Fossil fuels

Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels

Name: Marina YousifName: Marina Yousif

language: Sciencelanguage: Science

Grade: 9Grade: 9

What are fossil fuels ?What are fossil fuels ?

Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural resources such as anaerobic Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural resources such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms.decomposition of buried dead organisms.

A natural resources such as coal, oil, and natural gas containing A natural resources such as coal, oil, and natural gas containing hydrocarbon.hydrocarbon.

They have been formed on earth for millions of years by decayed They have been formed on earth for millions of years by decayed organisms.organisms.

when its burned they produce carbon dioxide.when its burned they produce carbon dioxide.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel

http://www.biomelifestyle.com/wp-content/upload/2010/03/FossilFuels.jpg

news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8314501.stm

What are the different types of fossil fuels?What are the different types of fossil fuels?

There are There are different types of fossil fuels which they are: coal, different types of fossil fuels which they are: coal, petroleum, wood, oil, natural gases, and diesel, wind, etc…petroleum, wood, oil, natural gases, and diesel, wind, etc…

http://www.lenntech.com/greenhouse-effect/fossil-fuels.htm

http://earthpaths4energy.com/BioFue1.gif

How is coal formed?How is coal formed?

Coal was formed as massive amounts of vegetation died and fell Coal was formed as massive amounts of vegetation died and fell into the swamp-like surfaces that existed in the heavily vegetated into the swamp-like surfaces that existed in the heavily vegetated Earth of the Carboniferous Period. Huge mats of waterlogged Earth of the Carboniferous Period. Huge mats of waterlogged plant material were formed that resisted decay.plant material were formed that resisted decay.

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_is_coal_formedhttp://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/images/peatcoal.gif

The different stages of coal formation?The different stages of coal formation?

Organic plant matter at various stages of decay form peat, which under Organic plant matter at various stages of decay form peat, which under certain pressure and heat conditions experiences slow rates of bacterial certain pressure and heat conditions experiences slow rates of bacterial decay and eventually goes on to form coal. As peat is buried by decay and eventually goes on to form coal. As peat is buried by sediment and becomes compressed, it slowly releases water and other sediment and becomes compressed, it slowly releases water and other elements contained within it, resulting in an increasingly compact and elements contained within it, resulting in an increasingly compact and carbon rich substance. The natural process converting plant matter to carbon rich substance. The natural process converting plant matter to peat may go through different stages, first forming lignite, then sub peat may go through different stages, first forming lignite, then sub bituminous coal, bituminous coal and eventually anthracite coal. bituminous coal, bituminous coal and eventually anthracite coal.

http://www.articlealley.com/article_191413_22.html

http://www.energy.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0018/20457/types-of-fossil-fuels.gif

How is coal used as a fossil fuels?How is coal used as a fossil fuels?

Coal is primarily used as a solid fuel to produce heat Coal is primarily used as a solid fuel to produce heat through combustion. through combustion.

http://fossil.energy.gov/education/energylessons/coal/coal_history.html

http://www.vinceoneill.com/images/jindara_riverina.jpg

How is oil formed ?How is oil formed ?

Oil is formed from the remains of animals and plants (diatoms) Oil is formed from the remains of animals and plants (diatoms) that lived millions of years ago in a marine (water) environment that lived millions of years ago in a marine (water) environment before the dinosaurs. Over millions of years, the remains of these before the dinosaurs. Over millions of years, the remains of these animals and plants were covered by layers of sand and silt.animals and plants were covered by layers of sand and silt.

http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=oil_home-basics

http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/energyexplained/images/OILGASFORMATION.gif

How is oil used as a fossil fuel ?How is oil used as a fossil fuel ?

Oil is used as a fossil fuel to help create motor gasoline and diesel Oil is used as a fossil fuel to help create motor gasoline and diesel fuel. It is used to make crayons, dish washing , heating houses, and fuel. It is used to make crayons, dish washing , heating houses, and fueling the cars , we use fossil fuel for trucks, make product, and fueling the cars , we use fossil fuel for trucks, make product, and motorcycle and other thing.motorcycle and other thing.

http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=oil_home-basics

How is natural gas formed ?How is natural gas formed ?

