Format of Synopsis

Guide Lines for Synopsis By. Prof. Manoj Kavedia Institute of Technology ,Ulhasnagar 1. Synopsis should be of 20-25 pages of A4 size spiral Binding 2. First Page will be title sheet. IT should contain name and organization of the guide in a standard format 3. It should contain following chapter ( Font Times New Roman , 16 chapter title , 14 main title and 12 subtitle 1. Introduction 1. Problem Definition 2. Scope of the project 2. Review of Literature 1. Review Material 2. Research Paper 3. Technical Report 4. Text Book 5. Web Site 6. Manuals 3. Description 1. Introduction to project 2. Theory 3. Block Diagram , Description

4. Design 1. ER diagram , Data base Structure , DFD 2. Algorithms Used 3. Software look and Feel what ever application or demand of the project 4. Comparison / Differentiation 5. Advantages and Disadvantages1 6. Modification 5. References 1. Reference of books 2. Reference of Literature used 3. Reference of Websites 4. Reference of Magazine used Note : prepare Rough Draft , get it approved from guide and then submit the final copy to guide.Topic can be added if it is demand of the project Synopsis.

Rough Samples for Guide Lines

Table of contentsCaption List of figures List of Tables Page no.

Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Aim of the project1.2 Organization of report

Chapter2 Literature Survey2.1 Principle of ASK system 2.2 The 433 MHz radio frequency ASK module 2.3 Antenna operating distances 2.4Encoders and Decoders 2.5 Motor Driver 2.6 Conclusion Chapter 3 Implementation of Ship Navigation System 3.1 Circuit Diagram and Description of Ship navigation System 3.2 Communication process 3.3 Conclusion Chapter 4 Result and Discussion

4.1 Hardware functioning 4.2 Fault finding and Diagnosis Chapter 5 Conclusion 5.1Summary 5.2 Future Scope of project Appendix References

Rough Samples for Guide Lines

Chapter 1

IntroductionToday is the world of wireless communications. This project is the Pc based RF controlled ship navigation system. It consists of an A.S.K (Amplitude Shift Keying) Transmitter & Receiver and also can run on Infra Red. Its range is 200 meters in case of A.S.K and 5 meters in case of Infra Red. It can play a key role in areas where human proximity is impossible. Navigation of huge ship in creeks becomes very difficult, if the bridge is small. Also the era of automation is going on, where level of automation defines how much the country is developed technically. Hence there was an idea for developing automation project using PC using parallel port and some programming language. So Visual Basic is selected as language because it is GUI and can handle good animation effect on the screen for what is actually happening in the real world. The programmer can show the animation of the bridge, ship and signal along with gate exactly what is happening in the actual model. Here is a window based program developed in Microsoft Visual Basic Programming language for controlling opening and closing of bridge through the PCs parallel port or line printer port (LPT). The program generate the command like open and close , which are input to the transmitter and the receiver will act according to the command. 1.1 Aim of Project Aim of our project is to provide solution to the problem of navigation of ship were there is bridge over the ocean or sea. Here command will be issued by the operator of the computer and receiver will be at the bridge side to agree the agreement and negotiation to pass the ship by opening it. , again retain the traffic by realigning it in the proper position.

1.2 Organization of report

Chapter2

Literature Survey2.1 Principle of ASKAmplitude Shift Keying The simplest digital modulation technique is amplitude shift keying (ASK), where a binary information signal directly modulates the amplitude of an analog carrier. ASK is similar to standard amplitude modulation except there are only two output amplitudes possible. Amplitudeshift keying is sometimes called digital amplitude modulation (DAM). 1) In amplitude shift keying (ASK), the strength(Amplitude) of the carrier signal is varied to represent binary 1 or 0. Both frequency and phase remain constant while the amplitude changes. Which voltage represents 1 and which represents 0 is left to the system designers. 2) A bit duration is the period of time that defines one bit. The peak amplitude of the signal during each bit duration is constant and its value depends on the bit (0 or 1). The speed of transmission using ASK is limited by the physical characteristics of the transmission medium. Figure.3.30. shows waveform of ASK.

3) But ASK transmission is highly susceptible to noise interference. The term noise refers tounintentional voltages introduced onto a line by various phenomena such as heat or electromagnetic induction created by other sources. 4) These unwanted voltages combine with the signal to change the amplitude. A 0 can be changed to 1, and a 1 to 0. Noise can be more problematic for ASK, which depends only on amplitude for recognition. Noise usually affects the amplitude; therefore, ASK is the modulating method most affected by noise.

