CHAPTER 1: MATTER PART A: GHANI’S FORMAT SUBTOPIC: i. WHAT IS MATTER ii. STATES OF MATTER iii. CONCEPT OF DENSITY SUBTOPIC MAJOR POINT MINOR POINT SUPPORTING POINT 1 SUPPORTING POINT 2 What is Matter? Defined as anything which has mass and occupies space Consists of living things and non-living things. Example of non- living things: Air Water soil Example of living things: Plants Animals Humans States of Matter Solid Properties of solid -Retains a fixed volume and shape -cannot be compressed -Does not flow -Rigid (particles cannot move) Particles Model for solid Liquid Properties of liquid -Occupies the shape of part of container -Not easily compressible -Flows easily -Particles can move Particles Model for liquid
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CHAPTER 1: MATTERPART A: GHANI’S FORMAT
SUBTOPIC:
i. WHAT IS MATTERii. STATES OF MATTERiii. CONCEPT OF DENSITY
SUBTOPIC MAJOR POINT
MINOR POINT
SUPPORTING POINT 1
SUPPORTING POINT 2
What is Matter?
Defined as anything which has mass and occupies space
Consists of living things and non-living things.
Example of non-living things:
Air Water soil
Example of living things:
Plants Animals Humans
States of Matter
Solid Properties of solid
-Retains a fixed volume and shape-cannot be compressed-Does not flow-Rigid (particles cannot move)
Particles Model for solid
Liquid Properties of liquid
-Occupies the shape of part of container-Not easily compressible-Flows easily-Particles can move
Particles Model for liquid
Gas Properties of gas
- Occupies the shape and volume of container- Compressible- Flows very easily-Particles can move past one another
Particles Model for
gasConcept of Density
Definition of Density
-Physical property of matter that describes the degree of compactness of a substance on how closely packed the particles of a substance are.
-Relationship between mass and volume of a substances:
Density = Mass Volume
Relationship between ability to float and density
-Buoyancy refers to the ability of a material to float on water
-An object will sink in a liquid if the object is denser than the liquid
-Object which is less dense will float in a liquid that is denser.
Sink and float candle
Applications Boat and Ship
-Boat and ships that weigh thousands of tonnes can float on the water because inside of the structure are empty spaces that filled with air.
-This makes the density of boat and ship is less than density of water.
Boat that float on the water
Submarine -A submarine uses ballast (stability) as a means of descending and ascending underwater.
-If submarine rises towards the surface, a valve will opened to release compressed air into tanks (ascending)
-The air pushes out water and causes the submarine to ascend.
Float -A float helps a swimmer to float on the surface of water
-The air in the float makes it less dense than water.
PART B: QUESTIONSObjective questions
1. What determines the state of matter?A. Freezing point and boiling pointB. Densities of matterC. Arrangement of particlesD. Number of particles in matter
2. Water molecules in steam and water molecules in ice differ in term ofA. Size of moleculesB. Densities of moleculesC. Volume of molecules
D. Distance between molecules
Subjective questions
1. Figure 1 shows the arrangement of particles in substances P, Q and S.
P Q SFigure 1
a) Based on Figure 1, identify the states of P, Q, and S. [3 marks]
b) States two characteristics each for substances P, Q and S. [6 marks]
c) State two examples of substances that have similar characteristics as P, Q and S.
[3 marks]
PART B: ANSWERObjective questions
1. C –arrangement of particlesMatters exist in three states which is solid, liquid and gas. They are differentiate based on the arrangement of the particles.
2. D –distance between moleculesThe particles in solids are closely packed together, particles in liquids are not arranged in regular pattern and less compact, and particles in gas are far apart and not in fixed pattern.
