KHU TAP THE (KTT) HOUSING – HANOI, VIETNAM & KAMPUNG IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM (KIP) – SURABAYA, INDONESIA 65 KHU TAP THE(KTT) HOUSING Vietnam Since 1954 (and pursued more vigorously since 1975) there has been a massive state-sponsored housing pro- gram in Vietnam. Throughout the country, a number of five-story walk-up, medium-sized apartment com- plexes, modeled on the Soviet “microrayon” and called khu tap the (KTT), were built to house the military, state factory workers and civil servants. The apart- ments were allocated according to a social grid, as a gift to an exemplary worker or an active revolutionary. Housing projects, along with other public buildings were often gifts to Vietnam–icons demonstrating brotherly links between Vietnam and Soviet bloc coun- tries. The ‘Socialist City’ was an instrument of social engineering based on the belief that a new urban envi- ronment would itself create a new society. Over time, they have become appropriated and adopted by the inhabitants and become more congruent with their needs and everyday practices. KAMPUNG IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM (KIP) Indonesia The Kampung Improvement Program (KIP) started in 1968 as a government-assisted, self-help community- planning initiative in various municipalities in Indone- sia. Its aim was to ameliorate kampungs –the informal, unplanned and unserviced housing areas forming a large part of most Indonesian cities–with the upgrad- ing of both physical and social infrastructure. From 1974 onwards, with soft loans from the World Bank, the pace of upgrading was accelerated and though direct housing assistance was not offered, work on im- proved accessibility, flood control and increased eco- nomic activity within the kampungs encouraged in- dividual initiative in the improvement of housing. KIP has become a model of community-led development. InSouth-eastAsia,the prov isionof housi ngtook distin ctivepathsas count riesbecameindepend - ent.TheKhu Tap The hous ingin Vietn amis repr esenta tiveofthe social istmodelthat wasimposed throughout the region– a rigid urban/typological form of homogenous blocks set in a vast open space that was then appropriated by users. In Indonesia, the Kampung Improvement Program is a paradigmatic urban upgrading project which integrates the informal sector into the city. Be it from different angles, both approaches willy-nilly dealt, or have to deal with the dwelling experience and its interplay with space. Dwelling, dwelling experience and space are cor- nersto nesof theparadigmof humansettlements. Informalization of Formal Housing / Formalization of Informal Housing opmaakUFO2v11:Layout 1 1/27/10 2:00 PM Page 64
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Formulating Human Settlements_Informalization of Formal Housing (KTT Vietnam)
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8/3/2019 Formulating Human Settlements_Informalization of Formal Housing (KTT Vietnam)
During Vietnam’s pursuit of socialism, urban areas
developed on the path towards the creation of the ‘City
of Socialist Man.’ Pivotal to the era, which in the northhad already begun in 1954 and, upon reunification of
the country in 1975, was pursued with vigor in the
whole of Vietnam, was the notion that the ‘Socialist
City’ would itself create a new society. Large-scale,
collective housing projects, along with other public
buildings were often gifts to Vietnam–icons demon-
strating brotherly links between Vietnam and Soviet
bloc countries. Architecture became subservient to
Party policy. The housing projects were known as khu
tap the (KTT), consisting of a series of two- to three-
and later five-story homogeneous, single-loaded corri-
dor blocks with ‘existence minimum’ housing typolo-
gies and– in some instances–with collective kitchens
or other shared facilities (particularly toilets). The
housing estates were designed as attractive living
areas following a rational plan of clear infrastructure,
no-nonsense architecture, with various public facili-
ties, playing yards, green and open public spaces.
They were conceived as autonomous ‘microrayons’(micro-regions) of live/work units, with state factories
built on the premises. This not only reinforced the
notion of collectivity, but also allowed for less state
development in urban infrastructure and transport
routes (which was not an insignificant determinant for
the cash-strapped government).
The USSR and several eastern European nations
not only financed a number of KTTs, but also provided
technical expertise and design in the rebuilding of
urban areas destroyed in the Second Indochine War
FORMULATING HUMAN SETTLEMENTSUFO #2
66
C
C
S S
K
K
K
K
S
200 m
500 m
multi-storey housing block
church
school
kindergarten
shops
parks, open spaces
K
S
C
neighborhood centre
From neighborhood unit to “Socialist City” complexes —— The Vietnamese microrayon shares a common pedigree with post-
World War II public housing estates in the West, which were in fact a variation of Perry’ 1920s neighborhood unit complex. KTTs in Hanoi —— The new microrayons were
e
Khu tap the – Socialist home units
Khu tap the – Isolated building
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8/3/2019 Formulating Human Settlements_Informalization of Formal Housing (KTT Vietnam)