Giancarlo Benelli Stefano Malloggi Sauro Pasini Nicola Rossi Enel - Engineering & Research Division FOSSIL FUEL POWER PLANTS: SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE FLEXIBILITY
Giancarlo Benelli Stefano Malloggi Sauro Pasini Nicola Rossi
Enel - Engineering & Research Division
FOSSIL FUEL POWER PLANTS: SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE FLEXIBILITY
Evolution of power generation markets in EU, Italy, Spain
Enel plants in the current production scenario
Enel’s actions to increase competitiveness of CCGT plants
Power generation on islands
Remarks
Outline
2
Source: Market Observatory for Energy, June 2012
Note: Hydro is considered within RES
EU-27 electricity generation (1990-2000-2010)
(Gross electricity generation by fuel)
EU power generation structure evolution
3
Source: GSE 2011 report
Including hydro
Disappearance of oil
generation
Strong increase in
RENEWABLES
Slight decrease in gas
Italian power generation sector Evolution of the generation mix
4
2007-2011: installed gas capacity has increased, but in the last years an important reduction in generation has occurred and this trend is not changing
Italian market Installed gas capacity vs. production
279
300
319
314
98
117
173
145
13,2
18,1
42,747,8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Inst
all
ed
ca
pa
city
[G
We
]
Pro
du
ctio
n f
rom
ga
s -
Co
nsu
mp
tio
ns
[TW
h]
Consumptions [TWh] Production from gas [TWh] Installed capacity, GT+GTCC [GWe]
Italy
5
Source: Market Observatory for Energy, June 2012
Strong reduction of coal
generation
Reduction of nuclear
generation
Strong increase in gas
and renewable generation
Spanish power generation sector Evolution of the generation mix
6
Source: REE annual reports
Sep the 17th : Wind covers 1% of the demand Sep the 24th : Wind covers 64% of the demand
Strong increase of wind installations in the last decade leaded to CCGT production reduction
CCGT fleet used to compensate wind production variations
Source: “Situation of CC Electric Power Generation in Europe.” EPRI Program 79. Nashville October 2nd 2012
Annual production: wind vs CCGT
Spanish market Backing up renewable production
7
Energy offered by GSE on energy market 2006-2013:Hourly cost comparison
8
Increase of power ratios: RENEWABLES/fossil based;
Priority dispatching of renewables “imposed by law” and increase of cycling duty;
Requirement of back-up capacity and Conventional Power Plants are required to take on “auxiliary services”;
Increasing environmental constraints;
Volatility of grid capacity;
Increase of electric consumption trends;
Hourly based tariffs for electricity sale;
Social acceptance difficulties for new power sites as well as new power grids.
Power generation New paradigms: low carbon ,flexibility, efficiency
9
Type of Plants Operation parameters
Nuclear Thermal power
Gas Turbine Combined Cycle
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine
Areod. Gas Turbine
Electrochemical batteries utility scale
Smart Power Gen.
Hydro power
Pump Hydro
Start up to synchronization
(minutes)
>1400 >50 6-13 6 6 Instantaneous
0,5 <1 <1
Start to full load (minutes)
>2000 >180 50-90 13-30 8 - 3-5 <2 <2
Stop from full load
(minutes)
30-60 10 5 1 <1 - <1 - -
Ramp – up rate (%/minutes)
3 3 2 3-5 3 - 5 - >20 >50 >50
Modern power plants Starting and stopping time
Sources:
•Golinelli: Smart power cogeneration-Quarta conferenza nazionale sull’efficienza energetica-Rome-November 21-2012
• Jacob klimstra -Markus Hotakainen – Smart power generation 10
Main problems • Difficulties in compensating the fast variations using conventional steam
based power plants
• CO2 /Kwh and (CAPEX + OPEX) per kWh increasing due to lower utilization factors of power plants.
