1 A PROJECT REPORT ON PRODUCTION OF FORMLIN FROM METHANOL OXIDATION SUBMITTED TO THE M.S. UNIVERSITY OF BARODA. IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT FOR DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PREPARED BY: SHITOLE KARAN KAMLESH GUIDE: EXAM NO: 801014 MRS. MANJEET MUKHI YEAR: 2015-16 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING THE M.S. UNIVERSITY OF BARODA
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Formalin ( 37 % formaldehyde) production through methanol oxidation
The process described in this project is The Formox Process. It includes the following topics: Complete mass and energy balance of the process, cost estimation, plant and site layout, design of essential equipment, instrumentation and control and handling.
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1
A PROJECT REPORT
ON
PRODUCTION OF FORMLIN FROM METHANOL OXIDATION
SUBMITTED
TO
THE M.S. UNIVERSITY OF BARODA.
IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT FOR DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
PREPARED BY:
SHITOLE KARAN KAMLESH
GUIDE: EXAM NO: 801014
MRS. MANJEET MUKHI YEAR: 2015-16
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING
THE M.S. UNIVERSITY OF BARODA
2
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING
THE M.S.UNIVERSITY OF BARODA
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “PRODUCTION OF FORMALIN FROM
MEHANOL OXIDATION” which is being submitted by SHITOLE KARAN (Exam No:
801014) in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of Bachelor
of Engineering (Chemical Engineering) to The M. S .University of Baroda, has been carried
out by him under my supervision and guidance. The matter embodied in this report has
not been submitted for the award of any other degree of research work.
Guide Head
Mrs. Manjeet Mukhi Dr. BinaSengupta
Chemical Engineering Dept. Chemical Engineering Dept.
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my deepest sense of gratitude to my respected guide Mrs. Manjeet Mukhi for her
valuable guidance, constructive criticism and constant encouragement during the entire course of
studies, till the completion of this seminar.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Head of the Department of Chemical Engineering
Dr. Bina Sengupta for granting the permission to do work on my project.
I am highly thankful to the authorities of Prof. T.K Gajjar library of M.S. University for
providing valuable references throughout the preparation of this project report. I would also like
to take this opportunity to thank all my friends without whose support I would not be able to
complete this report in time.
Finally, my grateful acknowledgements are of those who have helped me directly or indirectly
for preparing this project report.
Presented by:
KARAN SHITOLE
4
ABSTRACT
Formaldehyde, one of the important industrial chemicals, finds its applications in polymeric
resins like phenol formaldehyde, adhesives, alkali resins for paints and coatings etc.
Manufacturing of formaldehyde (as formalin) is done through three major processes. This project
is aimed at designing plant producing 37 weight % formalin by methanol oxidation process using
Fe-Mo oxide catalyst.
The project assigned in this semester provides the opportunity to fulfill this desire &a feeling of
satisfaction of study of different subject of in chemical engineering. The project report is purely
academic in the nature, prepare solely from the literature available from various journals, books
& papers. This report is so limited to academic use. Most of the data are available from internet,
so the authenticity of data has to been checked by the reader himself. Some data was not
available and so reasonable assumption have been made
The process includes a vaporizer, a tubular reactor, an absorber, network of heat exchangers,
pumps, compressors and other basic utilities like steam, process water, air etc.
I have prepared a project report on Formalin, which includes topic of Manufacturing Processes,
Material balance, Energy balance, Design of equipments, Cost estimation & a brief description
on utilities, plant layout, location & Safety & Environmental consideration.
2.1 History .......................................................................................................................................... 8
According to stoichiometry of reaction 1, 1 mole of methanol reacts with 0.5 mole of oxygen
Oxygen reacted in first reaction = Total formaldehyde produced in first reactions / 2
= 828.85 / 2
= 414.4267 kmol /day
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According to stoichiometry of reaction 2, 1 mole of formaldehyde reacts with 0.5 mole of oxygen
Oxygen reacted in second reaction = amount of formaldehyde used in second reaction / 2
= 58.02 / 2
= 29.01 kmol/ day
Therefore total oxygen formed in first reaction = oxygen reacted in first reaction + oxygen reacted in second reaction
= 414.4267 + 29.01
= 443.4267 kmol/ day
Unreacted oxygen = 1050 – 443.4267
= 606.56 kmol / day
Amount of CO formed = amount of formaldehyde used in second reaction = 58.02 kmol/day
Amount of water formed in both the reactions = amount of methanol reacted in first reaction + amount of formaldehyde reacted in second reaction
= 828. 85 + 58.02
= 886.57 kmol/ day
In order to calculate amount of reactants and products in kg/day, we have to multiply the amounts obtained in kmol/day by each component’s molecular weight.