Formation of petroleum occurs from hydrocarbon pyrolysis, in a variety Formation of petroleum occurs from hydrocarbon pyrolysis, in a variety of mostly endothermic reactions at high temperature and/or pressure. of mostly endothermic reactions at high temperature and/or pressure.

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_is_natural_gas_formedhttp://www.stockwatch.in/files/natural-gas1.jpg

How is natural gas used as a fossil fuel ?How is natural gas used as a fossil fuel ?

Natural gasNatural gas is a gas consisting primarily of methane. It is found is a gas consisting primarily of methane. It is found associated with other fossil fuels, in coal beds, as methane associated with other fossil fuels, in coal beds, as methane clathrates, and is created by methanogenic organisms in clathrates, and is created by methanogenic organisms in marshes, bogs, and landfills. It is an important fuel source, a marshes, bogs, and landfills. It is an important fuel source, a major feedstock for fertilizers, and a potent greenhouse gas.major feedstock for fertilizers, and a potent greenhouse gas.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas

http://i.ehow.com/images/a04/fk/bt/natural-gas-200X200.jpg

What are refineries and why are they What are refineries and why are they important to the production of fossil fuels ?important to the production of fossil fuels ?

Refineries is an industrial process plant where crude oil is Refineries is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful petroleum products, such processed and refined into more useful petroleum products, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, and liquefied as gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, and liquefied petroleum gas. Refineries are important to the production of fossil petroleum gas. Refineries are important to the production of fossil fuels, because the fossil fuels undergo steps to help to purify the fuels, because the fossil fuels undergo steps to help to purify the substances or something. They are important because oil refinery substances or something. They are important because oil refinery is a industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and is a industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into useful petroleum products. refined into useful petroleum products.

http://am35.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/refinery.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refinery

What kind of clean and oil catastrophe did What kind of clean and oil catastrophe did

the Exxon Valdez cause ?the Exxon Valdez cause ? The The Exxon ValdezExxon Valdez spilled approximately 10.9 million gallons of its 53 million spilled approximately 10.9 million gallons of its 53 million gallon cargo of Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Eight of the eleven tanks on board gallon cargo of Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Eight of the eleven tanks on board were damaged. The oil would eventually impact over 1,100 miles of non-were damaged. The oil would eventually impact over 1,100 miles of non-continuous coastline in Alaska, making the continuous coastline in Alaska, making the Exxon ValdezExxon Valdez the largest oil spill to the largest oil spill to date in U.S. waters. date in U.S. waters. The response to the The response to the Exxon ValdezExxon Valdez involved more personnel and equipment involved more personnel and equipment over a longer period of time than did any other spill in U.S. history. Logistical over a longer period of time than did any other spill in U.S. history. Logistical problems in providing fuel, meals, berthing, response equipment, waste problems in providing fuel, meals, berthing, response equipment, waste management and other resources were one of the largest challenges to management and other resources were one of the largest challenges to response management. At the height of the response, more than 11,000 response management. At the height of the response, more than 11,000 personnel, 1,400 vessels and 85 aircraft were involved in the cleanup.personnel, 1,400 vessels and 85 aircraft were involved in the cleanup.The The Exxon ValdezExxon Valdez departed from the Trans Alaska Pipeline terminal at 9:12 departed from the Trans Alaska Pipeline terminal at 9:12 pm, March 23, 1989. William Murphy, an expert ship's pilot hired to maneuver pm, March 23, 1989. William Murphy, an expert ship's pilot hired to maneuver the 986-foot vessel through the Valdez Narrows, was in control of the the 986-foot vessel through the Valdez Narrows, was in control of the wheelhouse. At his side was the captain of the vessel, Joe Hazelwood. wheelhouse. At his side was the captain of the vessel, Joe Hazelwood. Helmsman Harry Claar was steering. After passing through Valdez Narrows, Helmsman Harry Claar was steering. After passing through Valdez Narrows, pilot Murphy left the vessel and Captain Hazelwood took over the wheelhouse. pilot Murphy left the vessel and Captain Hazelwood took over the wheelhouse. The The Exxon ValdezExxon Valdez encountered icebergs in the shipping lanes and Captain encountered icebergs in the shipping lanes and Captain Hazelwood ordered Claar to take the Hazelwood ordered Claar to take the Exxon ValdezExxon Valdez out of the shipping lanes out of the shipping lanes to go around the ice. He then handed over control of the wheelhouse to Third to go around the ice. He then handed over control of the wheelhouse to Third Mate Gregory Cousins with precise instructions to turn back into the shipping Mate Gregory Cousins with precise instructions to turn back into the shipping lanes when the tanker reached a certain point. At that time, Claar was lanes when the tanker reached a certain point. At that time, Claar was replaced by Helmsman Robert Kaganreplaced by Helmsman Robert Kagan . .

