Formation, Stratification, and Transition of Peoples. Ron Rowland Harvest Information System.

Formation, Stratification, and Transition of Peoples.

Ron RowlandHarvest Information System

Peoples Definition

What is a people?

Peoples Definition “What is a People?”

“The persons comprising a community or tribe or race or nation.”

Oxford Dictionary, 1977

“Looking at the lists.”Definitions are not normally used.

The challenge of distinguishing “Apples” and “Oranges”

Peoples Definition

• “Stranger Value” and “Participant Value”

– Taking Pictures

– Observer View

– Participant View

Peoples Definition – An Observer ViewDescriptors: factors that tend to unite or divide.

Five Descriptors• Geo-Political (ROG)

Registry of Geographic Divisions

• Geo-Spatial (ROH)Registry of Habitats

• Ethno-Linguistic (ROL)Registry of Languages

• Ethno-Cultural (ROP)Registry of Peoples

• Ethno-Religious (ROR)Registry of Religions

People

ReligionLanguage

PlaceCountry

Peoples

Peoples Definition – A Participant ViewHow do I go about joining the group?

Who am I? Identity Self-Perception

What do I do? Role Social Indicators

How do I relate? Relationships Territoriality

Presenting Question Personal Peoples

Peoples Definition – A Participant View

Peoples Definition:• Self-Perception

– The ‘we’ factor – the sense of belonging and identity

• Territoriality– The practice of community is, in part, dependant upon

nearness.

• Social Indicators– Those factors in the social system which give a sense of

‘us’, in contrast to ‘them’.


Identity: the “we” factor.• The ‘we’ factor – the sense of belonging and

identity

• What is the primary group to which the people feel that they belong?

– Current – not Historic

– Pragmatic – not Formal


• Territoriality

– The practice of community is, in part, dependant upon nearness.

– Significant factor in considerations of migration and ‘Diaspora.


• Social Indicators– Those factors in the social system which

give a sense of ‘us’, in contrast to ‘them’.

– They vary from people to people.– E.g. Marriage or burial customs

Prohibited foods

Dress/physical ornament

Building structures

Conversational forms

Peoples Definition – Summary

• The definition of a people includes both ‘Observer’ and ‘Participant understanding.

• The ‘Observer’ view gives you the ‘hard, cold facts’ of the situation.

• The ‘Participant’ view confirms, denies, or modifies – based on what the people themselves think.

Peoples Formational Patterns

How are peoples formed?

Formational Patterns.How are Peoples formed?

• SE Single Ethnic

• ME Multi-Ethnic

• SR Socio-Religious

• SP Socio-PoliticalThese four formational patterns account, to my knowledge, for all the major ‘peoples’ of the world.

I have chosen to avoid classification in HIS based upon social and socio-economic classes, as these are not exclusive (though often excluding), nor are they permanent. We will discuss this again under “Stratification”.

Peoples Definition: An ‘Observer’ View

Peoples Formational Patterns:• Single Ethnic:

– Single culture - Single language.

• Multi-Ethnic: • Single language – Different Cultures.

• Socio-Religious: – Single Culture – Different Languages.

• Socio-Political:– National or Regional Language and Culture– Composite in nature


• SE Single Ethnic

This is where the people of a single culture speak a single language.

It is, by far, the most frequent formational pattern. About 73% in HIS.

It has been the primary focus for many agencies in their outreach to unevangelized peoples.


• ME Multi-Ethnic

This is where the people speak a single language, but recognize different cultural backgrounds. It is common in North Africa and East Africa, but is not exclusive to these areas. Less than 1% in HIS.

Typically, a large group from a Single Culture converts to Islam, and adopts another language for religious purposes (e.g. Hassaniya Arabic has become the language of many such groups).

They join, sometimes, with those from other ethnic backgrounds because of common experience of religion and language.

Singly, or together, they begin to recognize themselves as a ‘different’ people.