Fig.1.1 Amplitude Shift Keying

5) The most popular ASK technique is called on-off-keying (00K). In 00K one of the bit values is represented by no voltage. The advantage is a reduction in the amount of energy required to transmit information. Bandwidth The bandwidth of a signal is the total range of frequencies occupied by that signal. When ASK-modulated signal is decomposed , spectrum of many simple frequencies is received . However, the most significant ones are those between f - Nbaud/2 and f+Nbaud/2 with the carrier frequency, f at the middle. As shown in figure.3.31.

Fig.1.2. Bandwidth of ASK Bandwidth requirements for ASK are calculated using the formula BW=(l+d)x Nbaud where BW is the bandwidth Nbaud is the baud rate d is a factor related to the condition of the line (with a minimum value of 0).Hence the minimum bandwidth required for transmission is equal to the baud rate. Although there is only one carrier frequency, the process of modulation produces a complex signal that is a combination of many simple signals, each with a different frequency.

2.2 The 433 MHz radio frequency ASK moduleThe RF transmitter arid receiver modules marketed by Aplus India, Mumbai have been employed for RF remote control. The RF transmitter TX-433 is an AM/ASIC transmitter. Its features include: 1. 5V-12V single supply operation 2. On-off-keying (OOK)/amplitude shift keying (ASK) data format 3. Up to 9.6kbps data rate 4. +9dBm output power (about 200m range) 5. SAW-based architecture 6. For antenna, a 45cm wire is adequate.

Fig.1.3. Transmitter receiver module

The output power and current drain of the HF transmitter for Vcc of 5V and 12V .

2.3 Antenna operating distances An antenna is a metallic conductor system capable of radiating & capturing electromagnetic waves. They are used to interface transmission lines to free space, free space to transmission lines or both. At the transmit end of a free space radio communication System, an antenna converts electrical energy traveling along a transmission line into electromagnetic waves that are emitted into space. At the receiving end, an antenna converts electromagnetic waves in space into electrical energy on a transmission line.

Fig.2.1. Antenna

2.4 Encoders and DecodersDecoder IC HT12D The 212 decoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications. They are paired with Holtek_s 212 series of encoders (refer to the encoder/decoder cross reference table). For proper operation, a pair of encoder/decoder with the same number of addresses and data format should be chosen.

The decoders receive serial addresses and data from a programmed 212 series of encoders that are transmitted by a carrier using an RF or an IR transmission medium. They compare the serial input data three times continuously with their local addresses. If no error or unmatched codes are found, the input data codes are decoded and then transferred to the output pins. The VT pin also goes high to indicate a valid transmission. The 2 12 series of decoders are capable of decoding informations that consist of N bits of address and 12-N bits of data. Of this series, the HT12D is arranged to provide 8 address bits and 4 data bits, and HT12F is used to decode 12 bits of address information.

Fig.2.2. Decoder

Pin Description

Table2.1

Functional Description Operation The 212 series of decoders provides various combinations of addresses and data pins in different packages so as to pair with the 212 series of encoders. The decoders receive data that are transmitted by an encoder and interpret the first N bits of code period as addresses and the last 12-N bits as data, where N is the address code number. A signal on the DIN pin activates the oscillator which in turn decodes the incoming address and data. The decoders will then check the received address three times continuously. If the received address codes all match the contents of the decoders local address, the 12-N bits of data are decoded to activate the output pins and the VT pin is set high to indicate a valid transmission. This will last unless the address code is incorrect or no signal is received. The output of the VT pin is high only when the transmission is valid. Otherwise it is always low.

Output type Of the 212 series of decoders, the HT12F has no data output pin but its VT pin can be used as a momentary data output. The HT12D, on the other hand, provides 4 latch type data pins whose data remain unchanged until new data are received Flowchart The oscillator is disabled in the standby state and activated when a logic high signal applies to the DIN pin.That is to say, the DIN should be kept low if there is no signal input.

Fig2.3 Flowchart

Encoder IC (HC12E) The 212 encoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications. They are capable of encoding information which consists of N address bits and 12-N data bits. Each address/data input can be set to one of the two logic states. The programmed addresses/data are transmitted together with the header bits via an RF or an infrared transmission medium upon receipt of a trigger signal. The capability to select a TE trigger on the HT12E or a DATA trigger on the HT12A further enhances the application flexibility of the 212 series of encoders. The HT12A additionally provides a 38kHz carrier for infrared systems.