Continue the cause of the Exxon Continue the cause of the Exxon Valdez Valdez

Clean-up attempts can be more damaging than the oil itself, with Clean-up attempts can be more damaging than the oil itself, with impacts recurring as long as clean-up (including both chemical and impacts recurring as long as clean-up (including both chemical and physical methods) continues. Because of the pervasiveness of strong physical methods) continues. Because of the pervasiveness of strong biological interactions in rocky intertidal and kelp forest communities, biological interactions in rocky intertidal and kelp forest communities, cascades of delayed, indirect impacts (especially of trophic cascades cascades of delayed, indirect impacts (especially of trophic cascades and biogenic habitat loss) expand the scope of injury well beyond the and biogenic habitat loss) expand the scope of injury well beyond the initial direct losses and thereby also delay recoveries. initial direct losses and thereby also delay recoveries. Oil that penetrates deeply into beaches can remain relatively fresh for Oil that penetrates deeply into beaches can remain relatively fresh for years and can later come back to the surface and affect nearby years and can later come back to the surface and affect nearby animals. In addition, oil degrades at varying rates depending on animals. In addition, oil degrades at varying rates depending on environment, with subsurface sediments physically protected from environment, with subsurface sediments physically protected from disturbance, oxygenation, and photolysis retaining contamination by disturbance, oxygenation, and photolysis retaining contamination by only partially weathered oil for years. only partially weathered oil for years. Rocky rubble shores should be of high priority for protection and Rocky rubble shores should be of high priority for protection and cleanup because oil tends to penetrate deep and weather very slowly cleanup because oil tends to penetrate deep and weather very slowly in these habitats, prolonging the harmful effects of the oil when it in these habitats, prolonging the harmful effects of the oil when it leaches out. leaches out. They also effect the sea birds and mammals.They also effect the sea birds and mammals.