• SR Socio-ReligiousThis is where the people recognize themselves as a “community” [samudaya], or “people”, based upon religious practices (such as caste), even though they may speak different languages in different locations.

This is very common in India, and South Asia, but occurs elsewhere also. About 23% in HIS.

The complexity of the India situation is illustrated by the fact that we are working with a set of data containing ca. 200,000 entries, showing

Peoples (Communities), Peoples Divisions (Sub-Groups)Peoples Segments (Sub-Sub_Groups)

By Country, State, and DistrictThis data is now being matched with Language Use, and already several thousand additional entries have been generated.

SR Socio-Religious – Adi of India

People PplDivn Status Ingroup Intergroup State

ADI Ashing ST Ashing Ashing, Nefamese, Hindi Arunachal Pradesh

Bokar ST Bokar Bokar, Nefamese, Hindi Arunachal Pradesh

Bori ST Bori Bori, Assamese, Hindi Arunachal Pradesh

Gallong ST Gallong Gallong, Nefamese, Hindi, Nepali Arunachal Pradesh

Karko ST Karko Karko, Assamese, Hindi Arunachal Pradesh

Komkar ST Komkar Komkar, Assamese, Hindi Arunachal Pradesh

Milang ST Milang Milang, Padam, Shimopng, Assamese Arunachal Pradesh

Minyong ST Minyong Minyong, Assamese, Hindi, Nepali Arunachal Pradesh

Padam ST Padam Padam, Nefamese, Hindi Arunachal Pradesh

Pailibo ST Pailibo Pailibo, Assamese, Hindi Arunachal Pradesh

Pangi ST Pangi Pangi, Assamese, Hindi Arunachal Pradesh

Pasi ST Pasi Pasi, Assamese, Hindi, Nepali Arunachal Pradesh

Ramo ST Ramo Ramo, Hindi Arunachal Pradesh

Shimong ST Shimong Shimong, Assamese, Hindi Arunachal Pradesh

15 People Divisions, in 1 State, speaking 15 Ingroup Languages, and 21 different Intergroup Languages

SR Socio-Religious –Bhand of India People PplDivn Status Ingroup Intergroup State

Bhand Urdu Urdu, Hindi Bihar

Bhand Hindi Hindi Chandigarh

Bhand Hindi Hindi Delhi

Bhand SC Gujarati Gujarati, Hindi Gujarat

Bhand Kashmiri Kashmiri, Urdu, Hindu Jammu & Kashmir

Bhand Tulu Tulu, Kannada Kerala

Bhand Tulu Tulu, Kannada Karnataka

Bhand Urdu Urdu, Hindi, Marathi Maharashtra

Bhand Marwali Marwali, Urdu/Hindi Madhya Pradesh

Bhand Marwali Marwali, Rena Bhand, Nepali NEPAL

Bhand Marwadi Marwadi Haryana

Bhand Urdu Urdu PAKISTAN

Bhand Marwari Marwari, Punjabi, Hindi Rajasthan

Bhand Marwardi Marwali, Sindhi Sikkim

Bhand Urdu, Hindustani Urdu, Hindustani, Hindi Uttar Pradesh

Bhand Bengali Bengali West Bengal

Bhand Parirara Tulu Tulu, Kannada Kerala

Bhand: 1 People Division; 12 Languages, in 14 States, plus Nepal and Pakistan


SP Socio-PoliticalThis is where the people recognize themselves as a people, based upon socio-political criteria.

It is commonly the case with national language speakers.

They cannot be classed only by language

English-speaking Americans are a very different ‘people’ from the English-Speaking British, or Canadians, or Australians.

Cultural backgrounds are varied, and in many cases are almost forgotten.

What is left is a shared sense of being, English, or American, or French, or Chinese, etc.

SP Socio-Political

• “I’m proud to be an American . . .”

