rapidly increasingHispanics population rapidly increasing Historically afforded unequal educational Historically afforded unequal educational

opportunitiesopportunities Women have also struggled to receive equal Women have also struggled to receive equal

education education


Foundations of American Education: Perspectives on Education in a Changing World, 15e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 The.

Documents

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