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Material balance over the reactor is given in the following table:
Well above assumed value of 283.65 W/m2oC therefore our design is justified.
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CHAPTER 6 COST ESTIMATION & PROFITABILITY
Price of 1 equipment Total price (rs) 66000 132000
6844200 6844200
1980000 9900000
3300000 3300000
349800 1049400
2897400 2897400
5990985 5990985
1021680 1021680
Total equipment cost = Rs 170032665
TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
Sr. No. Item % of TEC Total Cost
1 Purchased Equipment - 170032665
2 Instrumentation 23 39107512.95
3 Piping 64 108820905.6
4 Electrical 15 25504899.75
5 Buildings 13 22104246.45
6 Yard Improvement 10 17003266.5
7 Service Facilities 75 127524498.8
8 Land 12 20403919.8
9 Engineering and Supervision 7 11902286.55
10 Construction Expenses 42 71413719.3
Total Direct and Indirect investment = Rs 112399750.7 (Sum of all above costs)
Equipment Quantity
Blower 1
Reactor 1
Heat Exchanger 5
Absorber 1
Pump 3
Storage tank 1
Catalyst 1
Packing 1
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11 Contractors Fee 5% of D & ID cost 5619987.533
12 Contingency 10% of D & ID cost 11239975.07
Fixed Capital Investment = Rs 129259713.2
Working Capital Investment = 15 % of FCI = Rs 32314928.31
Total Capital Investment = WCI + FCI
Rs 161574641.6
Component Methanol Formaldehyde
Price 22 Rs/l 20 Rs/kg
Raw material cost = 22000 Rs / m3
Amount of Methanol used per year = 26791.21 * 365 = 9778791.65 kg / year
= 9778791.65 / 792 = 12346.95 m3 / year
= 12346.95 * 22000 = 271633101.4 Rs/year
Production cost
1 Raw Material Cost 271633101.4 2 Operating Labor Cost 10% of TEC 3113566.5 3 Utility Cost 15% of TEC 4670349.75 4 Maintenance & Repair cost 5% of FCI 6462985.662 5 Operating & Supply Cost 15% of M&RC 969447.8494 6 Laboratory & Testing Cost 15% of LC 155678.325 7 Patent & Royalties 3% of TEC 934069.95
Direct production cost = Rs 287939199.4
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Fixed Charges Depreciation 10% of FCI 12925971.32 Taxes 2% of FCI 2585194.265 Insurance 1% of FCI 1292597.132 Plant Overhead Cost 50% of Labor & Maintenance Cost 4788276.081 Administration Expenses 25% Labor cost 778391.625 Distribution & Market expenses 10% direct production cost 28793919.94 R&D Cost 5% FCI 6462985.662 Interest 8% FCI 10340777.06
Total Production cost = Rs 517481954.1
Profitability Analysis
Total Income(Total Product Cost) 798437500 Gross profit 280955545.9 30% income tax 84286663.78 3% surcharge 2528599.913 Net Profit 194140282.2 Rate of return 173.8859163 Rate of return after taxes 120.1551681 Turnover ratio 6.177001944 Payback Period 0.832257168
Total Income = Rs 798437500 (total product cost)
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Gross profit = Total Income – Total Product Cost
= 798437500 – 517481954.1
= Rs. 280955545.9
Income tax = 30%
Tax= 0.3 x 280955545.9
= Rs 84286663.78
3% surcharge
Surcharge = 0.03 x 84286663.78
= Rs. 2528599.913
Net Profit = Gross profit - Taxes
= 280955545.9 – (84286663.78 + 2528599.913 )
= Rs. 194140282.2
Rate of Return:
Rate of return = (Net profit/ total capital investment) x100
= (194140282.2 / 161574641.6) x 100
= 173.8859163 %
Payback Period = fixed capital investment/ Net profit
= Rs 129259713.2 / 194140282.2
= 0.832257168
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CHAPTER 7 PLANT LOCATION & SITE LAYOUT
INTRODUCTION
The economic construction and efficient operation of any process unit will depend upon how
well the plant and equipment specified on the process flow-sheet are laid out and on the
profitability of the project with its scope for future expansion. Plant location and site selection
should be made before the plant layout.
