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Forms of Energy - Introduction of Energy - Introduction.pdfForms of Energy • Kinetic Energy • Potential Energy • Thermal/heat Energy • Chemical Energy • Electrical Energy

Jan 20, 2020

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Page 1: Forms of Energy - Introduction of Energy - Introduction.pdfForms of Energy • Kinetic Energy • Potential Energy • Thermal/heat Energy • Chemical Energy • Electrical Energy

 

 

Forms of Energy  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page 2: Forms of Energy - Introduction of Energy - Introduction.pdfForms of Energy • Kinetic Energy • Potential Energy • Thermal/heat Energy • Chemical Energy • Electrical Energy

Energy is Fun!

Page 3: Forms of Energy - Introduction of Energy - Introduction.pdfForms of Energy • Kinetic Energy • Potential Energy • Thermal/heat Energy • Chemical Energy • Electrical Energy

Energy comes in many flavors!

• Kinetic Energy• Potential Energy• Thermal/heat Energy• Chemical Energy• Electrical Energy• Electrochemical Energy• Electromagnetic Radiation Energy• Sound Energy• Nuclear Energy

Page 4: Forms of Energy - Introduction of Energy - Introduction.pdfForms of Energy • Kinetic Energy • Potential Energy • Thermal/heat Energy • Chemical Energy • Electrical Energy

Kinetic Energy (KE)

• Motion!• An object with kinetic energy (or any other form of energy) has the ability to do work, e.g. transferring its energy by pushing or deforming another object

• KE = ½ m v2

• Example: a flying baseball

Page 5: Forms of Energy - Introduction of Energy - Introduction.pdfForms of Energy • Kinetic Energy • Potential Energy • Thermal/heat Energy • Chemical Energy • Electrical Energy

Potential Energy (PE)

• In the narrowest sense: gravity can accelerate an object with potential energy (performing work on it)

• Note that potential energy depends on a relationship between two bodies.  Potential energy can be converted to kinetic energy by acceleration due to gravity.

• PE = mgh• Example: book on a shelf

Page 6: Forms of Energy - Introduction of Energy - Introduction.pdfForms of Energy • Kinetic Energy • Potential Energy • Thermal/heat Energy • Chemical Energy • Electrical Energy

Thermal, or Heat Energy

• Actually a microscopic version of kinetic AND potential energy as molecules bounce off each other and are alternately attracted to and repelled from other molecules

• Temperature is a measure of thermal energy• Example: hot cup of coffee

Page 7: Forms of Energy - Introduction of Energy - Introduction.pdfForms of Energy • Kinetic Energy • Potential Energy • Thermal/heat Energy • Chemical Energy • Electrical Energy

Chemical Energy

• Actually a microscopic version of potential energy

• When molecules react with each other and re‐arrange themselves, they may release or consume energy

• Example: combustion engine, muscles consuming glucose

Page 8: Forms of Energy - Introduction of Energy - Introduction.pdfForms of Energy • Kinetic Energy • Potential Energy • Thermal/heat Energy • Chemical Energy • Electrical Energy

Electrical Energy

• Actually a microscopic version of kinetic AND potential energy as electrons interact with one another

• If they are pushed by a force (“voltage”, “potential” or “emf”), a chain reaction of electron interactions results – each electron interacting with and repelling the next one

• Especially true in a conductor, although all materials conduct to some degree

• Example: electric motor, generator

Page 9: Forms of Energy - Introduction of Energy - Introduction.pdfForms of Energy • Kinetic Energy • Potential Energy • Thermal/heat Energy • Chemical Energy • Electrical Energy

Electrochemical Energy

• Similar to chemical energy (which is itself a combination of kinetic and potential energy), but specifically results in the “flow” of electrons  electrical energy.

• Example: battery, fuel cell

Page 10: Forms of Energy - Introduction of Energy - Introduction.pdfForms of Energy • Kinetic Energy • Potential Energy • Thermal/heat Energy • Chemical Energy • Electrical Energy

Electromagnetic Energy

• Electromagnetic radiation, e.g. from the electromagnetic spectrum

• The entire electromagnetic spectrum can be considered oscillating, coupled electric and magnetic fields  waves  radiation has a specific wavelength and frequency

• Can also be considered particles (photons) discrete “packets” of energy

• Example: light from sun

Page 11: Forms of Energy - Introduction of Energy - Introduction.pdfForms of Energy • Kinetic Energy • Potential Energy • Thermal/heat Energy • Chemical Energy • Electrical Energy

Sound Energy

• Actually a combination of kinetic energy (vibration) and potential energy (compression) of particles

• Takes the form of waves, with a specific frequency

• Example: speakers

Page 12: Forms of Energy - Introduction of Energy - Introduction.pdfForms of Energy • Kinetic Energy • Potential Energy • Thermal/heat Energy • Chemical Energy • Electrical Energy

Nuclear Energy

• Reactions that involve interactions with a molecule’s nucleus.

• Atom nuclei are tightly bound  large amount of potential energy compared to electron interactions

• Nuclear reactions result in large amounts of heat and radiation

• E = mc2

• Example: stars (fusion), nuclear reactors (fission)

Page 13: Forms of Energy - Introduction of Energy - Introduction.pdfForms of Energy • Kinetic Energy • Potential Energy • Thermal/heat Energy • Chemical Energy • Electrical Energy

Forms of Energy• Kinetic Energy• Potential Energy• Thermal/heat Energy• Chemical Energy• Electrical Energy• Electrochemical Energy• Electromagnetic Radiation Energy• Sound Energy• Nuclear Energy

…but really, these are redundant!  We can classify all of these into macroscopic and microscopic versions of kinetic and potential energy.

Page 14: Forms of Energy - Introduction of Energy - Introduction.pdfForms of Energy • Kinetic Energy • Potential Energy • Thermal/heat Energy • Chemical Energy • Electrical Energy

Energy Laws

(1)Energy comes in many “flavors” or forms.

Kinetic, Potential, Thermal/Heat, Chemical, Electrical, Electrochemical, Electromagnetic Radiation, Sound, Nuclear

Page 15: Forms of Energy - Introduction of Energy - Introduction.pdfForms of Energy • Kinetic Energy • Potential Energy • Thermal/heat Energy • Chemical Energy • Electrical Energy

Energy Laws

(2)Energy can be transferred between objects or systems through various types of interactions.

Thus, total energy content is not an intrinsic property of a material, like color or density.

Page 16: Forms of Energy - Introduction of Energy - Introduction.pdfForms of Energy • Kinetic Energy • Potential Energy • Thermal/heat Energy • Chemical Energy • Electrical Energy

Energy Laws

(3)Energy is always conserved; it is never created or destroyed.

This is known as the First Law of Thermodynamics

Page 17: Forms of Energy - Introduction of Energy - Introduction.pdfForms of Energy • Kinetic Energy • Potential Energy • Thermal/heat Energy • Chemical Energy • Electrical Energy

Energy Laws

(4)Energy can be converted from any form into any other form, subject only to the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

Second Law of Thermodynamics: The entropy of an isolated system never decreases.  Equivalently: natural processes have a preferred direction (Ex: heat flows in one direction unless work is performed on the system).

Page 18: Forms of Energy - Introduction of Energy - Introduction.pdfForms of Energy • Kinetic Energy • Potential Energy • Thermal/heat Energy • Chemical Energy • Electrical Energy

Questions?

Matt AldemanSenior Energy Analyst

Center for Renewable EnergyIllinois State [email protected](309) 438‐1440