The efforts to balance renewable energy fluctuations
Enel efforts are focused to create better conditions to deliver competitive
and clean energy by improving operation flexibility and modifying the technology mix of power generation park:
• obtaining a wider operation field by reducing minimum loads; • optimizing power plant performances at lower loads; • introducing operation procedures for faster starts and stopping
without impacting on reliability and environment ; • optimizing fuel flexibility (coal ,natural gas and bio-fuels).
Thermoelectric Power Plants Enel efforts to optimization and flexibility
11
Strong contraction of CCGT production in the last five years, especially in 2012
because of the installation of about 10GW of PV power
Increase of the annual startups per unit of produced power
0
5.000
10.000
15.000
20.000
25.000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Pro
du
ctio
n [
GW
h /
ye
ar]
Annual production
Italy: CCGT power generation The new role of GTCCs: the Enel case
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Sta
rts [
No
/ 1
00
0 G
Wh
]
No of starts / production
12
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
01
/06
/20
05
02
/06
/20
05
03
/06
/20
05
04
/06
/20
05
05
/06
/20
05
06
/06
/20
05
07
/06
/20
05
08
/06
/20
05
09
/06
/20
05
10
/06
/20
05
GR
OS
S P
OW
ER
[M
W]
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
05
/05
/20
12
06
/05
/20
12
07
/05
/20
12
08
/05
/20
12
09
/05
/20
12
10
/05
/20
12
11
/05
/20
12
12
/05
/20
12
13
/05
/20
12
14
/05
/20
12
GR
OS
S P
OW
ER
[M
W]
2005 2012
Typical weekly trend of combined cycle power
Increased number of startup / shut down cycles
Reduced operation at base load
Operation at minimum environmental load during nights
Minimum load
Base load
Italy: CCGT power generation The new role of GTCCs: the Enel’s case
13
Enel’s Gas Turbine Diagnostic System
15 GT and 12 coal power plants
monitored
Supporting the operation through
statistics rules for anomaly
prediction and analysis
Lifetime monitoring & management
Today Target
Life & maintenance models: tracking
history of each GT component
On-line lifetime calculation
Choosing start-up curve for optimizing
lifetime and/or market request
Source: GE FlexEfficiency 50
Enel’s actions to increase competitiveness of CCGTs Advanced diagnostic tools for lifetime monitoring & management
14
Power generation on Island
Main peculiarities
Even bigger islands are often not connected to the mainland, hence
self-reliability is a must
Power generation has costs that can reach 3 times mainland plants
Even small quantity of renewable generation can lead to grid
instability (lower grid inertia due to small size)
Very high seasonal load variation possible (summer tourism)
Strong constraints for new buildings/plants
High incentives for renewable in some countries
15
Grid stability support
Optimize conventional generation operation for fuel
saving and emission abatement
Life extension of conventional assets
Optimization of reserve assets
Support renewable integration
Conventional generation optimization
Storage systems on islands
Main drivers
Increase of renewable hosting capacity
Optimization of electric supply
Decrease of average cost of electricity
Increase of grid self-reliability
Frequency regulation
Voltage support
Outages prevention and response
Diesel con accumulo
CaricoDiesel senza accumulo
FV
Accumulo
Diesel operation with
storage
Diesel operatin
without storage
PV production
Storage duty cycle
Time [15 mins]
Po
we
r[k
W]
Load
16
Remarks
Large scale integration on grid of renewable and their stochastic
availability forces other power plants to frequent loadings and unloading to balance energy system.
Compensating for the fast variations lowers the utilization factor of the
steam power plants and the utility companies are forced to study specific innovation to be introduced in order to increase flexibility as well as to improve efficiency at reduced load; lower utilization factors of power plants increases the specific capital costs per kWh but also maintenance costs per kWh.
Energy storage technologies are still expensive even though would be
useful their integration on the grid for conjugating flexibility, efficiency, environment and prompt fluctuation of renewable.
17
Thank you for your attention