Formation of Colonial Society 1

University of San AgustinSocial Science Department

Iloilo City

The Formation of Philippine Colonial Society, 1762-1896

discuss and analyze the factors that led to the development of Filipino nationalism;

describe the patterns of Philippine economic developments and appraise their effects;

discuss the nature and analyze the significance of the reform movement; and

identify and explain the factors that lead to the staging of Philippine Revolution.

Objectives: At the end of this unit, the students should be able to..

Contributory Factors that Ledto the Development ofFilipino Nationalism

Oppressive Colonial Policies and the Natives’ Responses

Common Grievancesabuses and exploitation by the friarsexcessiveness of Spanish imposed

institutions Early Uprisings

Filipinos staged more than 100 revoltsaware of strength; education in struggle; each

led to awakening of national consciousness

External Political Factors

Spread of Progressive European Ideologies tenets of individual

liberty and greater freedom; ideas of equality and fraternity

spread of liberalism in the Philippines

19th Century Economic Development Opening of the country to international

commercemercantilism to laissez-faire: development of

new classes, alteration of existing ordergalleon trade and government monopolies

were abolishedexpansion of trade and opening of ports: high

foreign demands; agricultural productiondevelopment and regionalization of cash

crops

Rise of the Middle ClassPhilippine opening to

world trade: prosperity few Filipinos and

mestizos prosper: middle class

provided national leadership

Improvements of Transportation and Communication Facilitiesroads, bridges,

mail service, etc..natives became

more aware of their common plight

Opening of the Suez Canal in 1869shortened route between Philippines and

Europe influx of liberals to the countryFilipinos traveled to Europe and learned

progressive ideologies Establishment of Foreign Firms in the

CountryEnglish and American businesses were

established

19th Century Political Developments Secularization and

Filipinization long quarrel between

regulars and seculars over parish assignments and supervision

native priests resented the injustices and discrimination against them

Liberal Administration of Gov. Gen. Carlos Maria de la Torregranted individual

rights to nativesFilipinos’ 1st

experience of a liberal government

Cavite Mutiny and GOMBURZA MartyrdomGov. Gen. Rafael de

Izquierdo suspended or revised liberal policies of his predecessor: unrest broke out

workers at Fort San Felipe at Cavite mutinied

Frs. Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were accused, tried and executed

Patterns of PhilippineEconomic Development

Economic Developmentin the 19th Century

Adoption of Liberal Economic Policy (Laissez-faire)galleon trade and government monopolies

were abolisheddevelopment of agricultural resources,

widening of commercial contacts with other countries

production of cash crops was encouraged: new sources or revenue, less dependence

Economic Transformations Brought by Opening of the Country to World Tradeestablishment of foreign firms and consulatesregional specialization of crops flourishedbanks and service-owned facilities were put

upChinese and Filipinos became capitalistsmestizos grew in affluence

became retail merchants, wholesalers and landowners

became leaders in finance and education

The Reform Movement

Concept of Nationhood Role of the Middle Class

Spanish and Chinese mestizos and natives who rose to position of power and became leaders in finance and education

discriminated by the Spaniards

started movement for reforms

worked closely with the natives

Nature of the Reform Movementexpose evils of Spanish

colonialism in the Philippines and in Spain

Spanish government be aware of Philippine conditions: grant of some reforms

no clamor for independence, but peaceful assimilation

Some Reforms Demanded by the Reform MovementPhilippines be made a province of Spainequality before the law transparency in the governmenteducation for allrestoration of representation in Spanish

Cortesreturn of lands to the nativesFilipinization of the Catholic Church

The Great Reformists filibusteros (mutineers),

young men sent to Spain to study (Rizal, etc) and refugees who escaped persecution (Jaena, del Pilar, etc)

La Solidaridad with a publication of the same name was established in Barcelona in December 1888

Results and Significance of the Reform Movement

Weaknesses of the MovementSpain was too pre-occupied

with its own internal problems friars were too powerfuldid not have sufficient means

to carry out its objectives; lack of funds

lack of unity among reformists

Significance of the MovementLa Solidaridad and novels of

Rizal influenced local illustrados who later on led revolutionary forces in their areas

feeling of empathy developed among people

its failure led into the founding of the Katipunan with a revolutionary aim

Factors Leading to thePhilippine Revolution of 1896

Underlying Factors Influence of the

Propaganda Movement

The Role of Masonryanti friar movementhelped fund

propaganda movementpattern for the methods

of the organization of KKK

La Liga Filipinaorganized by Jose Rizal

in July, 1892sought to involve

people directly to reform movement

unite the people; coming up of a strong nation

declared dangerous: Rizal was arrested and deported to Dapitan

The Split among ReformistsLiga lay low due to arrest

and deportation of Rizalmembers were convinced

that peaceful agitation for reforms was futile

conservatives: pledged to continue supporting La Solidaridad

radicals: formed a new secret society, KKK

Centuries of Exploitative Imposed Institutionscommon sufferings

among peopledeep resentment felt

against land grabbing and other exploitative practices

people rallied to revolutionary struggle

Immediate Causes Economic Depression in 1891-1895

unstable currency and exchange fluctuations

prices of sugar and hemp fell disastrously

Drought and Locust Infestation in Central Luzon in June and July 1896misery and desperation led people to

the cause of revolution

Convergence of Grievancesconvergence of the

discriminated and exploited classes

formed common stream of protest

conditions became ripe for a revolution

The Katipunan led by Andres

Bonifacioseparation of the

Philippines from Spain

arousing national feeling; working for deliverance from Spanish oppression and friar despotism

Preparation for Revolutionary Struggle

Recruitment, Propaganda and Expansion

Katipunan’s Preparationrecruitment and gathering

of armspublication of Kalayaan

edited by Emilio Jacintoenlisting the aid of

wealthy Filipinosestablishment of women’s

chapter

indoctrination of members with Kartilla prepared by Emilio Jacinto

visitation of Dr. Pio Valenzuela to Rizal at Dapitan

seeking the aid of the Japanese

stealing of riffles and pistols from Spanish arsenals

Discovery of KKK and Start of the Revolution

betrayal of Teodoro Patiňo in August 19, 1896

massive arrest, imprisonment and execution of suspected members

“The Die is Cast” – Cry of Pugadlawin (Aug. 23) or Cry of Balintawak (Aug. 26)

Credits DataFuntecha, H.F. & Padilla, M.J. (2000). A study

guide in Philippine history for students and teachers. Iloilo City: Mindset.

Pictureswww.google.com