Formulation of Petroleum and Alternative – Jet Fuel Surrogates Peter S. Veloo Exponent, Failure Analysis Associates, Los Angeles, CA Sang Hee Won & Frederik L. Dryer Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, NJ Stephen Dooley Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Ireland The 7th International Aircraft Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference Philadelphia, PA 5 th December 2013
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Formulation of Petroleum and Alternative – Jet Fuel Surrogates Peter S. Veloo Exponent, Failure Analysis Associates, Los Angeles, CA Sang Hee Won & Frederik.
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Formulation of Petroleum and Alternative – Jet Fuel Surrogates
Peter S. Veloo Exponent, Failure Analysis Associates, Los Angeles, CA
Sang Hee Won & Frederik L. Dryer Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, NJ
Stephen Dooley Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Ireland
The 7th International Aircraft Fire and Cabin Safety Research ConferencePhiladelphia, PA
5th December 2013
2
Gas Turbines and Chemical Kinetics
Coupling chemical kinetics and computational fluid mechanics for engine design
Kinetically limited processes Nitrogen oxide production Soot formation Flame stability Blow out
J Campbell, J. Chambers, Patterns in the sky: natural visualization of aircraft flow fields. NASA SP-514,1994
3
Aviation Fuels – Composition
Distillation Temperature
Carbon Number Distributions Hydrocarbon Class Distribution
T. Edwards, L.Q. Maurice, J. Propulsion Power 17 (2001)
JP-4
JP-8
JP-7
Cycloparafinsn-Parafins
Naphthalenes
i-Parafins
Alkylbenzenes
4
Aviation Fuels – Fuel Variability
12 14 16 18 20 22 240
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Volume %
Perc
enta
ge o
f Tot
al V
olum
e
Aromatics Content
36 39 42 45 48 510
10
20
30
40
50
Cetane Index
Perc
enta
ge o
f Tot
al V
olum
e
Cetane Index
Significant variability in physical and chemical properties
Current certification not highly constraining
Petroleum Quality Information System Annual Report (2009)
Fraction of delivered JP-8 fuels with specified properties
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Surrogate Fuel Concept
Computational fluid dynamics coupled with detailed chemical kinetics requires a simplified fuel model
Am
ount
Molecular Weight
Surrogate Diesel
Am
ount
Molecular Weight
Real DieselReal Fuel
Surrogate FuelAbun
danc
eDistillation Temperature
Ideal surrogate fuel must emulate combustion behavior and physical properties of a target real fuel
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Surrogate Fuels – Previous Work
Numerous jet fuel surrogate postulations present in literature (e.g.): Sarofim et al. ─ Surrogate fuel to model jet fuel pool fires Bruno et al. ─ Surrogate fuel to model thermo-physical
properties of jet fuel
Require detailed characterizations of target fuel (GC, NMR, …)
Significant uncertainty in chemical kinetics of selected surrogate compounds
Sarofim et al., Combust. Sci. Tech, 177 (2005) 715–739 T.J. Bruno et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res 45 (2006) 4371–4380
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Surrogate Fuels – Present Approach
GOAL: Emulate gas phase combustion behavior of a target jet fuel
C4
C3
C2
C1
CH3O C2H5 C2H3 CH3O2
CH3 HCO HO2
H O OH
Real fuels – Many generic initial chemical functionalities
Fewer distinct chemical functionalities after initial oxidation
Distinct functionalities govern radical and small species
concentrations
Surrogate fuel need only reproduce:
distinct chemical functionalities
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Surrogate Fuels – Present Approach
GOAL: Emulate gas phase combustion behavior of a target jet fuel