– Non-Hispanic Whites (72%)– African American (12%)– Hispanics (11%)

• Hispanic Black• Hispanic White

– Asians & Pacific Islanders (4%)– American Indians (1%)

– US Census Bureau

Implications of the Four Formation Patterns:

• We now have a formal means of tracking the ‘formation’ of new peoples.

• With better understanding, we can now ‘fit’ them into a hierarchical system.

– People Families

– People Clusters

– Peoples

– People Divisions

– People Segments

More when we look at the Registry of

Peoples

More when we look at

Peoples In Transition

Peoples In Society: Stratification

“Towards A Stratification Model”

Stratification: Of What?Here are just some of the phrases that occupy current discussions:

• Gender Stratification

• Generational Stratification

• Race Stratification

• Social Stratification

• Economic Stratification

• Religious Stratification

• Intellectual Stratification

• Aesthetic Stratification

• Recreational Stratification

• Educational Stratification

• Values Stratification

• Measured Intelligence

• Wealth/Poverty Levels

• Employment Status

• Occupational Status

• Occupational Position

• Work Status

• Social Role

• Sexual Orientation

• Values Orientation

• Social Origins

• Family Background


Key Terms:

•Hierarchy

•Core & Periphery

•Spheres of Influence

•Mobility

•Ranking

Core

Periphery

Hierarchy/Ranking

Spheres

Of

Influence

MO

BIL

ITY

“The unequal rights and perquisites of different positions in a society”Davis & Moore

Stratification: Some Common PhrasesHierarchy:

• Which hierarchy are we talking about? There are many different culturally relevant hierarchies reflected in their lives.

Ranking: •Where are the group we are considering ranked on the hierarchy? •Where, in their culture, do they place this group?

Mobility: •What are the expectations of mobility for the people in this group? •What is the appropriate level for cross-cultural missionary ‘entrance’, in terms of witness and impact?

Core/Periphery•Is the group I am considering viewed as at the core, or at the periphery, within this culture?

Spheres of influence:•What is the relationship, in their culture, with other hierarchies or spheres of influence?


Personality Types

Values Orientations

Behavioral Spheres

Roles and Occupations

4 Interlocking Spheres of Influence

Especially important in a cross-cultural context, that we understand the dynamics.


Personality Types

Values Orientations

Behavioral Spheres


Lawyers, Teachers

Taxi-Drivers, Housewives

Manual Workers, Dockers Secretaries, Writers


Personality Types

Values Orientations

Behavioral Spheres


Social & Economic Class

Religious Position

Intellectual – Aesthetic

Recreational Position


Personality Types

Values Orientations

Behavioral Spheres

Social Roles

• Human Nature

• Man-Nature

• Time

• Acitivity

• Relational

Stratification: Values Orientations

Values Orientations

• Human Nature

• Man-Nature

• Time

• Activity

• Relational

From an Instrument devised by Dave Ripley, of Ethnic America Project; based on work by Kluckholn and Strodtbeck: “Variations in Value Orientations”

Good Neutral Evil

Passive Interactive Active

Past Present Future

Being Being In Becoming Doing

Collaterality Lineality Individualism


Individuality &

Personality Types

Values Orientations

Behavioral Spheres

Social Roles

Myers Briggs Personality Types

Gender

Age Levels

Sexual Orientation

Summary• There appears to be a need for a model to be

developed to guide those engaging in Stratificational Ministry, especially in a cross-cultural setting.


An on-going search for understanding,

and for the development of helpful tools.


Transition:

• “Passage from one state, stage, subject, or place to another.”

• “A movement, development, or evolution from one form, stage, or style to another.”

WWWebster Dictionary


Transition:

• Again, we seek to use an ‘observer’ approach, and a ‘participant’ approach.

• Let’s look first at an instrument for ‘tracking’ transition from an observer’s viewpoint.


Tracking:

• ROG: Country.

• ROH: Place.

• ROP: People.

• ROL: Language.

• ROR: Religion.

