Format of Today’s Talk - University of New Hampshire

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Could Major Oil Spills Occur in Our Backyard?

Lessons Learned from Recent Pipeline and Rail Accidents

UNH Active Retirement Association

Nancy E. KinnerCenter for Spills in the Environment

University of New HampshireApril 23, 2015

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Format of Today’s Talk

• Thanks for coming/participating• Questions at End• Unfortunately, have call at

11:05 AM on May 2015 All Hazards Preparedness Drill for NOAA

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Today’s Topics• Crude Oil: Background Information• Are Large Volumes of Crude

Transported Through NH?• How?• Where?• Future?

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CAVEATS

• Will not discuss fracking as not my expertise• Talk not about merits/problems with

hydrocarbon-based economy• Hydrocarbon exploration and production is

occurring and will continue to occur for some time to come• UNH Response Centers focus on how to improve

response to spills that will occur

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• Conduct and Oversee Basic and AppliedResearch and Outreach on Spill Response and Restoration

• Transform Research Results into Practice• Serve as Hub for Oil Spill R&D (ALL

Stakeholders)• Facilitate Collaboration on R&D Among

Stakeholders

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Coastal Response Research Center

(NOAA $)

Center for Spills in the Environment (All Other $)

Background on Crude Oil

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Crude Oil

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Crude Oil Composition

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Crude Oil Composition

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Crude Oil Fractions

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Light vs. Heavy Crude Oil

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Sweet vs. Sour Crude = Sulfur %

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Oil Sands:A Special Category of Crude

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Oil Sands: Where Are They Located?

Slides 10 – 23 are taken from

Dr. Randy MikulaKalium Research

Edmonton, Alberta

Presentation given at the April 2013 CSE OSP Workshop

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Edmonton

Calgary

Peace RiverFort

McMurray

Athabasca

Peace River

ColdLake

Alberta

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A very detailed description of the geology is in the Alberta Geological Survey Bulletin 46

Glacial Till

Oil Sands

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Oil Sand Composition

•Oil sand consists of Mineral (sand, fines, clays), Bitumen, and Water (with soluble salts)

“Typical Composition” is Mineral 85 %Bitumen 10%Water 5%

Oil Sand

Bitumen

2011 Facts about Canadian Crude

Production:• Western Canada (AB,BC,SK,NWT) Conventional LIGHT Crude561,929 bbls/day• Western Canada (AB,BC,SK,NWT) Upgraded Bitumen 846,112 bbls/day • Western Canada (AB,BC,SK,NWT) Condensate (C5+) 128,498 bbls/day• Western Canada (AB,BC,SK,NWT) Conventional HEAVY Crude421,618 bbls/day • Western Canada (AB,BC,SK,NWT) Non Upgraded Bitumen758,919 bbls/day • Eastern Canada (NF/LAB,ON) Conventional LIGHT Crude 271,778 bbls/day • Total 2011 Production of Crude Oil and Equivalent 2,988,854 bbls/day

Exports:• East Coast PADD I(74% Light, 26% Heavy)  171,182 bbls/day• Midwest PADD II(21% Light, 79% Heavy) 1,439,447 bbls/day• Gulf Coast PADD III(12% Light, 78% Heavy) 111,358 bbls/day• Rocky Mtn PADD IV(17% Light, 83% Heavy) 213,709 bbls/day• West Coast, AK, HI PADD V(61% Light, 39% Heavy) 167,295 bbls/day• Non‐US (67% Light, 33% Heavy) 35,261 bbls/day• Total US(28% Light, 82% Heavy) 2,138,260 bbls/dayCanadian Energy Research Institute www.ceri.ca

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In Situ Production

Surface Mining

Diagrammatic Representation of the Cold Lake Plant for Bitumen Extraction Using Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS)

Stage 1:

Steam

Injection

Stage 2:

Soak

Time

Stage 3:

Melted Bitumen Production

Courtesy Fran Hein, ERCB

IN SITU PRODUCTION

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slurry

crusher & cyclofeeder

tailings

sandstorage

tailings settlingbasin

water recycling

tailings oilrecovery

bitumenfroth to treatment

EXTRACTION

overburden

tree clearing

MFT & CT containment

MINING

Courtesy Syncrude

TAILINGS MANAGEMENT

truck & shovel

SURFACE MINING

Bitumen (Ore)

Bitumen Froth

Wet Sand

Fluid Fine Tailings

Recycle Water

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What Are Oil Sands Products’ (OSP) Characteristics?