Fig2.4 Encoder

Table 2.2

Operation of IC HC12E The 212 series of encoders begin a 4-word transmission cycle upon receipt of a transmission enable (TE for the HT12E or D8~D11 for the HT12A, active low). This cycle will repeat itself as long as the transmission enable (TE or D8~D11) is held low. Once the transmission enable returns high the encoder output completes its final cycle and then stops as shown below.

Information word If L/MB=1 the device is in the latch mode (for use with the latch type of data decoders). When the transmission enable is removed during a transmission, the DOUT pin outputs a complete word and then stops. On the other hand, if L/MB=0 the device is in the momentary mode (for use with the momentary type of data decoders). When the transmission enable is removed during a transmission, the DOUT outputs a complete word and then adds 7 words all with the 1 data code. An information word consists of 4

periods as illustrated below.

Address/data waveform Each programmable address/data pin can be externally set to one of the following two logic states as shown below.

Flowchart for Data transmission

2.5 Motor Driver

2.6 Conclusion

Chapter 3 Implementation of Ship Navigation System 3.1 Circuit Diagram and Description of Ship navigation SystemRF transmitter and RF receiver The RF transmitter arid receiver modules marketed by Aplus India, Mumbai have been employed for RF remote control. The RF transmitter TX-433 is an AM/ASIC transmitter. Its features include: 1. 5V-12V single supply operation 2. On-off-keying (OOK)/amplitude shift keying (ASK) data format 3. Up to 9.6kbps data rate 4. +9dBm output power (about 200m range) 5. SAW-based architecture 6. For antenna, a 45cm wire is adequate.

The output power and current drain of the HF transmitter for Vcc of 5V and 12V.The RF receiver RX-433 is a 433MHz module. Remote transmitter. A complete schematic of the remote control transmitter-encoder circuit is shown in Fig. The receiver address to be transmitted can be set with the help of 8 way DIP switch DIPSW2.

Remote transmitter.

Stop Ron Roff Parallel

When any switch is open the pin connected to that switch is at logic 1, and when it is closed the respective pin is at logic 0. The data pins are pulled high via resistors R2 through R5. In this condition if TE pin is taken low (by depressing STOP switch) the binary data transmitted via pins AD8 through AD11 will be 1111 (decimal 15). When any other data pin marked FWD, REV, UP or DOWN alone is pressed, a 0 will be sent at that data position, while other data pins will represent logic 1 state. The logic circuitry at the receiver- decoder end will decode the data appropriately for controlling the two motors of the Bridge. The RF modulator used in the remote can be easily replaced with the IR modulator circuit built around IC2 and transistor T1. The RF/IR selection can be affected by moving the shorting link of Con-1 connector. Similarly, the RF receiver module in the RF receiverdecoder can be replaced with them receiver module shown in Fig. . For using the IR-based encoder, the DOUT signal pin (pin 17) of HT12E is to be connected to DIN pin 5 of astable oscillator IC CD4047 for modulating its output. The frequency of the astable at output pin 10 is determined by the timing components as follows: Frequency 4.71x(R6+VR1)xC3 Hz This frequency is adjusted for 38 kHz with pin 5 held at logic 1. The modulated 38 kHz, after amplification by Darlington pair of transistors T1 and T2, drives IRLED LD271 (or equivalent). RF receiver-decoder. The complete RF receiver-decoder circuit employing HT12D is shown in Fig. above. Assuming that identical address is selected on the encoder and the decoder, when any of the switches on the transmitter is depressed, the corresponding data pin of the demodulator will go low. The data outputs of HT12D are fed to 8-bit priority encoder CD4532 via inverters to generate appropriate logic outputs in conformity with Table III to control the motors for required motion of the Bridge as explained earlier. However, when STOP button is pressed on the remote transmitter, all data pins (D8 through D11 on

the decoder will latch to the high output state. After inversion by NAND gates N1 through N4, all the outputs will be low and hence EI (pin 5) of CD4532 will go low to force all its outputs to go low. As a result, both the motors will stop running.

Remote receiver.

You may like to verify the code generated at the outputs of CD4532 with the help of truth

table The following is the exact sequence of operation at the receiver and the motor driver when a specific push switch is momentarily pressed on the transmitter: Forward The D8 output (pin 10) of IC3 goes low which after in version by inverter N1 goes high to switch on the front LEDs (LED2 and LED3) via driver transistor T6 and take D3 input (pin 13) of IC5 high. This causes Q2, Q1 and Q0 going to logic states 0,l and 1,

respectively (as per Table VI), and as a result, both the motors will run in such directions as to move the rover in forward direction. Reverse. The D9 output (pin 11) of IC3 goes low, which after inversion by inverter N2 goes high to switch on the rear LEDs (LED4 and LED5) via driver transistor T7 and take D4 input (pin 1) of IC5 high. This results in Q2, Q1 and Q0 going to logic states 1, 0 and 0, respectively (as per Table VI), and as a result, both the motors will run in such directions as to move the rover in reverse (backward) direction.