Deep water Horizon oilDeep water Horizon oilThe The Deepwater HorizonDeepwater Horizon oil spill oil spill (also referred to as the (also referred to as the BP oil spillBP oil spill and and Gulf Gulf of Mexico oil spillof Mexico oil spill) is a massive ongoing oil spill from an underwater oil gusher ) is a massive ongoing oil spill from an underwater oil gusher in the Gulf of Mexico that started on April 20, 2010. The spill followed an oil well in the Gulf of Mexico that started on April 20, 2010. The spill followed an oil well blowout that caused an explosion on the blowout that caused an explosion on the Deepwater HorizonDeepwater Horizon offshore oil platform offshore oil platform 40 miles (64 km) southeast of the Louisiana coast. Eleven platform workers are 40 miles (64 km) southeast of the Louisiana coast. Eleven platform workers are missing and presumed dead; the explosion also injured 17 others. The oil spill missing and presumed dead; the explosion also injured 17 others. The oil spill originates from a deepwater oil well 5,000 feet (1,500 m) below the ocean originates from a deepwater oil well 5,000 feet (1,500 m) below the ocean surface. Numerous estimates have been made for the amount of oil discharging, surface. Numerous estimates have been made for the amount of oil discharging, ranging from 5,000 barrels (210,000 US gallons; 790,000 liters) to 100,000 ranging from 5,000 barrels (210,000 US gallons; 790,000 liters) to 100,000 barrels (4,200,000 US gallons; 16,000,000 liters) of crude oil per day. The exact barrels (4,200,000 US gallons; 16,000,000 liters) of crude oil per day. The exact spill flow rate is uncertain—in part because BP has refused to allow scientists to spill flow rate is uncertain—in part because BP has refused to allow scientists to conduct accurate measurements—and is a matter of some debate. The resulting conduct accurate measurements—and is a matter of some debate. The resulting oil slick covers a surface area of at least 2,500 square miles (6,500 km2) oil slick covers a surface area of at least 2,500 square miles (6,500 km2) according to estimates reported on May 3, 2010, with the exact size and location according to estimates reported on May 3, 2010, with the exact size and location of the slick fluctuating from day to day depending on weather conditions. In of the slick fluctuating from day to day depending on weather conditions. In addition, on May 15, researchers announced the discovery of immense addition, on May 15, researchers announced the discovery of immense underwater plumes of oil not visible from the surface. The oil well is estimated to underwater plumes of oil not visible from the surface. The oil well is estimated to hold 50 million barrels of crude.hold 50 million barrels of crude.The oil spill may become one of the worst environmental disaster in the united The oil spill may become one of the worst environmental disaster in the united states history and other countries.states history and other countries.Deepwater Horizon Oil catastrophe deepwater horizon was an ultra- deepwater. Deepwater Horizon Oil catastrophe deepwater horizon was an ultra- deepwater.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill

What kind of effect dose it have on the What kind of effect dose it have on the environment of the Gulf of Mexico? And who environment of the Gulf of Mexico? And who

cleanup cleanup Dispersants are part of the arsenal used in the battle against the oil spill in the Dispersants are part of the arsenal used in the battle against the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. No one knows what the effect will be on the environment, but Gulf of Mexico. No one knows what the effect will be on the environment, but there are some clues. there are some clues. When the Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded and sank in April, a small oil When the Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded and sank in April, a small oil leak began. That oil leak has been growing and because it does not stop, it leak began. That oil leak has been growing and because it does not stop, it may turn out into an environmental disaster without equal. may turn out into an environmental disaster without equal. According to the scientific journal Nature, several weapons are being used in According to the scientific journal Nature, several weapons are being used in the battle against the oil, mechanical as well as chemical. the battle against the oil, mechanical as well as chemical. Attempts to stop the oil from spilling by capping the well have been Attempts to stop the oil from spilling by capping the well have been unsuccessful so far, but efforts are ongoing and will have to be successful unsuccessful so far, but efforts are ongoing and will have to be successful eventually since the alternative is too hideous to contemplate: waiting until the eventually since the alternative is too hideous to contemplate: waiting until the spill stops on its own. Eight hundred thousand liters of oil (5,000 barrels) are spill stops on its own. Eight hundred thousand liters of oil (5,000 barrels) are spilling out every day at the moment. spilling out every day at the moment. In order to protect the coastline beaches and wetlands, floating booms are In order to protect the coastline beaches and wetlands, floating booms are used to physically prevent the oil floating on the sea from reaching them. This used to physically prevent the oil floating on the sea from reaching them. This is at best a temporary measure, for choppy seas or a minor storm is all that is is at best a temporary measure, for choppy seas or a minor storm is all that is needed to all but annihilate this protection.needed to all but annihilate this protection.Crude petroleum tends to form large globs that are very hard to break down Crude petroleum tends to form large globs that are very hard to break down and that have detrimental effects on the environment and that have detrimental effects on the environment The human involve in the clean up, they also contain the spill and they use The human involve in the clean up, they also contain the spill and they use spray chemicals from the aircraft to disperse the oil.spray chemicals from the aircraft to disperse the oil.

http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/291929

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At the endAt the end

Thank for you and hope to enjoy my Thank for you and hope to enjoy my amazing PowerPoint about fossil fuels.amazing PowerPoint about fossil fuels.