6.1 Factors affecting location of plant
Location with respect to marketing area
For materials that are produced in bulk quantities, such as cement, mineral acids, and fertilizers
where the cost of product per tone is relatively low and the cost of transport a significant fraction
of the sales price, the plant should be located close to the primary product. This consideration
will be less important for low volume production, high-priced products, such as pharmaceutical.
Raw materials supply
The availability and price of suitable raw materials will often determine the site location. Plants
producing bulk chemicals are best located close to the source of major raw materials, where this
is also close to the marketing area. For the production of formaldehyde the site should be
preferably near a methanol plant.
Transportation facilities
Transport of raw materials and products is an important factor to be considered. Transport of
products can be in any of the four modes of transport. Generally there should be at least two
modes of transportation i.e. either rail/road or rail/sea or sea/road.
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Availability of labor
Labor will be needed for construction of the plant and its operation. Skilled construction workers
will be employed from outside the site area, but there should be an adequate pool of unskilled
labors available locally; and labor suitable for training to operate the plant. Skilled tradesman
will be needed for plant maintenance. Local trade union customs and restrictive practices will
have to be considered when assessing the availability and suitability of the local labor for
recruitment and training.
Availability of utilities
Utilities required by the plant must be easily available. For example Formaldehyde plant requires
water in large quantities which can be drawn from local water body it a lake or river. There
should also be arrangement of steam production inside the plant so that the plant can produce its
own electricity and it wouldn’t be dependent on foreign bodies.
Availability of suitable land
Sufficient suitable land must be available for the proposed plant and for future expansion. The
land should ideally be flat, well drained and have suitable load bearing characteristics full site
evaluation should be made to determine the need for piling or other special foundations. The
plant should not be laid out on a land which is sticky or retains moisture for larger period as it
may weaken the structure.
Environmental impact and effluent disposal
All industrial processes produce waste products, and full consideration must be given to the
difficulties and cost of their disposal. The disposal of toxic and harmful effluents will be covered
by the local regulations and the appropriate authorities must be consulted during the initial
survey to determine the standards that must be met. Even the slightest violations of the policies
adopted by local/state body (in this case GPCB) will lead to shut down of the plant immediately.
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Local community consideration
The proposed plant must be acceptable to the local community. Full consideration must be given
to the safe location of the plant so that it does not impose a significant additional risk to the
community residing nearby. On a new site, the local community must be able to provide
adequate facilities for the plant personnel.
Climate conditions
Adverse climatic conditions, at a site will increase costs. Abnormally low temperatures will
require the provision of additional insulation and special heating for equipment and pipe runs.
Also locations must be carefully where the possibilities of natural disaster viz. earthquakes,
floods, landslides, hurricanes etc are minimal. This plant has a reactor which operates at 300
degree Celsius; therefore adverse climate conditions will cause difficulties in maintaining the
temperature.
Political and strategic considerations
Capital grants, tax concessions and other inducements are often given by governments to direct
new investment to preferred locations; such as areas of high unemployment. The availability of
such grants can be overriding consideration in the site selection.
After considering the location of the site the plant layout is completed. It involves placing of
equipment so that the following are minimized:
Damage to persons and property in case of fire explosion or toxic release
Maintenance costs
Number of people required to operate the plant.
Construction costs
Cost of planned expansion.
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In plant layout the primary thing that should be done is to determine the direction of the
prevailing wind. Wind direction will decide the location of the plant.
Items that should be located upwind of the plan. Upwind direction is the direction towards which
wind is blowing .Laboratories, Fire station, Offices building, Canteen and Change house,
Storehouse, Medical facilities, Electrical substation, Water treatment plant, Water pumps,
Workshops
Items that should be located downwind of the plant. Downwind is direction opposite to direction
of blowing wind. Blow-down tanks, settling tanks, burning flares.