3.2 Communication process

PC

PISO RF

RF

PISO

Driver

Motor

3.3 ConclusionThis chapter has given detailed explanation regarding existing technology. It has also described the basic concept of amplitude shift key, which have been used in this project. It has also dealt with the component such as amplitude shift keying transmitter and receiver along with encoder which converts parallel data to serial and decoder that converts serial data to parallel. Also explanation of motor driver is being discussed. The next chapter deals with the actual implementation of the ideas as per our requirements.

Chapter 4 Result and Discussion 4.1 Hardware functioningThe following is the exact sequence of operation at the receiver and the motor driver when a command is activated from the pc to which transmitter is connected. Forward The D8 output (pin 10) of IC3 goes low which after in version by inverter N1 goes high to switch on the front LEDs (LED2 and LED3) via driver transistor T6 and take D3 input (pin 13) of IC5 high. This causes Q2, Q1 and Q0 going to logic states 0,l and 1, respectively, and as a result, both the motors will run in such directions as to move the rover in forward direction.

Reverse. The D9 output (pin 11) of IC3 goes low, which after inversion by inverter N2 goes high to switch on the rear LEDs (LED4 and LED5) via driver transistor T7 and take D4 input (pin 1) of IC5 high. This results in Q2, Q1 and Q0 going to logic states 1, 0 and 0, respectively , and as a result, both the motors will run in such directions as to move the rover in reverse (backward) direction.

4.2 Fault finding and Diagnosis In case system does not function properly then following are the checkpoints 1.Check the connections of transmitter and receiver with Pc and the model. 2.Check for the Address code on transmitter and receiver. 3.Check for the driver properly being loaded while starting the application. 4.check for ASK model being connected properly. Chapter 5 ConclusionIn this previous chapter we had highlighted the observations and results obtained upon implementing our project. In this chapter we will be explaining about the conclusions drawn and the future prospects for our project

5.1SummaryThe manual system that requires an expert to look over the bridge and then let the ship to pass over the bridge is tedious and time consuming job. Here in this automation system we have implemented concept of RF and will control the functioning of the bridge. There is an RF transmitter circuit at the ship and the RF receiver circuit at the bridges end. The transmitter at the ship will transmit over some registered code along with the mode in which it wants to open the bridge that is Rotate ON, Rotate OFF, Slide ON, Slide OFF . The data is sent using the parallel port and then

transmitted to the bridges end through the RF transmitter. The RF receiver at the bridges end will thus receive the transmitted data sent by the ship. The data sent holds the registered code for the bridge and also the mode in which the ship needs the bridge to open. If the code sent by the ship matches with the code present at the bridges end the ship is allowed to cross the bridge. If the code is not registered that was sent by the ship then the ship is restricted from letting to pass over the bridge. Thus this system saves time and also lets the ships to open the bridge in its desired mode as various ship sizes may vary from each other.

5.2 Future Scope of project Enhancement which can be done in the same projects is that and IR section can be added so that same system can be used on IR where RF interference are more. Instead of using receiver directly it can also be interface with PC so that the time of opening and closing of bridge can be recorded and report can be generated for the number of times bridge is open and closed in a day, week, month and year. In case of improper operation record can be maintained, which can be helpful for the company who is doing maintenance of the bridge. Failure reason of open/close of the bridge can be recorded. Operator on the shift details can be maintained

References[1] Project circuit diagram -Designed under guidance company Authority. 2.Electronics Communication - George Kennedy 3.Data Communication and Networking - Forouzan 4.Modern Digital Principal - By R.P.Jain 5.Digital Electronics- Malvino Leech 6.Basic Electronics - V.KMehta 7.Electronics Principle - Malvino 8.Applied Electronics - R.S.Seddha 9.Visual Basic -Black Book 10.Visual basic is 21 days 11.www.Alldatasheet.com 12.www.Datasheetarchive.com 13.www.Datastarweb.com 14.www.Rentron.com 15.www.Robokitworld.com 16.www.sunrom.com 17.www.allproducts.com