Slides 25 – 35 are taken from

Dr. Heather DettmanCANMET Energy

Presentation given at the December 2012 CSE OSP Workshop

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What Is Bitumen?

Bitumen = “extra heavy” product remaining after natural biodegradation of Northern Alberta petroleum over geological time

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Simplified “Oil Sands to Motor” Value Chain

In SituProduction

Water/SolidsRemoval

Diluent Addition

PipelineTerminal

Desalter

Distillation

Primary UpgradingCoking or Residue

Hydrocracking

Secondary UpgradingCatalytic Processing

(Hydrogen)

GasolineDiesel

RefiningCatalytic

Processing(Hydrogen)

MiningExtraction

Tailings

Pipeline Transport

Performed at Upgraders

Performed at Refineries

May be needed in futureIn Situ

Production

Water/SolidsRemoval

Diluent Addition

PipelineTerminal

Desalter

Distillation

Primary UpgradingCoking or Residue

Hydrocracking

Secondary UpgradingCatalytic Processing

(Hydrogen)

GasolineDiesel

RefiningCatalytic

Processing(Hydrogen)

MiningExtraction

Tailings

Pipeline Transport

Performed at Upgraders

Performed at Refineries

May be needed in future

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Pipeline Definitions

In SituProduction

Water/SolidsRemoval

Diluent Addition

PipelineTerminal

Desalter

Distillation

Primary UpgradingCoking or Residue

Hydrocracking

Secondary UpgradingCatalytic Processing

(Hydrogen)

GasolineDiesel

RefiningCatalytic

Processing(Hydrogen)

MiningExtraction

Tailings

Pipeline Transport

Performed at Upgraders

Performed at Refineries

May be needed in futureIn Situ

Production

Water/SolidsRemoval

Diluent Addition

PipelineTerminal

Desalter

Distillation

Primary UpgradingCoking or Residue

Hydrocracking

Secondary UpgradingCatalytic Processing

(Hydrogen)

GasolineDiesel

RefiningCatalytic

Processing(Hydrogen)

MiningExtraction

Tailings

Pipeline Transport

Performed at Upgraders

Performed at Refineries

May be needed in future

Feeder

Gathering

Transmission (TP)

http://www.cepa.com/about-pipelines/types-of-pipelines

(TP)

(TP)

(TP)

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-Bitumen is too viscose to flow through pipelines

-Must be diluted

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What Is Used to Dilute Bitumen?

Diluent for “Dilbit” Volatile hydrocarbon mixture (naphtha)

including natural gas condensate blend (CRW) Natural gas condensate produced with

natural gas Needs 30% by volume of diluent for dilbit

Diluent for “Synbit” = synthetic crude oil (upgraded product)

Needs 50% by volume of synthetic crude oil for synbit

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OSP Properties

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OSP Corrosivity Factors in Corrosivity = organic acids, water,

sulfur, and sediment contents of oil ALL oil commodities transported in Alberta

transmission pipelines must have low corrosivity Organic Acids: OSP Total Acid Number (TAN) = 1.6 mg KOH/g Bitumen = 3 mg KOH/g Cooking vinegar = 47mg KOH/g

Why TAN Low? Extensive washing and flotation during

production and processing

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What About OSP Water Content? Water Content is same as for all oil

commodities including OSP Pipeline Regulations = Water content ≤

0.5% by volume Oil-wet pipelines have negligible corrosion

rates If sludge starts to settle out, then water

contents can increase at that location and the pipe can become water-wet Avoid dips in oil-bearing pipelines

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What about Sand? All crude oils come out of the ground so can

contain sediment (mud, sand, salts) Sediment separated by flotation and gravity

settling Transmission pipeline specs for sediment ≤

0.5% by volume Remaining sediment is silt (mud) to very

fine sand Very small and low concentration, erosion

is low in transmission pipelines

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What Large Volumes of Petroleum Are Being Moved

in New Hampshire and Maine?