Subjective questions
1.a) P:Solid Q: Liquid S: Gas
b) 2 Characteristics of P, Q and S
P (solid) Q (liquid) S (gas)
Has a fixed Occupies the Occupies the shape
volume and
shape
shape of part of
container
and volume of
container
Cannot be
compressed
Not easily
compressible Compressible
Rigid (particles
cannot move)
Particles can
move
Particles can move
past one another
CHAPTER 2 : BIODIVERSITYPART A : GHANI’S FORMAT
SUBTOPIC:
i. DIVERSITY OF LIVING ORGANISMS IN A HABITATii. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS
SUBTOPIC MAJOR POINT
MINOR POINT
SUPPORTING POINT 1
SUPPORTING POINT 2
Diversity of living organisms in a habitat
Definition of Biodiversity
defined as different types of animals and plants on Earth
Classification of living organisms
-based on their characteristics-in classification used today, they are classified into five main groups called kingdom
The 5 main groups:
Animals Plants Fungi Bacteria Very simple
organisms
Classification of animals
Vertebrates
-animals with backbone
-classified into 5 smaller group with their own characteristics
Fish Live in water have tails and fins
to help them swim Cold-blooded Breath through
gills Most lay eggs
without shells
o Clown fishes
o Snappero Stingrayso Sea
horseso Carp
Amphibians Live on both land and in water
Adults have 4 limbs to jump on land and swim in water
Cold-blooded Young breath
through gills Adults breathe
through lungs when on land and through skin when in water
Female lay eggs in water
o Frogso Toadso Newts
Reptiles Most of them live on land but some are in water
Have 4 limbs except for snake
Cold-blooded Breath through
lungs Lay eggs on land
and they fertilised inside female’s body
o Lizardso Tortoiseso Snakeso Alligators
Birds Live on land Most them can fly Warm-blooded Breath through
lungs Lay eggs in their
nests and they are fertilised internally and have hard shells
o Owlso Duckso Chickenso Parrotso Penguinso Sparrows
Mammals Most live on land but some in water
Some fly, some move on land
Warm-blooded Breath through
lungs All mammals
except duck-billed platypus and ant-eater, give birth to live young
o Dolphinso Rabbitso Batso Squirrelso Pangolinso Whales
Invertebrates
-animals without backbone
-divided into 2 groups based
With jointed legs
Divided into 3 groups based on number of legs
Three pairs of legs
Butterfly Beetle Grasshopper
Butterfly
on the type of legs
Four pairs of legs Scorpion Spider Mite
SpiderMore than four pair of legs
Shrimp Crab Centipede
Shrimp
Without jointed legs
-divided into 2 groups based on their appearance
Worms-like invertebrates
Leeches Earthworms Clam
EarthwormNon-worm-like invertebrates
Jellyfish Starfish Snails
SnailPART B: QUESTIONSObjective questions
1.
Which of the following animals has the above characteristics?
A. StingrayB. PlatypusC. WhaleD. Shark
2. Which of the following plants is a non-flowering plant?
A. MaizeB. Sugar cane
Warm-blooded Lives in the sea Give birth to young Skin covered with hair
C. Coconut treeD. Pine tree
3. Which of the following is not correct about the similarities between reptiles and amphibians?
A. Both have moist skinB. Both are cold-bloodedC. Both breath through lungsD. Both lay eggs
Subjective question
1. J, K, L and M in Figure 1 are four different types of animals.
J K L M
a) Give three characteristics that can be used to classify animals J, K, L and M.
[3 marks]
b) Classify animals J, K, L and M according to their common characteristics by
completing the flow chart below. [10 marks]
PART B: ANSWERObjective questions
1. B –PlatypusAll mammals are Warm-blooded and breathe through lungs. Except for duck-billed platypus and ant-eater, they give birth to live young.
2. D –Pine treeFlowering plants are plants with flowers. So, here all the three (maize, sugar cane and coconut tree) do have flowers.
3. A –Both have moist skinReptiles have dry and scaly skin, while amphibians have loose and moist skin.
Subjective question
1.
Animals
a) Three characteristics to classify animals J, K, L and M vertebrates and invertebrates with and without joined legs Cold-blooded or warm-blooded.
b) .