6.2 Site layout
Main processing unit
Storage house for raw materials and intermediate products
Maintenance workshops
Laboratories for process control
Fire stations and other emergency services
Steam boilers, compressed air, power generation, refrigeration
Effluent disposal plant
Offices for general administration
Canteens and other amenity buildings, such as medical centers
Parking.
Main Processing area
Processing area also known as plant area is the main part of the plant where the actual production
takes place. There are two ways of laying out the processing area
1) Grouped layout
2) Flow line layout
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Grouped layout
Grouped layout places all similar pieces of equipment adjacent. This provides for ease of
operation and switching from one unit to another. This is suitable for all plants.
Flow line layout
Flow line layout uses the line system, which locates all the equipment in the order in which it
occurs on the flow sheet. This minimizes the length of transfer lines and therefore reduces the
energy needed to transport materials. This is used mainly for small volume products.
Storage house
The main stage areas should be placed between the loading and unloading facilities and the
process they serve. The amount of space required for storage is determined from how much is to
be stored in what containers. In raw material storage, liquids are stored in small containers or in a
pile on the ground. Automatic storage and retrieving equipment can be substantially cut down
storage
Laboratories
Quality control laboratories are a necessary part of any plant and must be included in all cost
estimates. Adequate space must be provided in them for performing all tests, and for clearing and
storing laboratory sampling and testing containers.
Utilities
The word “Utilities” is now generally used for ancillary services needed in the operation of any
production process. These services will normally be supplied from a central site facility and will
include: electricity, steam for process heating, cooling water, water for general use & Inert gas
supplies.
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Electricity: electrical power will be needed at all the sites. Electrochemical processes that require
large quantities of power need to be located close to a cheap source of power. Transformers will
be used to step down the supply voltage to the voltages used on the purpose.
Steam for process heating: The steam for process heating is usually generated in water tube
boilers using the most economical fuel available. The process temperature can be obtained with
low pressure steam. A competitively priced fuel must be available on site for steam generation.
Cooling water: Chemical processes invariably require large quantities of water for cooling. The
cooling water required can be taken from a river or lake or from the sea.
Water for general use: Water is needed in large quantities for general purpose and the plant must
be located near the sources of water of suitable quality, process water may be drawn from river
from wells or purchased from a local authority.
Offices
The location of this building should be arranged so as to minimize the time spent by personnel in
travelling between buildings. Administration offices in which relatively large number of people
working should be located at safe distance from potentially hazardous handling equipments
Canteen
Canteen should be spacious and large enough for the workers with good and hygienic food.
Fire station
Fire station should be located adjacent to the plant area, so that in case of fire or emergency, the
service can be put into action.
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Medical facilities
Medical facilities should be provided with at least basic facilities giving first aid to the injured
workers. Provision must be made for the environmentally acceptable disposal of effluent.
The layout of the plant can be made effective by:
1. Adopting the shortest run of connecting pipe between equipments and the leas amount of
structural steel work and thereby reducing the cost.
2. The base of the column to provide the necessary positive suction head to a pump or operating
head for a reboiler.
3. Equipment that need frequent operator attention should be located convenient to control room.
Locating the vessels that require frequent replacement of packing or catalyst outside the building
4. Providing at least two escape routes for operators from each level in process buildings.
5. Convenient location of the equipment so that it can be tied with any future expansion of the
process.
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Ideal location of plant:
Outskirts of Vadodara, because of the presence of Gujarat State Fertilizers and
Chemicals Ltd; manufactures methanol and is the preliminary raw material for
production of formaldehyde.
Outskirts of Bharuch, Dahej and Anleshwar because of presence of Gujarat Narmada
Valley Fertilizers and Chemicals Ltd; manufactures methanol.
The cities mentioned above a excellent connectivity through rails and roads (NH-8).
Also pipelines can be built without any complexities.
Presence of G.I.D.C in these cities also help in easing the requirements of labors; skilled
and unskilled.
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Figure 7.1 Site Layout
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CHAPTER 8 INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
Instruments are provided to monitor key process variable during plant operation. It is desirable
that the process variable to be monitored be measured directly; often however this is impractical
and some dependent variable, that is easier to measure, is monitored in its place. The temperature
instrument may form part of a control loop controlling, say, reflux flow; with the composition of
the overheads checked frequently by sampling and laboratory analysis.
