for for goodnes goodnes s s sake sake Understanding and Responding to Understanding and Responding to Challenging and Aggressive Behaviour Challenging and Aggressive Behaviour Dr. Jean Clinton Dr. Jean Clinton Lois Saunders Lois Saunders
Dec 23, 2015
forforgoodnessgoodnesssakesake
Understanding and Responding to Understanding and Responding to
Challenging and Aggressive BehaviourChallenging and Aggressive Behaviour
Dr. Jean ClintonDr. Jean Clinton
Lois SaundersLois Saunders
S. Suomi
05-04205-042
00-05300-053
Non Human Primate DevelopmentPoor Mothering First 6 Months of Life
Increased anxiety and depression as adults
Excessive alcohol consumption
Impulse aggression and violent behaviour
Females tend to be poor mothers
Highest risk genetically predisposed to high cortisol levels during development
00-05400-054
Poorly Nurtured Rhesus Monkey InfantsBiological Changes
High cortisol levels to mild stress
Chronic deficits in serotonin metabolism
Disrupted circadian rhythms for cortisol
Adrenal Gland
Cycle of Stress
Cortex
Amygdala Locus Coeruleus
Brain Stem
Glucocortocoids (Cortisol)
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
Norepinephrine
04-03804-038
EmotionalStimulus
PIT
Cortisol CortisolCRF
ACTH
Amygdala Hippocampus
AdrenalCortex
HypothalamusPVN
+ + - -
LeDoux, Synaptic Self
03-00203-002
Hypothalamus
Vasopressin
Pituitary Gland
Blood Vessel
Cortisol
CortisolKidney
Adrenal Gland
Cortisol
CRH
ACTH
ACTH
Paraventricular Nucleus
Stress Pathway
04-04-023023
Limbic HPA Pathway - Stress
Cortisol – Over Production
Behaviour, depression, diabetes, malnutrition, cardiovascular disease, memory, immune system, drug and alcohol addiction
Cortisol – Under Production
Chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, immune system (autoimmune disorders) rheumatoid arthritis, allergies, asthma
05-21205-212
Individual differences in stress reactivity of the adult are determined by maternal behaviour during infancy
HIGH LG LOW LG
Development of Stress Reactivity
Modest StressReactivity
Reduced Risk for Disease
Increased StressReactivity
Increased Risk for Heart Disease, Type II Diabetes, Alcoholism, Affective Disorders, Brain Aging, etc.
M. Szyf
05-05605-056
02-06602-066
The Fear Response
Visual Cortex
Visual Thalamus
Amygdala
Scientific AmericanThe Hidden Mind, 2002, Volume 12, Number 1
00-05800-058
Cortisol can be bad for the brain
Hippocampushigh sterol levels cause loss of dendritesand cell death
Frontal brainattention deficits
00-04600-046
-1.2
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0 10 20 30 40 50
Months of Orphanage Rearing
Log1
0 S
aliv
ary
Cor
tisol
*linear trendline
Evening Cortisol Levels Increase with
Months of Orphanage Rearing *
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Ch
ang
e in
Sal
ivar
y C
ort
iso
l
LOW HIGH
Secure Attachment Buffers Cortisol Response to Threatening Events
Secure Attachment
Insecure Attachment
The Founders’ Network
Fearful Responses to Stimuli Gunnar (1996).
05-04605-046
02-05002-050
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
6 8 10
Low SESMedium SESHigh SES
Development and Cortisol Levels
Age
Sal
ivar
y C
ortis
ol (
ug/d
l)
Children in Poorer Quality Childcare Show Rises in Cortisol Over the Day
2.0
1.0
-1.0
0.0
Qu
alit
y o
f C
hil
dca
re
-0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4
Rise in Cortisol Dettling (2000).
05-04705-047
Daycare Quality & Cortisol Levels(Individual Needs)
0.4
0.6
0.5
AM PM
Ave
rag
ed C
ort
iso
l (l
og
10)
Time of Sampling
High QualitySatisfactory
Unsatisfactory
Sims et al. 2005.
05-06305-063
Daycare Quality & Cortisol Levels(Treat Equitably)
0.4
0.6
0.5
AM PM
Ave
rag
ed C
ort
iso
l (l
og
10)
Time of Sampling
High Quality
Satisfactory
Unsatisfactory
Sims et al. 2005.
05-06405-064
00-04500-045
AM Noon PM
Cortisol Levels in Romanian AdoptedChildren 6 Years Post Adoption
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Adopted < 4 months in orphanage Adopted > 8 months in orphanage Canadian Control
Dr Megan GunnarDr Megan Gunnar
• Social Relationships control cortisol levels Social Relationships control cortisol levels in infants and young children.in infants and young children.
• Children with secure attachments to their Children with secure attachments to their caregivers show stable cortisol levels.caregivers show stable cortisol levels.
• The key ingredient to buffering stress is The key ingredient to buffering stress is sensitive, responsive, individualized care.sensitive, responsive, individualized care.
• It’s not separation from parents, but the It’s not separation from parents, but the experience in child care that triggers their experience in child care that triggers their stress responses.stress responses.
“
Research on QualityResearch on QualityTreating children with respect
Developing relationships with families
Ensuring programmes focus on children feeling safe
Hutchins and SIMS 2000
Research on QualityResearch on Quality
Meeting the individual needs of children
Ensuring staff remain in their positions long enough to be able to develop and maintain relationships with children
“All of these dimensions of quality are fundamental to developing and maintaining strong relationships between caregivers and children “(Hutchins & Sims, 2000).
Perry Preschool ProjectPerry Preschool Project
$17 saved for every $1 invested
04-04-012012
Sensing pathways – set in early life
VisionHearingTouch
HPA Pathway (stress) – set in early life
(HPA-Immune Pathway)
Hippocampus - Memory
Plasticity sustained throughout lifeAffected by HPA Pathway
Summary:
Brain Plasticity