People

ReligionLanguage

PlaceCountry

Peoples Transition – An ‘Observer’ View

ROG: BL

ROH: Unknown

ROL: QKZ

ROR: TR

ROP: UNCQKZ

ROR: CH

ROL: POR

ROP: BR0POR

ROH: BR14MGS

ROG: BR

Brazil: Kamba People of Matto Grosso do Sul – BR0POR09

2000 in ethnic group. Came from Bolivia to Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul. Language extinct; all now speak Portuguese.

Peoples Transition – An ‘Observer’ View

ROG: GH

ROH: GHAOBO

ROL: TWS

ROR: TR

ROP: NGCTWS

ROR: CH

ROL: ENG

ROP: US0ENG02TWS

ROH: USADAL

ROG: US

USA: Asante People of Dallas - US0ENG02TWS

Asante-Twi speaking Akan People from Obowasi, Ghana, who moved to Dallas, Texas, and are bi-lingual in English.

Peoples Transition: A Church Planting Strategy (A Generational Approach)

Greenley Sanchez Outside social contacts

Church Language

Church

Culture

Nuclear

TotalEthnic 0%

Mother

Tongue

Ethnic

Culture

Fellow

Traveler

Median

Ethnic 25%

Bilingual

(Mother Tongue dominates)

Marginal

Ethnic

Marginal

Ethnic 50%

Bilingual

(English

Dominates)

Alienated

Ethnic

Assimilated

Ethnic 100% English

Majority

Culture

Revitalized

EthnicBased on “Reaching Ethnic Groups With The Gospel”

Sanchez, Daniel. D. Phil. SEBTS


Transition:

• Now, we seek to use a ‘participant’ approach.

• Let’s look at the different ways in which peoples ‘cope’ with transition.

Peoples Definition: A ‘Participant’ View

Peoples Definition:• Self-Perception

– The ‘we’ factor – the sense of belonging and identity

• Territoriality– The practice of community is, in part, dependant upon

nearness.

• Social Indicators– Those factors in the social system which give a sense of

‘us’, in contrast to ‘them’.

Peoples Transition: A ‘Participant’ View

Transition:• Territoriality

• Self-Perception

• Social Indicators

Cohesion Affirming the ‘we’ feeling through retention of Social Identifiers.

Assimilation Accepting new ‘we’ feeling and Social Indicators

Association Modifying the ‘we’ feeling through change of Social Identifiers.


Assimilation:• With the change of ‘territoriality’ comes a change of

self-identity and acceptance of social identifiers

• Typically a move towards a ‘socio-political’ situation, where with a change of territoriality, there is an embracing of the national or regional culture and language.

• There are stages of assimilation, but the process is on-going, and the end result is a merging with the ‘dominant’ people.


Cohesion:• With a change of territoriality comes a determination to

maintain self-identity.

• This is sought through redefined territoriality; and a retention of, and a strong emphasis on, traditional Social Identifiers.

• A certain degree of multiculturalism and bilingualism is inevitable, leading to a ‘new’ people identity. Historical examples: Mennonites and Hutterites.


Association:• With a change of territoriality, comes a desire for, or

acceptance of, a modified assimilation to a less specific, or ‘collective’, group.

• There is an acceptance of a modified self-identity and Social Indicators, and a willingness to be seen by others as belonging to this ‘collective’ group. Historical examples: ‘Asians’, or ‘Hispanics’, or ‘Arabs’.

• Again, the result is a new ‘people’, or ‘people grouping’ classification.


So:• Assimilation leads to a merging with another people,

and progressive loss of separate people identity.

• Cohesion leads to the formation of a new, though related, people identity.

• Association leads to the formation of a different level of people grouping.

The End…

Formation, Stratification, and Transition of Peoples. Ron Rowland Harvest Information System.

Documents

peoples definition summary

major peoples

transition of peoples

question personal peoples

participant view identity

oranges slide

formal slide

observer view descriptors