Objectives
The primary objectives of the designer when specifying instrumentation and control schemes are:
1) Safe plant operation: To keep the process variables within known safe operating limits. To
detect dangerous situations as they develop and to provide alarms and automatic shut down
systems. To provide interlocks and alarms to prevent dangerous operating procedures
2) Production rate: To achieve the design product output
3) Product quality: To maintain the product composition within the specified quality standards
4) Cost: To operate at the lowest production cost, commensurate with the other objectives.
In a typical chemical processing plant these objectives are achieved by combination of automatic
control, manual monitoring and laboratory analysis.
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Guide rules:
1. Identify and draw in those control loops that are obviously needed for steady plant operation,
such as:
Level controls
Flow controls
Pressure controls
Temperature controls
2. Identify the key process variables that need to be controlled to achieve the specified product
quality. For example in this plant, temperature of the isothermal reactor has to be maintained at
300oC; this can be done with the help of Optical/Radiation pyrometers. Include control loops
using direct measurement of the controlled variable, where possible, if not practicable, select a
suitable dependent variable.
3. Identify and include those additional control loops required for safe operation, not already
covered in steps 1 & 2
4. Decide & show those ancillary instruments needed for monitoring of the plant operation by the
operators; and for trouble-shooting and plant development. It is well worthwhile including
additional connections for instruments, which may be needed for future troubleshooting and
development, even if the instruments are not installed permanently. This would include extra
thermowells, pressure tapings, orifice flanges, and extra sample points.
5. Decide on the location of sample points.
6. Decide on the need for recorders and the location of the readout points, local or control room.
This step would be done in conjunction with step 1 to 4
7. Decide on the alarms and interlocks need, this would be done in conjunction with step 3.
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Typical control Systems
Level control
In any equipment where an interface exists between two phases some means of maintaining the
interface at the required level must be provided. This may be incorporated in the design of the
equipment. The control valve should be placed on the discharge line from the pump.
Pressure control
Pressure control will be necessary for most systems handling vapor or gas. The method of
control will depend on the nature of process.
Flow control
Flow control is usually associated with inventory control in a storage tank or other equipment.
There must be a reservoir to take up the changes in flow rate. To provide flow control on a
compression or pump running at a fixed speed and supplying a near constant volume output, a
by-pass would be used.
Heat Exchangers
Here, the temperature can be controlled by varying the flow of the cooling or heating medium. If
the exchange is between two process streams whose flows are fixed, by-pass control will have to
be used.
Cascade control
With this arrangement, the output of one controller is used to adjust the set point of another.
Cascade control a give smoother control in situations where
Direct control of variable would lead to unstable operation. The “slave” controller can be used to
compensate for any short-term variations in, say, a service stream flow, which would upset the
controlled variable, the primary controller and long term variations.
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Reactor control
The schemes used for reactor control depend on the process and type of reactor. If a reliable on-
line analyzer is available and the reactor dynamics are suitable, the product composition can be
monitored continuously and the reactor conditions and feed flows controlled automatically to
maintain the desired product composition and yield. More often, the operation is the final link in
the control loop, adjusting the controller set points to maintain the product within specification,
based on periodic laboratory analyzer. Reactor temperature will normally be controlled by
regulating the flow of the heating or cooling medium. Pressure is usually held constant. Material
balance control will be necessary to maintain the correct flow of reactants to the reactor and flow
of product and unreacted materials from the reactor.
Alarms and safety trips, and interlocks
Alarms are used to alert operators of serious and potentially hazardous, deviations in process
conditions. Key instruments are fitted with switches and relays to operate audible and visual
alarms on the control panels. Where delay or lack of response from the operator may lead to a
hazardous situation, the instrument would be fitted with trip system to take action automatically
to avert the hazard. Interlocks are included to prevent operations departing from the required
sequence. They may be incorporated in the control system design, as pneumatic or mechanical
locks.
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CHAPTER 9 SAFETY AND HANDLING
Formaldehyde is a common sensitizing agent found in laboratories that that can trigger an
allergic reaction in normal tissue after single or repeated exposures. It is also classified as a
known human carcinogen (cancer-causing substance) by the International Agency for Research
on Cancer and as a probable human carcinogen by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA). Researchers must understand the hazardous properties of formaldehyde so that control
measures can be taken to minimize exposure.
