1 Fouling and cleaning of polymer-entwined graphene oxide nanocomposite membrane for organic and inorganic wastewater treatment by forward osmosis Seungju Kim a , Ranwen Ou a , Yaoxin Hu a , Huacheng Zhang a , George P. Simon b , Hongjuan Hou c , Huanting Wang *a a Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia. b Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia. c Energy and Environment Research Institute, Baosteel Group Corporation, Shanghai, 201999, China
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Fouling and cleaning of polymer-entwined graphene oxide
nanocomposite membrane for organic and inorganic wastewater
treatment by forward osmosis
Seungju Kima, Ranwen Oua, Yaoxin Hua, Huacheng Zhanga, George P. Simonb,
Hongjuan Houc, Huanting Wang*a
aDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia.
bDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, VIC 3800,
Australia.
cEnergy and Environment Research Institute, Baosteel Group Corporation, Shanghai,
201999, China
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Abstract
In this study, we have characterised membrane fouling of polymer-entwined graphene
oxide membranes with a simulated feed solution containing organic foulants for
wastewater treatment application, as well as with a simulated inorganic wastewater with
high iron and silicon concentrations relevant to steel industry wastewater reclamation.
Membrane cleaning processes by cross-flow surface flushing with water were then
applied to demonstrate water flux recovery for long term application. Salt rejection
property was retained constant during fouling process, whereas water flux was found
to be reduced continuously due to fouling, but was readily recoverable following
1 (amide C=O stretching, aka amide I bond), and 1210 and 1540 cm-1 (CN stretching)
for poly(NIPAM-MBA). 1630 cm-1 (skeletal vibrations from unoxidized graphitic
domains), 1420 cm-1 (C=C aromatic ring), and 1040 cm-1 (C-O stretching) for GO.[23]
After fouling of SA, representative peaks for alginate (3200 cm-1 for -OH stretching,
1595 and 1407 cm-1 for -COO asymmetric and symmetric stretching, and 1078 cm-1 for
C-O-C stretching) are observed.[41] For BSA fouling, chemical structure of BSA is
rather overlapped with that of poly(NIPAM-MBA), but intensity of peaks for secondary
amide N-H stretching at 3298 cm-1 and CN stretching at 1210 cm-1 is increased and a
peak for -COO side chain at 1400 cm-1 in BSA newly appears. When simulated steel
wastewater was employed as the feed, lumps of foulants on the membrane surface could
be seen as confirmed by EDX analysis. Inorganic foulants are usually aggregated and
formed irregular inorganic scales on the membrane surface whereas organic foulants
form a regular cake layer. However, after physical cleaning, most of the lumps were
eliminated. This also explains why water flux after physical cleaning could temporarily
be recovered, as foulants on the membrane surface hindered water transport until they
were removed.
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Figure 9. (A) Cross-sectional and (b) surface SEM images of a GO-polymer membrane
Figure 10. Surface morphology of GO-polymer membranes before and after surface
flushing when (A) SA, (B) BSA, and (C) simulated steel wastewater were used as a
feed solution, respectively.
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Figure 11. Changes in FT-IR spectrum before and after fouling by (A) SA and (B) BSA.
Conclusions
Membrane fouling behaviour of a GO-polymer membrane has been studied to
evaluate performance of this new membrane material for practical applications and
compared with a commercial CTA membrane. SA and BSA were employed as model
organic foulants, simulating operating conditions of the wastewater treatment processes,
and simulated steel wastewater was also used for steel production applications. Water
flux decline as a result of membrane fouling and water flux recovery after cleaning was
dependent on the class of foulant. The rate of decrease of the initial water flux rate was
relatively high when organic foulants were used, with the type of organic foulants
effected on membrane fouling, as SA foulants with strong adhesion between each
foulant molecules were effectively covered the membrane surface and continuously
decreased water flux. However, when inorganic foulants were introduced from
simulated steel wastewater, they tended to develop scales as a result of membrane
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fouling. In this case, water flux decline rate was initially slow beginning, but
continuously decreased by time.
Physical cleaning by surface flushing was introduced at controlled cross-flow
rates to restore water flux. Water flux recovery was strongly affected by cross-flow rate
of flushing water, but the nature of foulants was also an important factor. Surface
flushing of DI water at a rate of higher than 1,000 ml/min was effective in the most
cases, but organic foulants with high molecular weight were not sufficiently eliminated.
As water flux was decreased and restored by membrane fouling and cleaning, salt
rejection remained constant during these membrane fouling experiments.
Funding
This work is supported by the Baosteel-Australia Research and Development Center
(BA13005) and the Australian Research Council (Linkage Project No.: LP140100051).
The authors acknowledge the staff of Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy (MCEM)
for their technical assistance.
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