Fossil Fuel Innovation Professor Stephen Lawrence Leeds School of Business University of Colorado at Boulder
Dec 19, 2015
Fossil Fuel Innovation
Professor Stephen LawrenceLeeds School of Business
University of Colorado at Boulder
National Energy Technology Lab “Only US National Laboratory Devoted to Fossil
Fuel Energy Technology” Enabling domestic coal, natural gas, and oil to
economically power our Nation’s homes, industries, businesses, and transportation …
While protecting our environment and enhancing our energy independence.
NETL has expertise in coal, natural gas, and oil technologies, contract and project management, analysis of energy systems, and international energy issues.
http://www.netl.doe.gov
Coal Mining
Underground Mine Open Pit Mine
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/fossil/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs004-02/
Natural Gas Well, Storage, Pipeline
http://www.isgs.uiuc.edu/isgshome/gas_well.jpghttp://www.call-adc.com/justiss/rig54pic.htm http://www.dom.com/about/gas-transmission/imp/ngp.jsp
Tar Sands
http://www.protectowire.com/applications/profiles/electric_shovels.htm http://www.aapg.org/explorer/2005/05may/dinning.cfm
Oil Shale
http://nandotimes.nandomedia.com/ips_rich_content/896-shale_rock.jpg http://geosurvey.state.co.us/Default.aspx?tabid=104
Problems with Fossil Fuels/Coal Large source of atmospheric pollution
Create carbon dioxide (CO2) when burned Implicated in global warming
Nitrous oxides (NOx) – smog
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) – acid rain Measurable amounts of radioactive material
Naturally present in coal More than a nuclear power plant
Typical Coal-Fired Power Plant
Category Power Plant 100W Light Bulb
Power 500 MW 100 W
Energy / year 3.5 billion kWh 876 kWh
Coal / year 1.43 million tons 714 lbs
Sulfur Dioxide / year 10,000 Tons 5 pounds
Nitrogen Oxides / year 10,200 Tons 5.1 pounds
Carbon Dioxide / year 3,700,000 Tons 1,852 pounds
Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion Combined Cycle (PFBC)
http://envfor.nic.in/cpcb/newsletter/coal/ccombs.html
Carbon Capture & Storage
Capture and store emissions of carbon dioxide Removed from the exhaust gases of the power
station Stored so as not to enter the atmosphere
thus reducing global warming.
Carbon storage is not yet cost-effective Required technologies are already proven Similar technologies used commercially in
food and chemicals industry
http://www.worldcoal.org
Goals of Carbon Sequestration Effective and cost-competitive Stable, long term storage Environmentally benign
http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration
Carbon Capture
Absorption (chemical and physical) Adsorption (physical and chemical) Low-temperature distillation Gas separation membranes Mineralization and biomineralization
http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration
Types of Carbon Sequestration Geologic Sequestration Ocean Sequestration Terrestrial Sequestration Novel Sequestration Concepts
http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration
Geologic Sequestration
Porous rock bodies surrounded by impermeable rock are ideal for CO2 storage
Oil and gas reservoirs Inject CO2 to improve recovery
Coal bed methane Inject CO2 into coal seams to extract methane
Inject into deep saline (salt) formations No direct economic benefit
http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration
Ocean Sequestration
Ice-like CO2/H2O (water) hydrates Form in the deep ocean at low temperatures and
high pressures
Oceans will naturally absorb 80-90% of CO2 in atmosphere Eventually transferred to deep ocean Too slow to prevent CO2 spike in next 100s years
Research investigating direct injection of CO2 into the deep ocean
http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration
Terrestrial Sequestration
Forest lands. Below-ground carbon and long-term management and utilization of standing
stocks, understory, ground cover, and litter. Agricultural lands.
Crop lands, grasslands, and range lands Emphasis on increasing long-lived soil carbon.
Biomass croplands Increase soil carbon and value-added organic products Complement to ongoing efforts related to biofuels,the
Deserts and degraded lands Restoration of degraded lands significant benefits and carbon sequestration
potential in both below-and above-ground systems. Boreal wetlands and peatlands
Soil carbon pools Limited conversion to forest or grassland where ecologically acceptable.
http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/core_rd/storage.html
Terrestrial Sequestration
Click image for video clip
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/MediaResources/Carbon/global_biosphere.mpeg
Novel CS Concepts
Biological systems; Advanced catalysts for CO2 or CO conversion; Novel solvents, sorbents, membranes, and thin films
for gas separation; Engineered photosynthesis systems; Non-photosynthetic mechanisms for CO2 fixation
(methanogenesis and acetogenesis); Genetic manipulation of agricultural and tree to
enhance CO2 sequestering potential; Advanced decarbonization systems; and Biomimetic systems.
http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration
DOE Vision 21
By 2015, develop the core modules for a fleet of fuel-flexible, multi-product energy plants that boost power efficiencies to 60+ percent, emit virtually no pollutants, and with carbon sequestration release minimal or no carbon emissions. Wide variety of fuels such as coal, natural gas,
biomass, petroleum coke (from oil refineries), and municipal waste
http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/vision21/
Vision 21 Goals
Efficiencies Coal-fueled: >60% HHV Gas-Fueled: >75% Combined Heat & Power: 75-80% thermal
Emissions Air/Wastes: Zero CO2: Zero (with sequestration)
Costs Electricity at market prices
http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/vision21/
DOE FutureGen
FutureGen is an initiative to build the world's first integrated sequestration and hydrogen production research power plant. The $1 billion dollar project is intended to create the world's first zero-emissions fossil fuel plant. When operational, the prototype will be the cleanest fossil fuel fired power plant in the world.
http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/futuregen
FutureGenTomorrow's Pollution-Free Power Plant "Today I am pleased to announce that the
United States will sponsor a $1 billion, 10-year demonstration project to create the world's first coal-based, zero-emissions electricity and hydrogen power plant..." President George W. Bush
February 27, 2003
http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/futuregen
Next:Renewable Energy Integration
http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/images/left.gif http://www.re-energy.ca/
Ultra-Clean Coal (UCC)
Primarily in Australia Process coal to have <1% ash Alternative to heavy fuel oil and gas
http://www.australiancoal.com.au/cleantechAus.htm#ultraclean