Hazards
Acute Toxicity: Formaldehyde can be highly toxic if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed though
skin. Ingestion of as little as 30 ml (1 oz.) of a solution containing 37% formaldehyde has been
reported to cause death in adults.
Carcinogenicity- Formaldehyde is classified as a suspected human carcinogen, based on
evidence obtained from human and/or animal studies.
Flammability: According to the Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA), a 37%
formaldehyde solution is classified as a Category 4 flammable liquid with a flashpoint of 64 °C
(147 °F). Formaldehyde becomes a fire or explosion hazard in the presence of heat, flames or
other sources of ignition. Upon ignition, the chemical decomposes into carbon oxides (i.e. carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide), which can be hazardous to humans.
Respiratory & Skin Sensitization: Exposure to formaldehyde can lead to allergic reactions in
certain individuals. Sensitization is an immune response. Therefore, some people may be easily
sensitized upon repeated exposure while others may never be affected. In sensitized individuals,
formaldehyde can cause asthma, contact dermatitis, anaphylactic reactions and, in rare cases,
hemolytic.
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Skin Corrosion: Formaldehyde can become irritating to the eyes at low concentrations.
Irreversible damage (i.e., corneal ulceration or cloudiness of the eye surface, death of eye surface
cells, and permanent loss of vision) can occur after a single exposure, depending on dose and
level of sensitivity. Ingestion may cause corrosive injury to the gastrointestinal mucosa, with
nausea, vomiting, pain, bleeding and perforation. Corrosive injuries are usually most pronounced
in the pharyngeal mucosa, epiglottis, esophagus and stomach.
Skin Irritation: At concentrations near 0.1 parts per million (ppm), exposure to formaldehyde
can be irritating to the skin, eyes and respiratory tract. Symptoms of exposure include coughing,
wheezing, dermatitis, headaches, watery eyes, nausea, chest tightness and burning sensations in
the eyes, nose and throat. Long-term exposure can result in headaches, insomnia, depression,
mood changes, attention deficit and impairment of dexterity, memory and equilibrium.
Specific Target Organ Toxicity: Both formaldehyde and the methanol stabilizer are easily
absorbed and can contribute to systemic toxicity. Formaldehyde has been shown to decrease
fertility and increase the risk of spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) in humans. In addition to
cancer, chronic exposure to formaldehyde has been linked to chronic gastritis, hematemesis (i.e.
vomiting blood), inflammation of the lungs and airways, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure,
renal failure and permanent alterations of nervous system function.
Stability & Reactivity
Formaldehyde is stable under recommended storage conditions. Efforts should be made to keep
formaldehyde away from heat, flames and sparks. Formaldehyde is incompatible with aniline,
7) M. Gopal Rao and Marshall Sittig, “Dryden’s Outlines of Chemical Technology”, 2nd Ed.,
East-West press, Page No:-431-433.
8) B.K.Dutta, “Principles of mass transfer and separation process “
9) Timmerhaus & Peter, Plant Design and Economics for Chemical engineers, Fourth Edition 10) The OSHA Standard for Formaldehyde (29 CF1910.1048 ) http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/formaldehyde/ 11) Formaldehyde- Safe Work Practices, UCONN. Division of Environmental Health & Safety Best Management Practices. 12) I.D.Mall, “Petrochemical Process Technology “. 2006 13) Formaldehyde solutions, Product Handling Guide, Celanese Chemicals. 14) L.E.Brownell and E.H.Young, Process Equipment Design, John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York 15) “Informally speaking”, 2015, a formaldehyde magazine from JM Formox. 16) J. FREDERIC WALKER, “Fromaldehyde”, Chemical Research Division, Electrochemicals Department. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc.
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17) Ullmann - Encyclopedia Of Chemical Technology, Vol. A11, 1997. 18) Mccabe, Smith and Harriot - Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering ,sixth edition,McGraw Hill,2001.
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APPENDIX 1 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
FORMALIN
1. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION
FORMULATED FOR:
UNITED AGRI PRODUCTS CANADA, INC. 24-Hour Emergency Phone: 1-800-561-8273