Ships, Pipelines and Trains

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Vessels• Tankers into Portland = Oil for Portland

to Montreal Pipeline• Portsmouth Harbor:

• Oil, Coal, Kerosene, Liquid Asphalt• Mostly Oil, Propane and Coal• ~1 to 1.5 Million Tons per Year

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Portland Pipeline RouteCapacity: 6.3 million  gallons per day

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Options for Canadian Crude By Pipeline

Source:  Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers, Crude Oil Forecast, Markets & Pipelines, June 2011

Churchill

All of CERI’s research is publically available atwww.ceri.ca

CURRENTLY, NO OIL SANDS PRODUCTS

No Refinery Capacity in East for It!

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Oil Sands Products in Portland Pipeline???

• Not Now• Possible Bakken Crude• Future: Possible to Export Out

of Portland Harbor to Overseas Heavy Crude Refineries

• South Portland Ordinance Ban• Legal Obstacles

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NH and Maine Railroads Did Carry Bakken

Crude Oil

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NH and Maine Railroads Did Carry Bakken

Crude OilNone Now!

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What is Bakken Crude?

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Bakken Formation

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Bakken Formation

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Bakken Crude Oil

• Light sweet North Dakota crude• More volatile than many crude oils• Greater potential for ignition• Variable from batch to batch• Frequent testing now required

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U.S. Refineries

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Moving Bakken Crude

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Why Rail vs. Pipeline?

• Geographic Flexibility• Responsiveness

• Hard to Site/Build Pipelines

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First 6 months  in 2014

Class1Rail Lines

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Annual Operating Revenue > $250M

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DOT 111 Railcars

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Low Pressure Tank Car – DOT 111A100W1

Top Fittings

Bottom Outlet

Crude Oil – DOT Class 3 Hazardous Material

[Justin Piper, BNSF Railway. Presentation given in April, 2013 at CSE OSP Workshop]

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Some bitumen being transported in heated rail cars

[William Fairfield, Canadian Pacific Railway. Presentation given in Dec, 2012 at CSE OSP Workshop]

New DOT 111 Railcars

• Recommended by NTSB in 2011• PHMSA Did Not Act• New Rule Expected in Jan 2015, May 2015

• From Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA)

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Unit Trains

• 50 to 120 Cars Per Train• All of One Commodity• Lowers Shipping Cost• Can Load/Unload 3.57 Million Gallons of

Oil on Unit Train in 24 hours• ~2470 gallons per minute

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Oil Spill ResponseTrain and Pipeline Focus

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Priority #1Stop Fire, Rescue People

Human Health and Safety Paramount

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Priority #2 - Stop Source of Leak

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Priority #3Identify Natural and Human

Resources at Risk• Toxicity impacts on humans and animals and

plants• Acute• Chronic

• Food security• Social impacts

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Priority #4Minimize Damage to Natural and

Human Resources• Select appropriate response technology• Changes with location, season, weather

• Site of spill: river, land, town• Winter vs. summer• Rain vs. sunny

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USEPA

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Response: Sorbents

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Booms

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Skimmers

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Solidifiers

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Bioremediation

• Biodegradation of Oil

Oil + Microbes + Oxygen CO2 + H2O• Enhance with nutrients

• Nitrogen and Phosphorus = “fertilizer”

• Seeding with “Oil Degrading” microbes

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Contaminated Soil Removal

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Pressure Washing

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Nature’s Response

• Function of Environmental Conditions

• Temperature • (H2O, Air)• Wind• Oil Type• Currents

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Things That Will Not Be Used Inland

• In Situ Burning• Proximity to people• Smoke

• Dispersants• Must be 3 miles offshore, by

regulation• Need good mixing and dilution

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Thank You for Listening

Contact Info:www.cse.unh.edu

Nancy E. KinnerCenter for Spills in the EnvironmentCoastal Response Research Center

[email protected]

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