Common characteristics
CHAPTER 3 : BLOOD CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORTPART A : GHANI’S FORMAT
SUBTOPIC:i. TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANii. TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANT
SUBTOPIC MAJOR POINT
MINOR POINT
SUPPORTING POINT 1
SUPPORTING POINT 2
Transport system in human
-called human circulatory system
Heart Made up of cardiac muscles, connective tissues, and blood vessels
Functions of
Heart is divided into 4 chamber
Right atrium is connected to the vena cava
Left atrium is connected to the
Invertebrates Vertebrates
Joined –legs Without joined –legs
Cold-blooded
Warm –blooded
Scorpions Jelly –fish Fish Cat
Animals
-consists of 3 parts
the right side heart is to collect deoxygenated blood from body and pump it to lungs
The left side of heart collects oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body
pulmonary vein Right ventricle is
connected to the pulmonary artery
Left ventricle is connected to the aorta
Structure of human heart
Blood vessels
connect the heart to each part of the body
consists of three types-Arteries-Veins-Capillaries
Arteries carry blood away
from the heart have thick,
muscular and elastic walls
have small lumens and do not have valves
Veins carry blood back to
the heart has larger lumen contain valves that
prevent blood from flowing back
Capillaries connects arteries
and veins does not have
valves
Blood about 45%of blood is made up of solids called blood cells of corpuscles
3 kinds of blood cells-red blood cells-white blood cellsplatelets
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) They are
biconcave, disc-shaped cells without nucleus.
Contain haemoglobin which give the blood its red colour
White blood cells (leucocytes) Play an important
part in the body immune system to defend the body against diseases
Platelets (thrombocytes) They are produced
from bone marrow, nucleus and does not have definite shape
Their main job is to heal wounds
erythrocytes
thrombocytes
Transport system in plants
Vascular tissues
Xylem Carries water
containing dissolved mineral salts from the roots to the leaves through osmosis
Phloem Carries
dissolved
food in the form of sugar to all parts of plants
Cross section of the stem
Transpir-ation
Process where water is loss by evaporation from the leaves of a plant
Water escapes from the spaces inside the leaves in form of water vapour and passes through the pores called stoma.
Stoma Is a single hole or
pole, through which gases can enter or leave a plant leaf
Surrounded by a pair of cells known as guard cells
Stoma structure
PART B: QUESTIONSObjective questions
1. The human circulatory system consists of
I. The heart II. Blood vessels
III. Lungs
A. I and II onlyB. I and III onlyC. II and III only
D. I, II, and III.
2. The pulmonary artery differs from the pulmonary vein because itA. Has seminular valvesB. Has thin muscular wallsC. Carris blood under low pressureD. Carries deoxygenated blood
3. Which of the following is the characteristic of arteries?A. Have thick muscular wallsB. Have thin muscular wallsC. Have very thin muscular wallsD. Have walls which is only one cells thick
Subjective Questions
1. Figure 1 shows a cross section of a balsam plant.
Figure 1
a) Wjich part of the balsam plant is the cross section taken? [1 mark]b) Name the parts labelled P and Q. [1 mark]c) What is the function of the part labelled P in a plant? [1 mark]d) What is the function of the labelled Q in a plant? [1 mark]
PART B: ANSWERSObjective questions
1. A –I and II onlyHuman circulatory system consists of heart, blood and blood vessels.
2. D –carries deoxygenated blood.All arteries deliverosygenated blood to body cells, except for the pulmonary artery which deliver deoxygenated blood to lungs.
3. A –have thick muscular walls.The arteries are blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart. They have thick, muscular and elastic walls.
Subjective Questions
1. Figure 1 shows a cross section of a balsam plant .
a) Root
b) P : Phloem Q : Xylem
c) i) the P in the figure shows the Phloem which is function to transport water in the
plant
ii) the Q in figure shows the Xylem which is function to transport food in the plant